Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis最新文献

{"title":"The properties of volatiles of coal pyrolysis predicted by statistical Boltzmann-Monte Carlo-Percolation (BMCP) model–the introduction of Bootstrapper method","authors":"Xiaojin Guo,&nbsp;Xiang Xu,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Xue,&nbsp;Kai Zhao,&nbsp;Xiquan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis is initial and intrinsic step in all thermal conversion processes of coal, and the models providing both distributions and properties of the products are crucial for the design and operation of the reactors. The models rely highly on empirical parameters which cannot reflect the chemical nature of pyrolysis. In this work, coupling a newly developed Bootstrapper method and the Boltzmann-Monte Carlo-Percolation (BMCP) model from statistical perspective, distributions and properties of the products can be obtained without empirical parameters. Pyrolysis of eight coals ranging from lignite to meager coal under 600 and 900 °C is simulated. The evolution trends of C_ar=C_ar, C_ar-H, and C_al-H bonds in volatiles and in chars accord well with the general understanding of coal pyrolysis qualitatively. The crucial parameters of volatiles, the normalized gas yields and the average condensation ring numbers of tars, can quantitatively be predicted, agreeing well with the data from pilot facilities and experiments, which demonstrates the feasibility of solving complex radical reaction networks by introducing methods from statistical physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 108182"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149347193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From surface‑limited to bulk‑enriched oxygen crosslinking: unraveling the role of softening point in pitch pre‑oxidation and consequent amorphization of derived hard carbon","authors":"Huai Guan,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Chen,&nbsp;Jiangpeng Li,&nbsp;Xinglong Gu,&nbsp;Anteng Tao,&nbsp;Quansheng Liu,&nbsp;Yanpeng Ban,&nbsp;Zhaohui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-oxidation and carbonization are critical for producing pitch-based amorphous carbon, yet the optimal softening point of petroleum pitch precursor remains unclear. This study systematically investigates four petroleum pitches with softening points of 150, 200, 250 and 280 ℃, tracking their structural evolution during pre-oxidation and carbonization. We reveal that pitches below 200 ℃ melt and undergo only surface crosslinking, while those above 200 ℃ maintain granularity and achieve bulk oxidation. Among them, the 250 ℃ pitch forms the most abundant C(O)O crosslinking structures, which effectively suppress carbon layer rearrangement during carbonization and yield the most disordered amorphous carbon. The resulting HC-250 delivers excellent sodium storage performance with a high reversible capacity of 300.0 mAh g⁻¹ at 25 mA g⁻¹ , an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 88.7%, and outstanding cycling stability (245.5 mAh g⁻¹ after 1500 cycles at 0.25 A g⁻¹). This work elucidates the decisive role of softening point in determining oxygen crosslinking behavior and carbon microstructure, providing a theoretical basis for the rational design of high-performance pitch-derived hard carbon anodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 108125"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149347192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Lignin-based photothermal materials for solar-driven thermochemical biomass valorization: From structural engineering to catalytic applications” [J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 200 (2026) 108153]","authors":"Xincheng Chen,&nbsp;Shaoqing Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Han,&nbsp;Zhihe Li,&nbsp;Deli Zhang,&nbsp;Zhe Zhang,&nbsp;Andong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 108183"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149347195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of tar residue addition on coal blending coking process and coke quality","authors":"Rui Zhou,&nbsp;Beibei Cui,&nbsp;Chao Wang,&nbsp;Xiushi Gan,&nbsp;Yanfeng Shen,&nbsp;Meijun Wang,&nbsp;Liping Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the coking characteristics during the co-carbonization process of tar residue (TR) and blended coal (BC) and its impact mechanism on coke quality. This study utilized production-grade BC from a coking plant as the raw material. TR with mass fractions of 1%, 3%, and 5% was added for co-carbonization, respectively. The effects of the TR addition amount on the thermoplastic evolution regularity, macroscopic strength, and microstructural characteristics of the coke were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that TR is rich in 3–5 ring aromatic structures, which may favor its participation in fluid-phase evolution during the thermoplastic stage and enhance its interaction and fusion with coal particles. When blended into the coal, TR derived components participate in the thermoplastic evolution process, lowering the softening temperature, broadening the plastic temperature range of BC, and prolonging the duration of the thermoplastic stage. Adding an appropriate amount of TR to the BC promotes the condensation and polymerization reactions of aromatic rings, increasing the two-dimensional extension (<em>L</em>_<em>a</em>) of the microcrystals of the coke, enhancing the aromaticity (<em>f</em>_<em>a</em>), and making the carbon matrix more inclined towards the stable graphite form. At the same time, the melting effect of the TR during the plastic stage effectively fills and heals the microcracks and irregular pores between coal particles, significantly reducing the roughness of the surface of the nanopores, and promoting a more uniform pore distribution. The addition of TR generally improves the cold and hot strength indices of the coke. Specifically, a 1% TR addition is most favorable for cold mechanical strength, whereas 3% TR provides the best high-temperature performance. At 3% TR addition, the particle reactivity index (<em>PRI</em>) decreases by 9.56 %age points, while the particle strength after reaction (<em>PSR</em>) increases by 6.71 %age points. This study provides mechanistic insights and a laboratory-scale basis for evaluating TR in the preparation of high-quality coke.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 108158"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149347194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of discarded disposable tableware and bamboo chopsticks: The effect of synergistic interactions on kinetic parameters and products","authors":"Jinbao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangyifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Huaqing Li ,&nbsp;Ya Liu,&nbsp;Fengfu Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the co-pyrolysis behavior of a ternary system composed of polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and disposable bamboo chopsticks (DC), focusing on its pyrolysis characteristics, kinetic synergistic effects, and product distribution mechanisms. The reaction process was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tubular furnace experiments, and GC-MS combined with various kinetic methods. The results indicate that co-pyrolysis exhibits a significant synergistic effect, with an apparent activation energy of 108.98 kJ/mol, markedly lower than the theoretical value of 217.31 kJ/mol. The kinetic mechanism follows a random nucleation and growth model (<em>A</em>_1/2). The pyrolysis oil yield reaches 67.33 %, exceeding the theoretical value of 64.78 %. Product analysis indicates that co-pyrolysis effectively promotes deoxygenation reactions and the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The relative contents of naphthalene derivatives, such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-phenyl-naphthalene, and phenyl-alkene compounds are significantly increased, with the total aromatic hydrocarbon content rising by 26.54 %, while the content of oxygenated compounds is markedly reduced. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the synergistic deoxygenation primarily results from hydrogen transfer reactions and Diels–Alder pathways, effectively enhancing the quality of pyrolysis oil. This study provides a robust theoretical basis and a feasible process route for the co-pyrolysis of multi-component waste to produce high-value chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107640"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogenation liquefaction behavior and catalytic mechanism of Naomaohu coal-derived asphaltenes over different catalysts","authors":"Ying Zhu ,&nbsp;Mei Zhong ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenghua Dai ,&nbsp;Lijun Jin ,&nbsp;Yalkunjan Tursun ,&nbsp;Shikun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the conversion mechanism of Naomaohu coal-derived asphaltenes (NMH-ASP) in the high-temperature stage during the two-stage liquefaction (TSL) process, various catalysts, including Fe₂O₃, α-FeOOH, iron stearate (FeSA) and NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃, were presulfurized at low-temperature to reveal the effect of their active phase on liquefaction performance and products selectivity. The results showed that NMH-ASP conversion and oil yield dropped in the following order at 430 °C for 60 min: NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃ (85.32 wt%; 71.20 wt%) &gt; FeSA (70.97 wt%; 63.71 wt%) &gt; α-FeOOH (68.79 wt%; 61.50 wt%) &gt; Fe₂O₃ (63.46 wt%; 54.76 wt%). The NiMoS phase from NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃ sulfurization exhibited superior H₂ activation ability, facilitating aromatic-ring hydrogenation and the cleavage of C_al–O and C_ar–O bonds, resulting in deep deoxygenation. Consequently, the liquefied oil showed the highest cycloalkane content (10.39 %) and the lowest oxygen-containing compounds (1.89 %), along with higher CO₂ content (1.50 wt%) in the gas. The Fe_1-xS phase of FeSA showed smaller, more uniform crystallite sizes, promoting the cleavage of aliphatic side chains and C_al–C_al bonds, leading to increased formation of chain alkanes (20.82 %) and C₁–C₄ gases (2.34 wt%). α-FeOOH-derived Fe_1-xS enhanced solvent hydrogen transfer to free radical fragments and promoted C_al–C_ar dealkylation, resulting in a higher benzene series content (29.62 %). However, the Fe_1-xS phase of Fe₂O₃ exhibited lower efficiency in C_ar–O bond cleavage, leading to the accumulation of phenols (8.21 %) and a higher content of the naphthalene series (43.49 %) due to insufficient aromatic-ring hydrogenation. This work provides theoretical guidance for catalyst design and process optimization in TSL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107641"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing co-pyrolysis of rice straw with sulfur-donor thiourea: Insights into product evolution, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and compensation effects","authors":"Zhitong Yao ,&nbsp;Taoqi Yang ,&nbsp;Baoyi Lin ,&nbsp;Weihong Wu ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Nebojša Manić ,&nbsp;Ljiljana Medic Pejic ,&nbsp;Akash Kumar ,&nbsp;Wei Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the synergistic interactions between biomass and sulfur-containing additives during co-pyrolysis is crucial for controlling sulfur transformation pathways and tailoring sulfur-doped carbonaceous materials. In the present study, the pyrolysis conversion of rice straw, thiourea, and their blend were probed using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with evolved gas analysis (TG–FTIR–MS and TG–GC/MS), isoconversional kinetics, master-plots method, and thermodynamic evaluation. The thiourea addition could alter the decomposition behavior, shifting the decomposition peaks from 335 to 348°C for rice straw and 255–266°C for thiourea to 206–241°C and 331–347°C for the blend, indicating intermolecular interactions during co-pyrolysis. Product evolution analysis revealed a transition from oxygenated volatiles (e.g., acetic acid and furan derivatives) to sulfur-containing species such as methanethiol and carbonyl sulfide, demonstrating modified reaction pathways induced by thiourea. Thermokinetics analysis showed that the average E_a of the blend (200 kJ mol⁻¹) exceeded those of individual rice straw (157 kJ mol⁻¹) and thiourea (103 kJ mol⁻¹), reflecting kinetic restructuring and the formation of thermally stabilized intermediates. Master-plots analysis identified a three-dimensional phase-boundary (R3) mechanism as dominant at conversions below 0.65, with deviations at higher conversions due to multi-step reactions. Linear correlations between apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor indicated the occurrence of kinetic compensation effect, while thermodynamic study revealed the enthalpy–entropy compensation, with compensation temperatures matching experimental conditions. The positive values for enthalpy change (140–201 kJ mol⁻¹) and Gibbs free energy change (141–109 kJ mol⁻¹) indicating the non-spontaneous nature of these conversions. These results provided integrated kinetic, thermodynamic, and mechanistic insights into sulfur–biomass interactions during co-pyrolysis and offered guidance for controlling sulfur transformation in biomass-derived carbonaceous materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107647"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The structure-dependent regulation of CaO on NOx precursors during the pyrolysis of distinct amino acids","authors":"Jiangtao Meng ,&nbsp;Haobo Chang ,&nbsp;Lei Ren ,&nbsp;Jingkuan Li ,&nbsp;Jing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis conversion of sewage sludge faces a technical bottleneck of NOx pollution caused by high ash content and rich protein components. Among them, the influence of CaO on nitrogen transformation during amino acid pyrolysis is significant, yet the underlying principles and mechanisms governing its effect across amino acid with different structures remain poorly understood. To address this issue, this study focused on four representative amino acids: leucine (Leu), aspartic acid (Asp), phenylalanine (Phe), and histidine (His). It systematically investigated the migration behavior of nitrogen during their pyrolysis, which was driven by the synergistic effects of temperature and CaO. The results demonstrated that CaO reconstructed the directional migration pathways of nitrogen into char, tar, and gas. This reconstruction is achieved through four key actions: complexation, alkaline deamination, hydrolysis, and CO₂ mineralization. This reconstruction exhibits a decisive structural dependency: In polar amino acids (Asp, His), CaO strongly complexes with carboxyl/imidazole groups at low temperatures (255 ℃ and 350 ℃). This interaction traps nitrogen intermediates and diverts them toward stable structures in char, such as nitrile-N and CaCxNy. Consequently, the formation of gas-phase NOx precursors is suppressed. In contrast, for non-polar amino acids (Leu, Phe), CaO’s alkaline effect dominates, enhancing early deamination to release NH₃ and promoting nitrogen migration via the isocyanic acid pathway, which increases nitrogen allocation to the gas phase. This study has revealed the pathway reconstruction mechanism and structural response patterns of nitrogen migration during pyrolysis under CaO influence. It further proposed design strategies for the directional regulation of nitrogen, thereby providing fundamental support and a mechanistic guide for achieving low-NOx pyrolysis and the conversion of N-rich biomass into the zero-carbon fuel, NH₃.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107615"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carboxylated UiO-66 metal-organic framework-supported nickel catalyst for hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol under mild conditions","authors":"Shuailong Dong ,&nbsp;Bo Cai ,&nbsp;Xinyi Luo ,&nbsp;Mengyao Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective hydrogenation is an important pathway to convert biomass-derived compounds to value-added chemicals. In this study, carboxylated metal-organic frameworks UiO-66-(COOH)₂ were prepared and used as a support to fabricate Ni-loaded catalyst by a simple impregnation method. The as-prepared catalyst 8Ni/UiO-66-(COOH)₂ could achieve a complete conversion of furfural (FAL) with a high selective yield of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFOL) over 97 % under mild conditions (120 °C, 2 MPa H₂, 3 h). The XPS, Py-FTIR characterization showed that the introduction of a carboxyl group not only increased the acidic site of the catalyst, but also boosted the interaction between UiO-66 and metal Ni to form electron-rich Ni⁰ species. The catalyst poisoning test confirmed the critical role of the acid site in the hydrogenation of FAL. It is believed that the synergistic effect of metallic Ni and the carboxylated UiO-66 support contributed to the excellent catalytic activity of 8Ni/UiO-66-(COOH)₂. Moreover, the specific chemical adsorption of FAL on catalyst 8Ni/UiO-66-(COOH)₂ promoted the highly selective hydrogenation of FAL to THFOL. Based on the characterization and experiment results, a possible reaction pathway of the hydrogenation of FAL to THFOL over catalyst 8Ni/UiO-66-(COOH)₂ is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107616"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in multiphysics modelling and scale-up pathways for microwave-assisted pyrolysis in bioenergy applications","authors":"Arian Shabruhi Mishamandani ,&nbsp;Faisal Asfand ,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman Saeed Akhtar ,&nbsp;Sulaiman O. Fadlallah ,&nbsp;M. Imran Khan ,&nbsp;John M. Allport ,&nbsp;Grant M. Campbell ,&nbsp;Jose Maria Sanchez-Hervas","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving a sustainable energy future requires efficient renewable conversion pathways, with biomass emerging as a promising alternative. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) has attracted growing interest due to its high energy efficiency and product yields, yet its complex interplay of electromagnetic, thermal, and chemical processes demands advanced modelling for reliable design and optimisation. Despite the use of diverse software tools to study MAP, systematic evaluations of their capabilities remain scarce. This review critically assesses major modelling platforms used in MAP research, including process simulators (e.g., Aspen Plus, Aspen HYSYS), Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based solvers (e.g., COMSOL Multiphysics, ANSYS CFX, OpenFOAM), and statistical or machine learning environments (e.g., MATLAB, Design Expert). Their applications are compared in terms of feedstock dependence, operating conditions, and modelling features. Process simulators are particularly effective for flowsheet analysis and techno-economic studies, while CFD tools capture transport phenomena and reactor-scale behaviour with high resolution. Data-driven platforms complement these approaches by enabling optimisation and predictive analytics. Given the complexity of MAP, a modular modelling strategy is recommended, treating stages such as drying, heating, and pyrolysis independently with tailored methods. By consolidating existing knowledge and identifying gaps, this review provides a practical guide for researchers and engineers to select and integrate the most suitable numerical approaches for advancing MAP system development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107613"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}