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Numerals in the Transeurasian languages 跨欧亚语言中的数字
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0038
V. Blažek
{"title":"Numerals in the Transeurasian languages","authors":"V. Blažek","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents all relevant forms of the cardinal numerals 1‒10, 20‒90, 100, and sometimes also teens and ordinals, in all described Transeurasian languages. Besides all modern languages, where maximum accuracy in transcription is preferred, the old literary and epigraphic languages (Orkhon Runic, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, Old Oghuz, Chaghatai; Middle Mongol, Written Mongol; Jurchen, Manchu; Middle Korean; Old and Classic Japanese), are also analyzed, including some relic languages known only fragmentarily (Kuman, Old Bulgar; Kitan; Baekje, Silla; Koguryo). On the basis of regular phonetic correspondences the related forms are projected into the partial daughter protolanguages: Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean. Instead of Proto-Japonic, the Old Japanese forms serve for this purpose. Applying the comparative etymological method to the final comparison between these partial protolanguages should lead to identification of inherited cognates from borrowings in agreement with phonetic rules, semantic typology, and in the perspective of possible influences of hypothetical substrata, adstrata, and superstrata.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115773680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The classification of the Japonic languages 日语的分类
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0005
E. D. Boer
{"title":"The classification of the Japonic languages","authors":"E. D. Boer","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter starts with an overview of the history of dialect classification in Japan. A puzzling aspect of the distribution pattern of the Japanese dialects is the fact that many features, which cannot all be explained as retentions or simplifications, recur in geographically distant areas. These similarities have been commonly but unsatisfyingly regarded as the result of parallel independent developments. Phonological (including tonal), morphological, and lexical features are selected to illustrate the splits that result in the different branches of Japonic. Based on shared innovations, the new classification at the end of the chapter proposes a Izumo-Tōhoku branch, as well as a Kyūshū-Ryūkyū branch.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124908578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Nanai and the Southern Tungusic languages 纳奈语和南通古斯语
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0020
Sofia Oskolskaya
{"title":"Nanai and the Southern Tungusic languages","authors":"Sofia Oskolskaya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter deals with an overview of the Southern Tungusic languages: Hezhe, Udihe, Oroch, Nanai, Ulcha, and Orok. The sociolinguistic and dialectal situation is described, as well as the history of the languages under discussion in respect of genealogy and contacts. The most specific features of this language group are observed alongside the features shared with the other Transeurasian languages. An outline of the Nanai language is given as an example of one of the Southern Tungusic languages, with a special focus on the historical development of some Nanai peculiarities (derivation of negative forms, substitution of finite forms by nonfinite forms and others). Some Nanai features are discussed in comparison with other closely related languages.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124922505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dagur
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0021
Yohei Yamada
{"title":"Dagur","authors":"Yohei Yamada","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Dagur is a Mongolic language spoken mainly in Northeast China. It is said that this language maintains some Middle Mongolian features, such as a verbal negative marker ul and predicative personal markers. The negative marker ul, which is placed before the verb, is found in Middle Mongolian and some other colloquial Mongolic languages, but lost in central Mongolian. Predicative personal markers, which are placed subsequent to the indicative verbal predicate or the nominal predicate and display agreement with the subject, are shown in Northern Mongolic languages such as Buryat. These features might suggest that Dagur contributes to tracing the historical development of Mongolic languages.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124973350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Complex constructions in the Transeurasian languages 外欧亚语言中的复杂结构
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0036
A. Malchukov, Patryk Czerwinski
{"title":"Complex constructions in the Transeurasian languages","authors":"A. Malchukov, Patryk Czerwinski","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0036","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter deals with complex constructions in the Transeurasian languages, including complement, relative, and adverbial clauses, as well as paratactic constructions. The dominant strategy of expressing subordinate clauses across the Transeurasian language families is the “deranking” strategy relying on nonfinite forms such as participles and converbs, which are discussed in considerable detail. Given the vast domain, the chapter focuses on convergent tendencies across the Transeurasian languages, resulting from either typological similarities, areal convergence, or possibly shared “drift,” indicative of a remote genealogical relation, as has been suggested in the literature. Accounting for and distinguishing among these different factors presents a considerable challenge for Transeurasian studies. In this chapter one case of convergent behavior in the domain of internally headed relative clauses is presented in detail, and the conclusion reached that both independent developments and language contact are responsible for the convergencies in this domain.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115777990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Typological profile of the Transeurasian languages from a quantitative perspective 从数量的角度看跨欧亚语言的类型学概况
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0012
Nataliia Hübler
{"title":"Typological profile of the Transeurasian languages from a quantitative perspective","authors":"Nataliia Hübler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the typological features of the Transeurasian (Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Japonic, Koreanic) languages, including brief descriptions of the phonology and morphosyntax of these languages. Through the application of phylogenetic comparative methods, a set of structural features with a high phylogenetic signal is delimited. These features can be assumed to be genealogically stable. The trees achieved by Bayesian tree-sampling based on all 226 features are compared with those derived via the 97 structural features with a high phylogenetic signal and the conclusion reached is that the data set with presumably stable structural features does not provide a tree that is compatible with the language history assumed by classical historical linguists. Neither the full nor the reduced feature set provides a reliable internal classification of the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Japonic language families.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130831213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transeurasian as a continuum of diffusion 跨欧亚是一个连续的扩散
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0042
E. Vajda
{"title":"Transeurasian as a continuum of diffusion","authors":"E. Vajda","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Intermingling of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic speakers over many centuries left multiple overlapping layers of contact-induced language change in their wake. While the dynamics of pastoralist mobility spread linguistic traits far and wide, it remains unresolved whether contact alone (together with coincidental resemblance) can account for all of the shared features in the families traditionally grouped as “Altaic,” or whether some homologies represent evidence of deeper common ancestry. Without arguing strongly for or against either possibility, this chapter considers how typological parallels may have diffused among pastoral Inner Eurasia’s four autochthonous families—Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic—and also into Yeniseian, Yukaghir, Chukchi-Kamchatkan, Nivkh, Ainu, Koreanic, and Japonic—families and isolates that interacted less pervasively with steppe and forest pastoralists.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124263733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Amami and Okinawa, the Northern Ryukyuan languages 奄美语和冲绳语，北琉球语
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0014
Yuto Niinaga
{"title":"Amami and Okinawa, the Northern Ryukyuan languages","authors":"Yuto Niinaga","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Both Amami and Okinawa belong to the Northern Ryukyuan languages. They are spoken in the southwest region in Japan, and the northern part of the Ryukyu archipelago. Both languages are descended from the same ancestral language. Thus, they have many common features, e.g. glottalized consonants, agglutinative verbal morphology, and correspondence between plural/case markers and so-called animacy hierarchy. However, they also have many different features, e.g. syllable structures (i.e. “pre-syllable” in Okinawa only), verb-final affixes (i.e. the verb-final affix -n in Amami is used in relative clauses, but it is used in main clauses in Okinawa), grammatical numbers (i.e. dual number in Amami only), and degree of grammaticalization in adjectival morphology (i.e. more grammaticalized in Okinawa). You can compare several aspects of those two languages in detail in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Kinship-term paradigms in the Transeurasian languages 跨欧亚语言中的亲属称谓范式
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0039
Milan van Berlo
{"title":"Kinship-term paradigms in the Transeurasian languages","authors":"Milan van Berlo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0039","url":null,"abstract":"All languages have kinship-term paradigms that vary both formally and semantically. This chapter aims to give an overview of the kinship-term paradigms in the Transeurasian languages, focusing on the semantics of sibling terminology and with special reference to Old Japanese. Terms are compared, but the emphasis is on the structure of the paradigms rather than the presence or absence of any formal similarities between terms. The semantics of the sibling terms are analyzed by their distinctive features and the distribution of those features within the paradigm. These paradigms are compared to one another in their geographical and genetic contexts.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114696787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Form and pattern borrowing across Siberian Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages 跨西伯利亚突厥语、蒙古语和通古斯语的形式和模式借用
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0041
G. Anderson
{"title":"Form and pattern borrowing across Siberian Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages","authors":"G. Anderson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0041","url":null,"abstract":"When examining data from languages belonging to the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic families, two virtually opposite views have been expressed: One attributes some commonalities to inheritances from a protolanguage, the other asserts that all commonalities derive from lateral feature transfer between originally unrelated groups. However, some shared features from the domains of lexicon, phonology, morphology, and syntax showing a network of transfer paths—Turkic > Tungusic, Turkic > Mongolic, Mongolic > Turkic, Mongolic > Tungusic, Tungusic > Mongolic and Tungusic > Turkic—among these, three groups are clearly secondary, and reflect processes of lateral feature transfer postdating the breakup of any possible original Transeurasian protolanguage. Thus, one must periodicize different contact layers in the histories of these language groups to arrive at a nuanced point of argumentation to try to bridge the gap between the increasingly polemical positions expressed by the so-called pro- and anti-Altaicist camps.","PeriodicalId":345262,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122045388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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