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The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages最新文献

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Oirat and Kalmyk, the Western Mongolic languages 乌拉特语和卡尔梅克语，西蒙古语
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0023
Ágnes Birtalan
{"title":"Oirat and Kalmyk, the Western Mongolic languages","authors":"Ágnes Birtalan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Oirat and Kalmyk constitute the western branch of Mongolic languages. “Oirat” is a general signifier of dialects having common features, whose speakers live scattered in a vast territory of North Eurasia (Mongolia, China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan). Kalmyk originates from Oirat, but became a separate language in a Turkic and Russian environment in Eastern Europe. As the groups of Oirat speakers live separately in different countries and differing language environments (Khalkha, Chinese, Uyghur, Kazakh, Tibetan, Russian, and Kyrgyz), the research of its dialects is crucial for the better understanding of such linguistic strategies as the survival and revival of “typical” Oirat features in an ethnic minority position. On the other hand, the processes of change under the influence of neighboring peoples and languages can be well observed and compared. The sources for the present article are predominantly the fieldwork results from the 20th and 21st centuries (including the author’s records) and travelers’ materials from the 17th–19th centuries.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121647282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Uyghur and Uzbek, the Southeastern Turkic languages 维吾尔语和乌兹别克语，东南突厥语系
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0026
A. Yakup
{"title":"Uyghur and Uzbek, the Southeastern Turkic languages","authors":"A. Yakup","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a general overview of the two Turkic languages spoken in Central Asia, Modern Uyghur and Uzbek in the southeastern group of Turkic, paying special attention to their relation and peculiarities. The languages share particular linguistic features such as palatalization of an original intervocalic -d- to -y-, the preservation of the suffix-initial uvular consonant in -GAn, long consonants in in some numerals, and the use of verbal nouns in -(X)š. Among the differences we find Uyghur umlauting, Uzbek labialized back vowel å, the Uzbek derivative suffix -li, the Uzbek use of auxiliary verbs to code actionality, etc. This chapter also briefly addresses the writing systems of the two languages, and contact with neighboring languages as well as their regional varieties.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126305286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A comparative approach to the consonant inventory of the Transeurasian languages
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0029
A. Bomhard
{"title":"A comparative approach to the consonant inventory of the Transeurasian languages","authors":"A. Bomhard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to examine the consonant inventories of the Transeurasian languages from a comparative perspective. The chapter begins with a discussion of the reconstruction of the consonant inventory of Proto-Transeurasian, the hypothetical proto-language from which the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages are descended. Two competing reconstructions for the Proto-Transeurasian consonant system are evaluated, namely one that posits a two-way voicing contrast in the series of stops and affricates and one that posits a three-way contrast. Thereafter, the individual branches are considered in turn. The chapter ends with a discussion of root-structure patterning in Proto-Transeurasian.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129279384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Verbal categories in the Transeurasian languages 外欧亚语言的言语分类
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0035
A. Malchukov, Patryk Czerwinski
{"title":"Verbal categories in the Transeurasian languages","authors":"A. Malchukov, Patryk Czerwinski","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this chapter are twofold. On the one hand, an analytic survey of the verbal categories across the Transeurasian language families, coached in general typological terms for better comparison. On the other hand, a selective discussion of the verbal domain, focusing on convergent developments across the individual families. Most of these similarities are clearly due to independent developments reflecting shared diachronic scenarios rooted in common typology, but some other are arguably due to areal influence. We examine in more detail two examples of such convergent developments, one pertaining to the development of adversative passives, and the other to the renewal of finite forms (and tense and mood categories) through nominalizations. The latter development, discussed in typological literature under the label of “insubordination,” “desubordination,” or “verbalization,” is shown to be an areal feature of Northeast Asian languages.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127467352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Korean and the Korean dialects 朝鲜语和朝鲜语方言
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0016
Ho-min Sohn
{"title":"Korean and the Korean dialects","authors":"Ho-min Sohn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a structural overview of contemporary Korean. Following a brief introduction to the speakers, writing systems, and previous scholarship, the main body surveys the following six areas. Historical connections cover the Korean-Japanese and Korean-Altaic hypotheses, dialectal situation, and standardization, and contacts with Chinese, Japanese, and English. The phonology presents the phoneme inventory, a set of rules mapping morphophonemic to phonetic representations, and suprasegmental features. The morphology discusses lexical classification, inflection, and derivation. The syntax covers the word order, noun and verb phrases, main and satellite clauses, causative / passive constructions, and serial (converb) and auxiliary constructions. The lexicon discusses the layers of native terms, Sino-Korean words, and loanwords. Finally, the dialectal variation describes the formation and characteristics of seven dialectal zones and sociopolitical dialectal division between the two Koreas.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129068098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transeurasian unity from an archaeological perspective 考古学视角下的跨欧亚统一体
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0047
Tao Li
{"title":"Transeurasian unity from an archaeological perspective","authors":"Tao Li","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Northeast Asia attracts researchers’ attention for its environmental, cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity. Population migration and cultural contact both go back early in human history there. The Transeurasian (TEA) model hypothesizes about the relatedness among the Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages; also, it sees farming as the driving force for the dispersal of the Proto-Transeurasian across Northeast Asia. This chapter reviews the finds of millets or rice from key archeological sites, as well as the perspectives on the beginning of millet or rice farming, in Northeast China, the Russian Far East, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Archipelago. Then, focusing on evidence related to agriculture, some assumptions underlying the TEA model are examined. The conclusion is that the TEA model has both merits and weaknesses and that archeological evidence in different regions and periods supports the Transeurasian unity to varying degrees.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128538486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic languages 萨哈语和多尔干语，北西伯利亚突厥语系
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027
B. Pakendorf, Eugénie Stapert
{"title":"Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic languages","authors":"B. Pakendorf, Eugénie Stapert","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a brief structural overview of the North Siberian Turkic languages Sakha (also known as Yakut) and Dolgan. Both languages are spoken in the northeast of the Russian Federation: Sakha in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) and Dolgan on the Taimyr Peninsula. These languages clearly fit the Turkic linguistic profile with vowel harmony, agglutinative morphology, SOV word order, and preposed relative clauses, but owing to contact-induced changes there are considerable differences from other Turkic languages as well. Notable differences are the loss of the Turkic genitive and locative cases and the development of a partitive and a comparative case, as well as a distinction between an immediate and a remote imperative. Like other so-called Altaic languages, Sakha and Dolgan make widespread use of nonfinite verb forms in subordination.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124577503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The classification of the Mongolic languages 蒙古语言的分类
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0008
H. Nugteren
{"title":"The classification of the Mongolic languages","authors":"H. Nugteren","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The Mongolic languages constitute a compact language family with limited written history. Given the paucity of decisive shared features such as sound laws, it has been relatively hard to set up a Mongolic family tree. Owing to the steady increase in the number of sufficiently studied Mongolic languages and dialects in the past 60 years, Mongolists have reached a rough consensus. This chapter will provide a brief overview of published opinions and a survey of phonological, morphological, and lexical arguments traditionally used in classification. In addition, it will attempt to make use of irregular, not easily repeated, developments as an alternative avenue to fine-tune the classification.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128854470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Xibe and the Manchuric languages 锡伯语和满洲语
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0018
Taeho Jang
{"title":"Xibe and the Manchuric languages","authors":"Taeho Jang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Xibe is a language spoken by about 30,000 people in Northwestern China. Xibe is closely related to the nearly extinct Manchu language, and both languages belong to the southwestern branch of the Tungusic language family.This chapter provides a structural description of Xibe in relation to written Manchu, focusing especially on the prototypically Transeurasian features. Xibe has a distinct spoken and written register, and written Xibe is known as written Manchu. Spoken Xibe is found to have all but one of the prototypically Transeurasian features (Robbeets 2017g). The exceptional feature is the presence of tongue-root vowel harmony that is found in written Manchu. In spoken Xibe, topic marker and possessive/definite nominal suffix are found that are absent in written Manchu. Spoken Xibe also has a conjunct/disjunct contrast in the finite verbs. This last feature is not typically found in Transeurasian languages.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"89 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125827914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Language dispersals and the “Secondary Peoples’ Revolution” 语言传播与“二次民族革命”
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0048
M. Hudson
{"title":"Language dispersals and the “Secondary Peoples’ Revolution”","authors":"M. Hudson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Population growth and demic diffusion help explain the early Neolithic expansions of agriculture and Transeurasian languages in Northeast Asia. By the Bronze Age, alluvial agrarian states had come to possess considerable political and economic dominance over their subjects in the civilizational centers of Eurasia. At the same time, however, Bronze Age economies offered new opportunities for trade and secondary expansion into areas outside state control. This chapter argues that the resulting population movements—here termed the “secondary peoples’ revolution”—were of great significance in the post-Neolithic dispersals of Transeurasian languages. Four examples are briefly discussed: steppe nomadic pastoralism, Sakha horse and cattle husbandry, northeast Asian hunter-gatherers, and agriculture associated with trade/piracy networks in the Ryukyu Islands.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126871449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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