Artium Quaestiones最新文献

{"title":"Konstruowanie atlasu. Surrealizm - fotografia - Reprodukcja","authors":"Tomasz Szerszeń","doi":"10.14746/aq.2022.33.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2022.33.7","url":null,"abstract":"“The history of art is [...] the history of what is photographable,” wrote André Malraux. Surrealism and related interwar visual phenomena add an interesting context to this observation. If we look at surrealism through the prism of the numerous magazines that accompanied it, we can see the special role of photographic reproduction. It seems that it plays a slightly different role there than in other practices of the interwar avant-garde: it tends to be a visual form of thinking, establishing photography as a crucial medium. The case of the journal “Documents” (1929–1930), existing on the fringe of surrealism and anthropology, seems particularly interesting. It can be seen as a kind of atlas of visual forms, in which the problem of reproductions of artworks and artefacts from different cultures was constantly problematised. The cannibalisation of various types of iconography was related not only to discussions on cultural visual appropriation, or the criticism of various conventions of seeing and making images, but also to a broader project whose aim was the decolonisation of seeing. It assumed a re-examination of European (art) history – in a radical, non-hierarchical and non-encyclopaedic way. The aim of the editors of the journal was to move away from the metaphysical and ocularcentric paradigm in favour of a more horizontal and relational (and in effect anthropological) positioning of a work of art. The question of reproduction is problematised in “Documents” in terms of a discussion on the aura of works and objects from other cultures: displaced and uprooted from their cultural context. The subversive photographic practices of the surrealists related to the status of copies and reproductions are also contextualised here, as are two monumental projects based on reproduction: Aby Warburg’s Mnemosyne Atlas (1924–1929) and Malraux’s Museum of the Imagination (1947–1951), or a “photographic album of universal culture”, but which were created in the face of similar problems to “Documents” (the visual form of knowledge; the “universal” in the face of colonialism; the relationship between artwork and reproduction). All three projects were a kind of response to the globalisation of images and the crisis of cultural memory. Here the use of the atlas form and photographic reproduction becomes an attempt to establish a new epistemic paradigm.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130993626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enlarged Details and Close-up Views: Art Reproduction in 1930s Czechoslovakia","authors":"Hana Buddeus","doi":"10.14746/aq.2022.33.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2022.33.3","url":null,"abstract":"Each photograph captures an artwork within a particular frame of space and time, providing a perspective that is contingent and dependent on the era the photograph was made in (Bergstein 1992). Moreover, every photograph is always embedded in specific material conditions and has its own social life (Edwards–Hart 2004). The aim of this article is to show the particularity of reproductions of artworks in 1930s Czechoslovakia and the motivations and discussions behind the extensive use of detail. I argue that the pronounced interest in close-up views is a result of a series of circumstances specific to the period. There is an important pre-condition in the development in the field of art photography and graphic design that took place in the late 1920s, bringing about an interest in sharp and faithful images and full bleed prints, as well as a recognition of the social impact of the medium. As a result, photographers, artists, art historians, and graphic designers living in Czechoslovakia also began to rethink the use of photography in the art field. This was manifested in period publications such as the well-known Fotografie vidí povrch (Photography Sees the Surface), published in 1935. In terms of art reproductions, it shows the importance of close-up views for providing an insight into individual artistic approaches and into the history of the respective artwork. The same year saw the publication of the 31st volume of the art magazine Volné směry, which enables us to follow several micro-histories that can also be applied more generally to the period discussions. As illustrated by a text by Bohuslav Slánský and the reproduced photographs of medieval panel portraits from Karlštejn Castle attributed to Master Theodoric, one of the purposes behind the commissions of enlarged photographic details of artworks were planned restorations. Moreover, examples from the photographic campaigns led by the company of Jan Štenc, the State Photo-Measurement Institute, or the project by Karel Šourek, Alexandr Paul, and František Illek (Documenta Bohemia Artis Phototypica) show that detail is generally used for showing the structure and texture of the work, for zooming in on otherwise distant works, or for the purpose of comparison. According to Volné směry editor-in-chief Emil Filla and his manifesto article “Práce oka”, the new method of working with reproductions and the frequent use of photographic detail precipitated a change in the observational habits of the audience. This intention was materialised through his long-term collaboration with the photographer Josef Sudek, who helped him show the artworks in a new light. It is evident that by the mid-1930s, the synergic work of individuals from different fields brought the use of detail in art-related publications to an unprecedented level.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133605407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inanimate Nature. Pondering the Reproductive Daguerretype","authors":"G. Batchen","doi":"10.14746/aq.2022.33.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2022.33.1","url":null,"abstract":"Little has been published about reproductive daguerreotypes, a genre of photographic still life in which another picture – a drawing, an engraving, a lithograph, a painting, a printed text – is the sole referent. However, as this essay demonstrates, a study of reproductive daguerreotypes is a study of daguerreotypy itself – of its capacities and limitations as a medium, of its major figures and its diversity of commercial applications, of its many possible meanings, functions and related viewing practices. But it is also an opportunity to reflect on the place of such daguerreotypes in the larger story concerning the photographic reproduction of artworks. Reproductive daguerreotypes are distinctive in that they copy an artwork exactly but unfaithfully: they often laterally reverse the image even while rendering it small, monochrome, precious, shiny, evanescent, mobile. Most striking is the way such daguerreotypes partake of the logic of reproducibility without necessarily participating in the processes of mass production normally associated with it: as unique copies, they offer replication without multiplicity. In so doing, they complicate the orthodox account of this process promulgated by Walter Benjamin in the 1930s and repeated so many times since.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134155008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"„Pięć milionów dzieci czeka na nowe zabawki…”. O organizacji przemysłu zabawkarskiego i wzornictwie zabawek w Polsce lat 50. i 60. XX wieku","authors":"A. Wiszniewska","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.6","url":null,"abstract":"In the first years after World War II, the task of setting up a toy industry was undertaken in Poland. According to the declarations from the Polish People’s Republic authorities about providing all children with a carefree childhood, access to education and help in developing individual interests, a well-designed and carefully made toy was to reach the hands of 5 million children. It was also supposed to be aesthetic and accessible to the impoverished society after the war. Therefore, toys were mainly produced from waste materials, such as wood, leather, felt, fabrics, provided by state-owned industrial plants or production cooperatives. Toys made in artists’ studios and in the BNEP Toy Factory under the direction of Jan Kurzątkowski met these criteria. A turning point in the history of the organization of the post-war toy industry was the establishment of The Office for Toy Industry Studies and Projects, a facility included in the structures of Cepelia and unique not only on the national, but also on the Europe scale. The office was established on 5 December 1950 by order of the president of the Central Office of Fine Manufacturing. The specialists employed in this institution (artists, educators, psychologists and material scientists) ensured that children received a good educational toy – carefully made, appropriate for their age, safe and nice at the same time. The designs developed under their professional supervision were handed over to Cepelia’s cooperatives for implementation, while providing appropriate instructions on the material and decorations used. One of the Office’s first initiatives was to produce a specific type of wooden and fabric doll, which was exported to Western Europe and the USA and created what was termed the “Polish Doll”. The office only existed for 4 years. Pursuant to the resolution of the Presidium of the Government dated on 18 December 1954, it was transferred to the Board of the Toy Industry at the Central Union of Work Cooperatives. In practice, this meant its liquidation and the cessation of research and development of new toy designs. This decision resulted in a rapid constriction in the development of Poland’s toy industry. The idea of such a holistic, comprehensive approach to the issue of toys has never been returned to, not only from the point of view of aesthetics, but also toys’ role in children’s upbringing and education. This was changed neither by the Central Design Office of the Toy Industry established in 1956 at the Ministry of Education, nor “Plastuś”, a competition for the best toy for children available on the market, launched in 1961.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122437929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design jako próba przywrócenia kanonu? Pojęcia, metody i dyskursy a niemieckie i śląskie wzornictwo pierwszej połowy XX wieku","authors":"Ksenia Stanicka-Brzezicka","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.2","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, the concept of canon is related to the process that has been defined as the transition from applied art to design. The thesis is then put forward that this processcan be seen as the canonisation of products intended for mass production. The above statement suggests that a (qualitative?) change has taken place between designing and producing artistic and also utilitarian objects and the phenomenon called design. However, an answer to this problem first requires a clarification of terms. If we understand design and production historically in the context of the transition from handicraft to machine production, i.e. within the narrative socio-economic history, and if we place design in the ontology of visual culture, its pictorial representations and materiality, we will see a shift of focus to aesthetic values, related to form and materiality, and thus canonisation – the establishment of icons (of design). The canon will in this sense be a defence against aesthetic relativism. Escaping into the canon is art history’s way of dealing with the social, economic and knowledge and technology arts was included in the research on searching for connections with Bauhaus as an exemplification of the canon. Design as historically understood industrial design and design as a creative activity, as the energy needed to produce a canonical utilitarian object, i.e. one whose aesthetic or artistic value will go far beyond utilitarian, form the framework in the text for methodological discussion, reflections on defining concepts and critical analysis of scientific discourses and their possible junctures. transfer issues that are indispensable in the study of crafts, arts and craft and design. The history of art (but also popular culture!) has canonised many works and phenomena. One example is the Bauhaus, widely seen as the canon of 20th-century design, although Gropius himself defined its purpose in the words: “das ziel des bauhauses ist eben kein ‘stil’, kein system, dogma oder kanon [...]”. Similar phenomena took place concerning the design of the first half of the 20th century from the Lower Silesia area: the slogan “Breslauer Moderne” referred, in part, to the Werkbund exhibition in 1929 (WuWA), and the activity of the Wrocław Academy in the field of applied arts was included in the research on searching for connections with Bauhaus as an exemplification of the canon. Design as historically understood industrial design and design as a creative activity, as the energy needed to produce a canonical utilitarian object, i.e. one whose aesthetic or artistic value will go far beyond utilitarian, form the framework in the text for methodological discussion, reflections on defining concepts and critical analysis of scientific discourses and their possible junctures.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122245820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Szkoła na wolnym powietrzu – projekty mebli E. Beaudoina i M. Lodsa dla szkoły w Suresnes (1932–1935) w świetle przemian w pedagogice i projektowaniu wnętrz szkolnych we Francji lat 20. i 30. XX wieku","authors":"Dorota Jędruch","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.5","url":null,"abstract":"The essay is devoted to the relationship between the design of school furniture and other interior design elements in the open-air school (école de plain air) in Suresnes (designed by E. Beaudoin and M. Lods, 1932–1935) and the pedagogical and social assumptions accompanying its construction. The functioning of the school and the role that furniture plays in this program are discussed, as well as how the furniture design responded to the interesting pedagogical program of the international outdoor school movement. The second part of the text discusses the main trends in the design of school furniture in France in the interwar period. Architects’ theoretical views on the problem of so-called “new education” in the design of school buildings and their equipment (mainly texts and projects by Maurice Barret, published in “Architectured’aujourd’hui”). Trends in furniture design are presented against the background of the pedagogical concepts of that era: Maria Montessori’s pedagogy and progressive trends in teaching, under the influence of which class spaces began to be designed as rooms with flexible functions, thanks to features such as light, multi-functional school furniture using modern shapes and materials.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115885165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradygmat produkcyjno-konsumpcyjno-mediacyjny","authors":"Grace Lees-Maffei","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.10","url":null,"abstract":"This is a translation of a seminal, historiographic and methodological article by Grace Lees-Maffei concerning design history as an area of study and an academic discipline,originally published as: “The Production-Consumption-Mediation Paradigm” in: „Journal of Design History” 2009, 22(4), p. 351–376. \u0000Translated by Filip Lipiński","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114992295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vom Paradigma der Guten Form. Deutsch-deutsche Geschmackserziehung und Kontinuitätskonstruktion(en)","authors":"Amelie Ochs","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.3","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning with the Bauhaus anniversary in 2019, new perspectives are being revealed on GDR design. This promises a revision of the German design historiography of the last decades, which was dominated by West-German perspectives. Referring to this trend in research, my essay questions the German history and historiography of design. After the Second World War, the German historiography of art followed the paradigm of the Cold War (Abstraction in the West, Socialist Realism in the East). The historiography of design followed this schema by distinguishing “socialist” from “capitalist” design. To this day, this prevents “transnational” perspectives. In contrast to this, I agree with the argument that the consolidation of the two German states occurred with reference to the (old) concept of “good form”, among other things. Even though the different discourses refer to similar objects and references, they are structured by different interpretations of the term “Good Form”, referring to the ruling ideology of the particular state. It represents a central argument in aesthetic education (Geschmackserziehung), which contained moral and political values. In 1950s West Germany, the Deutscher Werkbund, an organization which was involved in processes of institutionalization in both the political and design historical field, was  the main driver of this discourse. In contrast to this, the institutionalization of design in the GDR was organized by the state. Nevertheless, distinctive parallels in the discourses in East and West suggest the lasting impact of the Werkbund. Consequently, I argue that the discursive foundations, which were laid in the 1950s at the latest, had a lasting influence on “German-German” (deutsch-deutsch) design historiography and have recently opened up a pan-German (gesamtdeutsch) perspective.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126123930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Między monografią a koneserstwem. Badania nad polskim dizajnem XX i początków XXI wieku","authors":"Piotr Korduba","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.1","url":null,"abstract":"The text aims to describe currents, tendencies and fields of interest in design history studies in Poland, which grew in number around the year 2000. There are several characteristic patterns to be observed. First of all, despite the fact that the pioneering monograph on the subject appeared in 1978 (I. Huml), one can still observe terminological diversity, with various terms, such as applied arts and design, being used as synonyms. Secondly, looking at the history of the research, one may draw up a calendar of key events (publications, exhibitions) which led to the development and/or consolidation of the basic vision of Polish design from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century, related primarily to the political and artistic history of the country. Thirdly, the increase in historical knowledge on the subject has been generated not only by different environments but also in the context of diverse institutions (academic and museum research, art market, collecting/connoisseurship). Consequently, the research conducted so far has been methodologically diversified, influenced by different goals and results. As a result, in the social reception there is a specific coexistence of projects of a scientific, popular science and commercial nature. A critical point in the dynamics of research was marked by two events which took place at the beginning of the 21st century: the exhibition Rzeczy pospolite and the subsequent publication (2000/2001), and founding of the quarterly “2+3D” (2001). Another marked increase in initiatives has occurred since the end of the 2000s. The demand for knowledge about design history is also, to some extent, animated by the art market. On the one hand, old design collecting generates a spontaneous exchange of messages on social media, while on the other, it stimulates the creation of reliable popular science studies. Research on Polish design has been dominated by the perspective of art history, usually in its traditional version focusing on style as well as the artistic and theoretical context, and highlighting issues of uniqueness and individual authorship, which prevail over functional, technological or social aspects in the discourse. Consequently, there has been no approach that would perceive Polish design and its multiple contexts as a dynamic system, a set of practices and mediations, such as the approach proposed several years ago by Grace Lees-Maffei (Production-Consumption-Mediation Paradigm) for design history. Such a perspective would enhance and stress the importance of research on the relations between various actors in the Polish design community, such as institutions (educational, experimental and research, manufacturing), transmitters (exhibitions, advice) and mediators between production and consumption.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128602303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socrealizm od środka. Design, sztuka wnętrza i modernizacja","authors":"Aleksandra Sumorok","doi":"10.14746/aq.2021.32.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on interior design from the first half of the 1950s. The interior spaces realized at that time in Poland elude unambiguous classifications, both in terms of formal and ideological aspects. I propose to look at the interiors from this time not in terms of style (difficult, complex, hybrid), but in a broader sense, as a political, socio-cultural phenomenon. The interiors were supposed to favor social modernization (assumed in the communist project), especially the idea of promotion and changing class habitus. They precisely modeled new forms of social life (cultural spaces), as well as family life, as they defined the way of eating, “being” (gastronomic interiors), spending free time and holidays. The leap into modernity was particularly noticeable in the architecture and interiors with which everyone interacted on a daily basis. Indicating the participation of interiors in the multifaceted modernization process can make us realize the complexity of the post-war reality, including the interior design from the first half of the 1950s, which was related to many spheres of social and cultural life.","PeriodicalId":345400,"journal":{"name":"Artium Quaestiones","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124565668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}