Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis最新文献

{"title":"In-situ mechanistic elucidation of 1-hexadecene pyrolysis as a polyethylene model compound","authors":"Yinzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Yunqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Wu ,&nbsp;Hualiang Li ,&nbsp;Chuanqi Shi ,&nbsp;Siyi Bao ,&nbsp;Jianhua Yan ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pyrolysis mechanism of polyethylene (PE) remains elusive owing to its inherent complexity and the difficulty in identifying reactive intermediates. In this work, 1-hexadecene was employed as a model compound and pyrolyzed in a custom low-pressure flow tube reactor. The pyrolysis intermediates and products were detected via <em>in-situ</em> electron ionization molecular beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS) across 300–980 °C. A total of up to 59 species were identified, including primary pyrolysis intermediates (PPIs), primary pyrolysis products (PPPs), secondary reaction intermediates (SRIs), and secondary reaction products (SRPs), with 16 key species quantified. Three distinct pyrolysis stages were revealed: at the initial stage (320–680°C), 1-hexadecene underwent limited decomposition, dominated by <em>β</em>-scission near the double bond, producing mainly unsaturated hydrocarbons, while hydrogen transfer reactions exhibited pronounced olefin selectivity. At the stage with increasing temperature (680–880°C), the radical concentration increased sharply, promoting extensive <em>β</em>-scission and the onset of secondary reactions. Aromatic precursors such as cyclopentadiene emerged, accompanied by intensified dehydrogenation. At the final stage (880–980°C), the reactant was nearly depleted, and olefins underwent deep cracking. Both Diels–Alder reactions and the chain reaction hydrocarbon aggregation (CHRCR) mechanism jointly drove aromatization, with the propargyl radical (C₃H₃) serving as a key intermediate for the first aromatic ring formation. This study systematically elucidates the pyrolysis pathway of 1-hexadecene from radical initiation to aromatic and small-molecule formation, highlighting the temperature-dependent transition from primary bond scission to extensive dehydrogenation and aromatization. The findings offer fundamental insights for accurate modeling and optimization of polyethylene pyrolysis in chemical recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107606"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ assessment of lignin pyrolysis reactions and their interactions with polysaccharides in Japanese cedar wood cell walls by TG-MS and Py-GC/MS","authors":"Daijiro Taira,&nbsp;Takashi Nomura,&nbsp;Eiji Minami,&nbsp;Haruo Kawamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the thermal degradation of lignin and polysaccharides in wood cell walls is essential for optimizing biomass pyrolysis. In this study, Japanese cedar (<em>Cryptomeria japonica</em>) was analyzed using thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS). Coupled with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), TG-MS enabled semi-quantitative analysis of key volatile products evolved during thermal degradation, each corresponding to distinct <em>m/z</em> values. Comparison between intact wood and isolated milled wood lignin (MWL) revealed the influence of cell wall supramolecular structures on lignin pyrolysis. The water (<em>m/z</em> 18) evolution profiles from both materials exhibited six distinct peaks, indicating stepwise lignin decomposition across six temperature ranges up to 1000 °C. β-Ether cleavage predominantly yielded coniferyl aldehyde rather than coniferyl alcohol at early stages, suggesting a polymer effect that promotes <em>in situ</em> C_γ oxidation—an observation rarely observed in model compound studies. The formation temperatures of pyrolysis products followed the order: β-ether bond cleavage &lt; side-chain saturation &lt; methoxy group demethylation. In intact wood, secondary reactions such as side-chain saturation and demethylation occurred at significantly lower temperatures than in MWL. Since the pyrolysis product profiles of MWL remained largely unaffected by the addition of sugars, the enhanced reactivity in wood is attributed to the influence of the cell wall ultrastructure. This study is the first to provide detailed <em>in situ</em> insights into the thermal degradation behavior of lignin and polysaccharides within wood cell walls, offering valuable contributions to the field of wood pyrolysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107638"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism study on the influence of moisture on the distribution of typical gases during non-caking coal pyrolysis based on ReaxFF","authors":"Jie Cui,&nbsp;Zengchao Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reveal the regulatory mechanism of moisture on the distribution of typical gases during non-caking coal pyrolysis, a single-molecule model of non-caking coal was constructed and optimized based on characterization test results, with the molecular formula C₁₇₉H₁₄₂N₂O₄₉. Four pyrolysis systems (ZR, ZQ-5 %H₂O, ZQ-15 %H₂O, and ZQ-25 %H₂O) were designed, and ReaxFF MD simulations were performed on the pyrolysis process under different final temperature conditions using a three-stage simulation strategy. The results indicate that the total mass fraction of pyrolysis gases gradually increases with the rise of moisture content. Temperature is the core regulatory factor for the generation of typical gases, while the effect of moisture is temperature-dependent. Below 3000 K, moisture inhibits CO₂ formation and promotes CH₄/C₂H₄/H₂ generation; above 3000 K, it exerts a promoting effect on all gases. Moisture significantly regulates the time sequence of gas generation and exerts differential impacts on the formation pathways of various gases: the yields of C₂H₄ and H₂ increase with increasing moisture content, CO₂ is less affected, and CH₄ shows a dual response of \"generation-consumption\". This study provides theoretical support for optimizing the non-caking coal pyrolysis process and directionally regulating gas products, and offers important reference value for the clean conversion of low-rank coal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107635"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced waste-to-fuel gas conversion via co-pyrolysis of purified terephthalic acid sludge ash and phoenix tree’s leaves","authors":"Zhou Yang ,&nbsp;Hanchuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yongjuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Shiyi Ye ,&nbsp;Yulong Liang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinxin Xing ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yinfeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Purified terephthalic acid (PTA) production generates substantial sludge, which is characterized by the high content of metal elements (such as Ca, Co and Mn) in the ash, classifying it as a hazardous organic waste. This study comprehensively investigated the synergistic pyrolysis of PTA sludge ash (PTASA) and phoenix tree’s leaves (PTL) for syngas production. Through systematic characterisation of the physicochemical properties of PTASA and PTL, combined with thermal degradation behavior analysis and pyrolysis experiments, the aim was to determine the optimal conditions for producing high-value gas. The results showed that when the mixing ratio of PS850 (PTASA calcinated at 850℃) reached 30 %, the values of total mass loss (TML) and comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) as well as the quality of syngas have reached the best level. In addition, compared with PTL mono-pyrolysis, adding PTASA could increase the total volatile products by 16.4 %, owing to the cooperative pyrolysis for C<img>O, C<img>C and C-O groups. Moreover, in-situ co-pyrolysis proved superior to ex-situ conditions for hydrogen-rich gas production. The PTASA calcined at 750°C(PS750) exhibited the most pronounced catalytic effect with stable microstructure and excellent metal mineral composition, and the total effective gas (CO + H₂ + CH₄) yields of 442.52 mL/g, which was 4 % higher than that of the co-pyrolysis process of PS850 and PTL. This study provides significant insights for expanding the high-value utilization of solid waste resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107639"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bamboo-derived N-doped biochar for high-efficiency CO2 adsorption","authors":"Dan Dang ,&nbsp;Yichao Wu ,&nbsp;Juncheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Jiang ,&nbsp;Guoqing Meng ,&nbsp;Zhuo Wu ,&nbsp;Baoxin Zha ,&nbsp;Xingyi Wang ,&nbsp;Wenju Liu ,&nbsp;Lu He","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>N-doped porous carbon has been extensively utilized for the capture and separation of CO₂ in flue gas environments. However, its large-scale industrial implementation is hindered by the complexity of its preparation process and the associated high costs. This study presents a simple method for directly synthesizing N-doped porous carbon under at 650 ℃. This method utilizes various parts of bamboo as carbon precursors, NaNH₂ as an activator and nitrogen source. The synthesis of N-doped porous carbon with a well-developed microporous structure was successfully achieved. The material’s properties were characterized using a variety of characterization techniques, including XRD, XPS, SEM, and BET analysis. The porous carbon that was obtained had a BET specific surface area of 762–2401 m²/g and a pore volume of 0.482–1.352 cm³/g. The optimal sample (BS-1) demonstrated a substantial CO₂ adsorption capacity of 5.02 mmol/g at 0 ℃ and 1 bar. A systematic study of the prepared porous carbon demonstrated that the specific surface area, microporous volume, microporosity, and nitrogen content of the porous carbon collectively affected the CO₂ adsorption performance. Moreover, these bamboo-derived N-doped porous carbons exhibit suitable CO₂/N₂ selectivity and isosteric heat of adsorption (Q_st). Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations further elucidated the interaction mechanism between nitrogen-containing structures and CO₂ molecules. The results indicate that pyrrolic-N exhibits the strongest adsorption energy toward CO₂, attributed to the Lewis acid-base interaction between the nitrogen-containing structure and CO₂. The simple synthesis process and low temperature of these inexpensive bamboo-based porous carbons suggest that they are a potential CO₂ adsorbent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107633"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated CaO–zeolite dual catalyst for selective pyrolysis of antibiotic-laden sludge: Coupling pollutant detoxification with resource recovery","authors":"Dajie Jia ,&nbsp;Jingyong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhibin Chen ,&nbsp;Leyao Tao ,&nbsp;Liangzhong Li ,&nbsp;Fatih Evrendilek ,&nbsp;Yao He ,&nbsp;Tao Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Wuming Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic-laden sludge (AS) poses severe environmental risks due to its elevated concentrations of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study developed a novel dual catalyst by integrating CaO with hierarchical HZSM-5 and Hβ zeolites to modulate AS pyrolysis products, simultaneously addressing sludge reduction and detoxification. The zeolite catalysts optimized reaction pathways through shape-selective catalysis, thus significantly enhancing process controllability, as evidenced by a reduction in combined pyrolysis index (%³·min⁻²·°C⁻³) from 2.83 × 10⁻⁵ (non-catalytic) to a range of 0.34–0.60 × 10⁻⁵. Alkali-treated AZ/Si and Aβ/Si catalysts exhibited optimal activity (0.60–0.63 %/min·°C), attributed to their hierarchical mesoporous structures, enhancing macromolecular reactant adsorption and diffusion. Temperature-response analysis revealed altered release sequences of gaseous products, elucidating the role of the catalysts in directing pyrolysis pathways, governing functional group decomposition, and enhancing product selectivity. Non-catalytic pyrolysis primarily generated fatty acids (62.48 %) via triglyceride hydrolysis and decarboxylation, and nitrogenous compounds (18.49 %) from residual antibiotic and protein degradation. Alkali-modified catalysts promoted deoxygenation: fatty acids decreased by 30.42 %, whereas hydrocarbons increased by 27.34 %. CaO further improved product distribution by shifting reaction equilibrium toward hydrocarbon production, modulating N transformation pathways, and altering product molecular configurations. This integrated pyrolysis process enabled efficient detoxification via the degradation of residual antibiotics and the thermal deactivation of ARGs, thus mitigating the primary environmental risks of AS. This study presents a new paradigm for coupling hazardous waste detoxification with the catalytic generation of high-value chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107627"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ generated Co0 and Co-N sites for efficient catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin to 4-methylguaiacol","authors":"Mingqin Xue ,&nbsp;Yuhao Shi ,&nbsp;Fei Ge ,&nbsp;Yu Gu ,&nbsp;Jianchun Jiang ,&nbsp;Minghao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived oxygen-containing compounds represents a pivotal step toward the sustainable production of high-value chemicals and biofuels. Herein, a series of spherical nitrogen-doped carbon-supported cobalt-based catalysts (Co-ATA-n-T) were fabricated via sequential solvothermal synthesis and carbothermal reduction under a nitrogen atmosphere, and applied to the hydrogenation of vanillin for the selective production of 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (MMP). Under optimized reaction conditions (180 ℃, 1 MPa N₂, 4 h) with isopropanol as hydrogen donor, the Co-ATA-1–800 catalyst exhibited exceptional catalytic activity: vanillin conversion reached 100 %, with a 92 % yield of 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (MMP). Specifically, Nitrogen doping regulated the surface structure of the carbon matrix, where the doped N atoms formed strong coordination with the encapsulating Co species, thereby promoting the generation of Co⁰ and Co-N active sites. These active species facilitated the hydrogenolysis of the aldehyde group (-CHO) in vanillin and enhanced the weakening and cleavage of the C-O bond in the reaction intermediate. These results provide valuable guidance for the rational design of high-performance non-precious metal catalysts in the conversion of lignin derivatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107618"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on carbon structure evolution, surface chemical properties, microstructure, and mechanism of low-rank coal pyrolysis under different atmospheres","authors":"Xiaowei Gan ,&nbsp;Zhengjie Chen ,&nbsp;Wenhui Ma ,&nbsp;Yakun Zhang ,&nbsp;Junyu Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of different calcination temperatures (300–900 °C) and atmospheres (air and argon) on the pyrolysis of low-rank non-coking coal from Xinjiang, China. Changes in the carbon structure, surface chemical properties, microstructure, and reaction mechanism of the coal were analyzed. Elemental analysis, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET, SEM, XPS, TG-FTIR, and PY-GC-MS were used to investigate the mechanism by which the atmosphere regulated the pyrolysis of low-rank unbound coal. The results were used to correlate the relationship between the atmosphere, structure, and products. Under an argon atmosphere, the carbon content of coke (90.18 % at 900 °C) and calorific value (HHV = 31.53 MJ/kg) were higher, which promoted the graphitization of carbon materials. The degree of graphitization (<em>g</em>) and microcrystalline size (<em>Lc</em> and <em>La</em>) increased significantly upon increasing the temperature. However, under an air atmosphere, carbon loss was caused by oxidation, but the specific surface area (433.32 m²/g) was higher, and the formation of long-range ordered structures was inhibited. The air atmosphere induced dynamic changes in oxygen-containing functional groups, and the products were mainly CO₂ and H₂O. Under an argon atmosphere, more hydrocarbons were released, and the largest total release of pyrolysis products occurred at 450 °C. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed, and the results were used to propose the calcination decomposition mechanism. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of low-rank coal in the industrial silicon sector, and has significant practical value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107607"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of metal-TiO2/Al2O3 catalysts for selective C–O bond cleavage in lignin pyrolysis to phenolic bio-oil","authors":"Ziye Lu,&nbsp;Yue Wang,&nbsp;Jiaqian Cui,&nbsp;Xijiao Bian,&nbsp;Junwei Tang,&nbsp;Silong Wu,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignin pyrolysis represents a promising route for producing phenolic chemicals. To address the challenges of low bio-oil yield and poor phenolic selectivity, this study developed a catalytic pyrolysis system utilizing TiO₂/Al₂O₃ (TA) catalysts modified with Cu, Co, Fe, and Ni, synthesized via a co-precipitation method. Based on the GC−MS peak area results, the 5 wt% Ni-TA catalyst achieved the highest bio-oil yield (37.8 wt%), while the 10 wt% Fe-TA catalyst demonstrated superior phenolic selectivity (24.78 %) through Fe^3 + -mediated hydrogen transfer. The 5-Ni-TA catalyst demonstrated excellent regeneration stability over five catalytic pyrolysis-regeneration cycles, with its catalytic performance and crystalline structure remaining largely unchanged. This work provides a viable catalyst design strategy for the targeted conversion of lignin into phenolic-rich bio-oils, contributing to the high-value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107637"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gallium and self-nitrogen co-doped algal biochar catalysts for selective production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from microalgae pyrolysis","authors":"Ruihan Dong,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Haiping Yang,&nbsp;Ziyue Tang,&nbsp;Xianhua Wang,&nbsp;Yingquan Chen,&nbsp;Hanping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae to produce monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) represents a promising route for sustainable aromatic chemical production. In this study, a gallium and self-nitrogen co-doped algae-derived activated carbon (Ga/N-SAC) catalyst was synthesized and applied to Spirulina pyrolysis. Catalytic pyrolysis experiments showed that the catalyst containing 5 wt% Ga and used at a catalyst-to-biomass mass ratio of two exhibited the optimal performance. Ga/N-SAC increased the relative content of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) to 51.33 %, with selectivities of 10.51 % for benzene, 50.27 % for toluene, and 12.15 % for xylene. The pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N functionalities facilitated the deoxygenation and deamination of heteroatom-rich intermediates, while Ga-derived Lewis acid sites promoted dehydrogenation, cyclization, and aromatization pathways. The hierarchical pore structure of Ga/N-SAC further enhanced mass transfer and strengthened vapor–catalyst interactions, enabling efficient upgrading of pyrolysis vapors. This strong synergy between nitrogen functionalities and Ga species significantly enhanced MAHs formation while suppressing oxygenated and nitrogen-containing by-products. Ga/N-SAC serves as an efficient and cost-effective catalyst for microalgae-derived BTX and provides a useful framework for developing metal–nitrogen co-doped carbon catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 107622"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}