Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis最新文献

{"title":"Multi - scale perspective on hydrothermal treatment dewatering of lignite: Synergistic regulation of structural evolution and lightening of pyrolysis tar","authors":"Shucheng Liu ,&nbsp;Haojie Yang ,&nbsp;Yichao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingzhou Zeng ,&nbsp;Fugui Liu ,&nbsp;Keli Zhu ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ming Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal treatment dewatering (HTD) is a promising method for upgrading lignite. However, the mechanistic links between its structural modifications and the regulation of pyrolysis tar remain unclear. In this paper, the cascade effect of HTD on the physicochemical structure and pyrolysis tar components of lignite is systematically revealed by combining multi-scale characterization techniques (XPS, FTIR, BET) with Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results show that the HTD process (330°C) can significantly reduce the moisture content (12.4 %→2.7 %) and oxygen content (38.00 %→31.89 %) of lignite. Moreover, the cleavage of O-containing groups and the decomposition of aliphatic chains drive the aromatization of organic structure during the HTD process. The XPS results show that the proportion of aromatic carbon content increased from 48.74 % to 70.85 %. These changes also directly affect the composition of the pyrolysis tar of lignite. The Py-GC/MS results indicate that the contents of aliphatic hydrocarbons and O-containing compounds in the tar continuously decrease with increasing HTD temperature, while the proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons significantly rises to 30.57 %. The content of phenolic compounds follows a non-linear trend, first increasing and then decreasing due to the hydrolysis and decomposition of hydroxyl functional groups. Additionally, the HTD process promotes the lightening of pyrolysis tar. For instance, the relative content of small-molecule aliphatic hydrocarbons (C4-C9) increases to 64.45 %, and the relative proportion of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reaches 78.81 %. HTD is an effective method to improve quality of pyrolysis tar. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the synergistic effects of the distribution characteristics of functional groups, radical enrichment, and suppressed cross-linking. The research results provide key theoretical support for regulating the hydrothermal process of lignite and for preparing light tar with high added value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107247"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic migration mechanisms valuable elements in low-rank coal during hydrous thermal simulation: A case study of the Hedong coalfield, Ordos Basin, China","authors":"Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Songhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuheng Tang ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Jiayu Zhai ,&nbsp;Wenguang Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valuable trace elements in coal can contribute critical geological insights into the formation and evolution processes of coal-bearing basins and the development characteristics of strata. The migration and enrichment mechanism are a key scientific issue in solving the mineralization of coal-bearing metal minerals. The migration and occurrence patterns of valuable trace elements during thermal evolution are extremely complex, so it is particularly crucial to comprehend the migration mechanism of trace elements in coal seams. Taking low-rank bituminous coal in Hedong coalfield as the research object, hydrous thermal simulation experiments with a large water volume and a large sample volume (1.5 mL water: 1 mL coal) were conducted in the range of 250℃ ∼ 550℃ (interval of 50℃) to systematically explore the migration and enrichment behavior of valuable trace elements under varying temperatures. The results show the following: 1) The content of Al in clay minerals changes more with the increase in temperature than that of Si in quartz. Ca and P, associated with organic matter, readily migrate into gaseous or liquid products, and Mg and Fe coexist in sulfate minerals. 2) At 250℃ ∼ 400℃, temperature is the dominant factor, where Ga, V, Hf, Zr, Th, and REY combined with organic matter are released with volatile matter and migrate into gaseous and water products. At 450℃ ∼ 550℃, temperature and water jointly influence the dissolution and migration of trace elements in certain minerals. 3) The enrichment and volatilization rates of Li in aluminosilicate minerals are different from those of other valuable metal elements associated with organic matter. 4) Trace element content prediction models based on the random forest algorithm effectively estimate the contents of Li, V, Sr, Th, Zr, and REY, although the accuracy of the predictive model is limited by the quality of the dataset. Hydrous thermal simulation experiments revealed the occurrence and migration mechanism of valuable trace elements, providing a theoretical basis for the exploration and efficient development of key metal resources in coal-bearing minerals, which has important practical value for improving the comprehensive utilization of coal resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107248"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of porous biochar via one-step alkaline thermal treatment of biomass based on phenol salt intermediates","authors":"Xiaoting Liu ,&nbsp;Guojie Liu ,&nbsp;Houfang Lu ,&nbsp;Yingying Liu ,&nbsp;Yingming Zhu ,&nbsp;Kejing Wu ,&nbsp;Bin Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying the formation mechanism and physicochemical evolution of porous biochar during alkaline thermal treatment (ATT) is crucial for optimizing biomass valorization. Herein, moso bamboo was selected as a representative biomass to analyze the physicochemical properties of porous biochar during ATT, and the intermediate products from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were characterized to study the formation mechanism. The results demonstrated that one-step ATT of moso bamboo with NaOH at 700 °C for 10 min achieves co-production of high-quality biochar (1237 m²/g surface area, 0.647 cm³/g pore volume) and H₂ (34.12 mmol/g). The biochar exhibited superior properties higher than those of conventional carbonization-activation process under same reaction conditions. The reactions between alkali and the carbon skeleton contributed to the formation of micropores, which increased both specific surface area and pore volume. Phenolics as key intermediates in biochar formation were revealed for the first time, which are derived from carboxylic acids, lactones, and cyclohexanones for cellulose and hemicellulose and from methoxy-rich phenolic compounds for lignin. The phenolics undergo polymerization to form biochar over 500 °C. The sodium salts of phenols facilitated the embedding of alkali metal cations into the carbon skeleton, which promote the etching reactions to generate the micropores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107246"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring organic biomarkers in lava tube gypsum deposits using analytical pyrolysis","authors":"Vera Palma ,&nbsp;José M. De la Rosa ,&nbsp;Francesco Sauro ,&nbsp;Bogdan P. Onac ,&nbsp;Matteo Massironi ,&nbsp;Sara Gutierrez-Patricio ,&nbsp;Ana T. Caldeira ,&nbsp;Fernando Gázquez ,&nbsp;Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo ,&nbsp;Ana Z. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Speleothems are recognized as valuable archives of past environmental conditions. However, speleothems and sediments within lava tubes have remained largely unexplored until recently. In this study, we used a multiproxy approach involving mineralogical, elemental, isotopic, and analytical pyrolysis techniques to investigate the origin, source, and dynamics of organic matter in a layered gypsum deposit from <em>Paso Esqueleto</em> Lava Tube at Timanfaya National Park in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain. Significant differences in the composition and distribution of organic matter were observed between gypsum samples and the surface soil overlying the lava tube. The surface soil was characterized by high levels of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), consistent with an andosol enriched by surface vegetation and microbial biomass inputs. Analytical pyrolysis revealed a diverse array of lipid compounds, predominantly <em>n</em>-alkane/alkene pairs, confirming contributions from both plant and microbial sources. Variations in elemental, isotopic, and molecular composition across gypsum layers indicated contrasting stages of organic matter transformation. The upper layers contained recent organic matter inputs likely transported from the surface, while the lower layers were dominated by older, more degraded surface-derived organic matter, indicative of advanced microbial reworking or diagenetic alterations over time. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the biogeochemical dynamics within lava tubes, illustrating the interplay between surface-derived organic inputs and in-situ microbial activities in subterranean gypsum deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107245"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical characterisation of selected poly(vinyl acetate) artists’ paints using a multi-analytical approach","authors":"Morana Novak,&nbsp;Bronwyn Ormsby","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite recent, welcome efforts over the past two or three decades, aspects of the characterisation of modern paint materials remain a challenge due to their chemical complexity, difficulties in obtaining relevant reference materials, as well as significant variations in formulations and between paint brands over time. As paint constituents can influence ageing mechanisms, appearance, condition, and response to conservation treatment(s), it is necessary to continue to develop methodologies for the detection of constituents used in modern paints to inform paint manufacture history, treatment risk and preservation approaches. This research contributes by focusing on the chemical characterisation of poly(vinyl acetate) artist paints from the <em>Tate Conservation and Heritage Science Archive</em>, using a standard multi-analytical approach including elemental (SEM-EDX) and molecular (FTIR) analysis and analytical pyrolysis (EGA-MS and double-shot Py-GC/MS). This approach facilitated the detection of a wide range of polymers, pigments, fillers, and additives, in selected artists’ paints ranging from numerous classes of both internal and external plasticisers, solvents, coalescing agents, preservatives, fatty-acid surfactants, antioxidants, stabilising agents, lubricants, thickeners, protective colloids, as well as organic pigments (quinacridones, phthalocyanines, and azo types). A comparison between dried samples of naturally aged and contemporary paints from one extant brand has begun to inform key changes across one paint line over time. With respect to the paint binders identified, most consisted of a poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymer binder, with others also copolymerised with acrylates, with all examples employing a range of phthalate-based or more recently used plasticisers for contemporary paint formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107244"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of catalyst supports for efficient synthesis of carbon nanotubes: Utilization of natural cellulose fibers","authors":"Zhukun Zhang,&nbsp;Duo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the feasibility of directly using natural cellulose fibers (CF) with uniform microstructure as catalyst supports to prepare carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Six different Ni-based catalysts are prepared using CF, lignin, biochar, activated carbon, Al₂O₃, and ZSM-5 as supports and used for CNTs growth. The reaction conditions including the growth temperature (600–800 ℃) and the metal loading (1–9 wt%) are studied for promoting the synthesis of high-quality CNTs. When the metal loading and the growth temperature are fixed at 5 wt% and 750 ℃, the highest degree of graphitization (I_D/I_G=0.74) and carbon yield (2080 mg/g_cat) are achieved on Ni/CF due to the optimal interaction between the metal and the support. The CNTs deposited on Ni/CF catalysts during methane decomposition mainly follow a tip growth mechanism. The catalytic performance of Ni-based catalysts on CF is superior to that of Fe- and Co-based catalysts, which is beneficial for CNTs graphitization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107235"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave‑assisted pyrolysis: A review of tailored carbon materials and scale‑up challenges","authors":"Pin Shern Wong ,&nbsp;William Woei Fong Chong ,&nbsp;Jian Ping Tan ,&nbsp;Nur Aisya Affrina Mohamed Ariffin ,&nbsp;Chuan Yi Foo ,&nbsp;Rubia Idris ,&nbsp;Kok Sin Woon ,&nbsp;Keng Yinn Wong ,&nbsp;Wei Hown Tee ,&nbsp;Guo Ren Mong","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) has emerged as a transformative method to synthesize high-value carbon materials from diverse waste feedstocks, offering rapid heating rates (up to 330 °C/s) and potentially reducing the process’s activation energy. This review systematically evaluates MAP-derived solid carbon products such as biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots, and carbon onions (CNOs), highlighting their tailored properties for advanced applications. Key innovations include biochar with a BET surface area of 419 m²/g for NH₃ adsorption (66.6 % removal efficiency), activated carbon supercapacitors achieving 48.2 Wh/kg energy density, and nitrogen-doped CNTs with oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance comparable to commercial Pt/C catalysts. Despite these advances, technical challenges such as non-uniform temperature distribution, material compatibility in scaled reactors, and energy efficiency trade-offs continue to hinder industrial adoption. This work identifies pathways to optimize microwave parameters such as frequency modulation, and proposes recommendations for temperature measurement techniques. Notably, this article outlines potential practical strategies that offer a path to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale insights and the demands of industrial-scale implementation, positioning MAP as a sustainable platform for carbon material synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107241"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the current state of catalytic pyrolysis technology for oil shale: A review","authors":"Zongcheng Wang,&nbsp;Tengfei Wang,&nbsp;Xuemin Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil shale, as an important unconventional energy source globally, has a much larger technically recoverable resource volume than the proven conventional oil reserves. How to efficiently and environmentally develop oil shale is the key to alleviating energy shortages. Whether it is surface dry distillation or in-situ development, a large amount of heat supply is required, and both involve to varying degrees the catalytic effect of catalysts on the oil and gas generation process. How to reasonably use catalysts, reduce the activation energy required for the thermal decomposition of kerogen in oil shale to produce oil and gas, achieve low energy consumption, efficient thermal decomposition, and improve the quality of oil and gas, has become the focus of researchers. This paper focuses on the thermal decomposition and catalytic thermal decomposition technologies of oil shale, summarizes their mechanisms and influencing factors, and mainly summarizes the mechanism and application status of different types of catalysts (natural minerals, metal catalysts, molecular sieves) and catalytic media (sub/supercritical water, biomass) in the oil shale thermal decomposition process. This paper also analyzes the future research priorities of catalytic thermal decomposition of oil shale, including catalyst structure optimization, development of new catalysts, construction of multi-catalytic systems, in-depth study of reaction mechanisms, and practical application transformation of catalytic technology, aiming to provide a reference for the efficient development and utilization of oil shale resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107238"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molten salts vs conventional activating agents for activated carbon production: A comprehensive review","authors":"J. De Smedt ,&nbsp;P.J. Arauzo ,&nbsp;F. Ronsse","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review presents the potential of using molten salts as innovative and efficient chemical activating agents in the production of activated carbon (AC) from biomass. Despite the conventional chemical activation methods relying on strong acids or alkalis, molten salts offer enhanced pore development, controlled surface chemistry, and reduced carbon burn-off, making them a promising alternative for sustainable AC production. Moreover, the mechanism behind molten salt activation is presented, emphasizing its advantages over traditional chemical and physical activation methods. Molten salts facilitate in-depth penetration and uniform modification of biomass structure, developing microporosity and adsorption capacity of the AC. Their role as a heat transfer medium also improves energy efficiency. By using eutectic mixtures, it is possible to optimize the production of a high-performance AC for applications, such as in water purification, gas separation, and energy storage. The AC is tailored towards the final application by the effect of different salt compositions, activation temperatures, and precursor types on AC properties. Molten salts recycling and reuse of the molten salts is an opportunity to reduce chemical waste and operational cost. Moreover, the use of molten salts for the production of AC can supply the demand for sustainable materials, while minimizing the environmental footprint. Nevertheless, scaling up this technology could drive economic initiatives and significantly lower the carbon footprint of the AC industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107239"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-parameter optimization and predictive modeling of pyrolysis of walnut shells in fixed bed reactor using response surface methodology and machine learning algorithms","authors":"Deepak Bhushan ,&nbsp;Khushi Tomar ,&nbsp;Prasenjit Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study evaluated the pyrolysis potential of walnut shells, focusing on the impact of key process parameters such as heating rate, temperature, and inert gas flow rate. Additionally, the research involved modeling and optimization of these parameters using hybrid approach that integrates response surface methodology (RSM) with machine learning (ML). The experimental design and optimization were conducted using the face-centered central composite design (FCCD), considering key process parameters such as temperature, heating rate and inert flow rate. This approach aimed to analyze their influence on the yield of bio-oil and bio-char. Integrated approach of RSM (R² = 0.92) and ML (decision tree, R² = 0.74) demonstrated a higher prediction accuracy and lower error margins. The optimized conditions were predicted at a temperature of 692.47 °C, a heating rate of 49.93 °C/min, and inert gas flow rate of 238.30 ML/min., resulting a maximum bio-oil yields of 37.57 % and 37.56 % as predicted by RSM and ML modelling, respectively. The combination of RSM with ML, specifically Decision Tree Regression (DT), yielded enhanced predictive accuracy and minimized error margins, demonstrating the robustness of the hybrid modelling approach. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques highlighted that the bio-oil was composed of various organic compounds (e.g., phenols, furans, etc.). Bio-oil derived from walnut shell pyrolysis can be used as an alternative of conventional transportation fuels after some upgradation. The higher heating value of biochar obtained at optimized condition was 24.62 MJ/kg, which can be as used as bio-coal. Among the non-condensable gases generated during pyrolysis, methane and carbon dioxide emerged as the most abundant constituents, comprising approximately 49.40 mol.% and 18.99 mol.%, respectively on nitrogen free basis. The study showed that walnut shells can be effectively valorized through pyrolysis process to produce sustainable bioenergy while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 107242"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}