Yizhuo Gui , Hongwei Song , Jinglei Yang , Cheng Qiu
{"title":"Data-driven discovery of the design rules for considering the curing deformation and the application on double-double composites","authors":"Yizhuo Gui , Hongwei Song , Jinglei Yang , Cheng Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The process-induced deformation (PID) of composite laminates has been one of the critical problems for engineering structures. While lots of design rules has been proposed for standardize the laminate design, there is a lack of specific rule to follow when controlling PID is a necessity due to the numerous affecting parameters. In this regard, a data-driven framework was proposed in this paper to determine the layup rules to follow for minimizing PID. Two specific machine learning (ML) models were built. One is combined model of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and principle component analysis (PCA) technique for connecting the layup sequences and their corresponding PID. Another one is the symbolic regression model, as an explainable ML technique, to quantitatively evaluate this connection. With the training data generated from the robust numerical simulation, it is found that a proper asymmetry is the key intrinsic factor that makes a smaller PID as it will counteract with the contributions of other extrinsic mechanisms. More importantly, a formula for easy evaluation of the asymmetry is provided to assist in guiding the layup design considering PID constraints. The formula is applied on the design problem of double-double (DD) composites. With the proper asymmetry added onto the original DD layup, the DD composites show a clear improvement on controlling the PID.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100612"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liberata Guadagno , Luigi Vertuccio , Francesca Aliberti , Elisa Calabrese , Marialuigia Raimondo , Roberto Pantani , Raffaele Longo
{"title":"Sustainable biobased composites manufactured via Joule heating curing with recycled carbon fibers","authors":"Liberata Guadagno , Luigi Vertuccio , Francesca Aliberti , Elisa Calabrese , Marialuigia Raimondo , Roberto Pantani , Raffaele Longo","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use and development of thermosetting composites are limited by several complex and interconnected environmental issues, such as the continued use of fossil-based resins and the high energy demand for fibers (especially carbon fibers) and composite manufacturing. In the present research, these three criticalities are discussed, proposing the design of highly performing bio-resin and the development of thermosetting composites with recycled carbon fibers using cutting-edge, low-energy demanding processes. Exploiting the electrical conductivity of the recycled carbon fibers mat, the composites have been cured directly via Joule heating, generating heat inside the component and reaching a temperature of about 180 °C, suitable to guarantee a high curing degree of the employed thermosetting resin. Thermal parameters (temperature and heating time) have been selected based on the preliminary characterization of the biobased epoxy resin. The composites obtained using this innovative approach manifest a glass transition temperature higher than 198 °C and a complete curing degree.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100609"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick K. Kamlade , Jojibabu Panta , Max Mammone , Richard (Chunhui) Yang , Richard P. Mildren , John Wang , Matthew Ibrahim , Rodney Thomson , Y.X. Zhang
{"title":"Degradation behaviour and damage mechanisms of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite laminates subjected to laser irradiation","authors":"Patrick K. Kamlade , Jojibabu Panta , Max Mammone , Richard (Chunhui) Yang , Richard P. Mildren , John Wang , Matthew Ibrahim , Rodney Thomson , Y.X. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive and insightful investigation into the thermal degradation and damage mechanisms of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates exposed to continuous wave laser irradiation with a Gaussian beam profile. The effects of laser power, beam diameter, and exposure time were explored to reflect practical scenarios such as material processing, maintenance, and damage assessment. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was first carried out in both nitrogen and air environments to understand the thermal stability and degradation behaviour of the CFRP material. Initial laser tests were conducted at 30 W and 40 W using a beam diameter of 3.46 mm to assess early-stage damage. These results informed a more intensive study using a higher laser power of 98 W with beam diameters of 3.18 mm and 5.70 mm, where specimens were irradiated until complete perforation. Thermal imaging was used to monitor surface temperature evolution on both front and back sides during irradiation. For the 98 W cases, the larger beam diameter required a 53 % longer exposure time to achieve perforation, highlighting the role of power density in damage progression. Post-irradiation analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultrasonic C-scans, and micro-focused X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) revealed fibre sublimation, matrix decomposition, cone-shaped perforations, and interlaminar cracking. The results provide valuable insights into how CFRP materials respond to high-intensity laser exposure and can support the development of strategies to mitigate damage and improve structural performance in real-world applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100605"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Daniela Hernandez-Ruiz , Malik Hassan , Tao Wang , Amar K. Mohanty , Manjusri Misra
{"title":"Sustainable composites from microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate: 3D printing and performance optimization","authors":"Laura Daniela Hernandez-Ruiz , Malik Hassan , Tao Wang , Amar K. Mohanty , Manjusri Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel green composites were developed using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and plasticized cellulose acetate (pCA) to assess their viability for application in additive manufacturing (AM), specifically fused filament fabrication (FFF). This study represents one of the first attempts to fabricate and optimize a sustainable MCC-pCA composite for use as a 3D printing filament. The Taguchi L27 experimental design was employed to optimize five critical FFF parameters, namely nozzle temperature, printing speed, infill density, raster angle, and layer height, with the objective of maximizing mechanical performance. Optimal printing parameters were determined to be a nozzle temperature of 230 °C, a printing speed of 1800 mm/min, an infill density of 100 %, a raster angle of 0°, and a layer height of 0.15 mm. Under these conditions, the 3D-printed samples exhibited mechanical properties comparable to those of injection-molded counterparts, with a 37 % increase in impact strength. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) of the optimized 3D-printed sample was 89.36 μm/m °C (perpendicular) and 65.39 μm/m °C (parallel), demonstrating lower thermal expansion than injection-molded counterparts (108.65 μm/m °C and 47.06 μm/m °C, respectively). Furthermore, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the optimized 3D-printed sample was 92.18 °C, surpassing that of injection-molded samples (69.59 °C), indicating superior thermal resistance in the 3D-printed part. As a proof-of-concept, a 3D printed finger splint was fabricated using the optimized parameters, showcasing the potential of this sustainable composite for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear forced vibration analysis of FG-CNTRC plates based on the 3D elasticity","authors":"Y. Gholami , R. Ansari , H. Rouhi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, an efficient numerical approach is developed to study the primary resonant dynamics of rectangular plates with arbitrary boundary conditions made of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (FG-CNTRCs). The problem is formulated in the context of three-dimensional (3D) elasticity theory. Also, a variational approach based on Hamilton’s principle together with the variational differential quadrature (VDQ) method is proposed to obtain the discretized governing equations on space domain. Then, the solution procedure on the time domain is completed using the numerical Galerkin method, time periodic discretization method and pseudo arc-length continuation algorithm in order to find the frequency-response curves. It is considered that CNTs are distributed in the thickness direction based on an FG manner considering different patterns. After testing the convergence and validity of developed approach, numerical results are presented to investigate the influences of geometrical properties, CNT’s volume fraction and distribution pattern on the nonlinear forced vibration response of plates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating microstructural features and tensile properties of 3D-printed co-polyester reinforced with carbon fibres","authors":"Lotfi Hedjazi , Sofiane Belhabib , Jaianth Vijayakumar , Elodie Boller , Sofiane Guessasma","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the 3D printing of carbon fibre-reinforced copolyester (COP-CF) composites using fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology, with a focus on the influence of printing parameters on mechanical performance and microstructure. We explore the effects of different printing angles (0° to 90°) on the tensile behaviour, pore connectivity, and microstructural characteristics of 3D-printed COP-CF specimens. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography is employed to analyse the internal structure of printed parts, revealing insights into porosity distribution and fibre alignment. Our results indicate that a 45° printing angle yields the highest mechanical performance, with a tensile strength improvement approaching 70 MPa and a Young’s modulus nearing 1 GPa, attributed to filament alignment in the loading direction and optimal load transfer. Additionally, the elongation at break reaches approximately 10 %, indicating a balance between strength and ductility. The study also highlights the role of process-induced porosity and its impact on mechanical properties. Additionally, the design and testing of a 3D-printed curved hook demonstrate the material's potential for functional applications under mixed-mode loading conditions effectively at a 45° printing angle—outperforming other angles by a factor of 1.71. The findings underscore the importance of printing angle and microstructure control in optimizing the mechanical performance of 3D-printed COP-CF composites for technical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.R. Pothnis , A. Hejjaji , G.S. Bhatia , A. Comer
{"title":"Failure analysis under fatigue loading of glass fibre reinforced in-situ polymerizable thermoplastic and Bio-epoxy based Composites","authors":"J.R. Pothnis , A. Hejjaji , G.S. Bhatia , A. Comer","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experimental study investigates the fracture and failure mechanisms of glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites fabricated using an in-situ polymerizable thermoplastic and a bio-based epoxy matrix subjected to tension-tension fatigue loading. For both material systems, fatigue tests resulted in linear S-N curves for the 0°, 90° and Quasi-Isotropic (QI) laminates and non-linear (power law) S-N curves for the ±45° and ±30° laminate configurations. However, the main focus of the study was on the failure mechanisms for both the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue loading regimes. At the macro level, the effect of the different matrices on the characteristic failure mode was generally minimal with all lay-ups exhibiting distributed damage throughout the gauge region except for the 90° laminates where damage was highly localised. However, micro level analysis conducted using SEM and elemental composition analysis revealed significantly different failure mechanisms in the vicinity of the fibre matrix interface for the bio-epoxy (interfacial) and the thermoplastic (cohesive). Overall, both matrices show promise in terms of fatigue performance under benign laboratory conditions and as a stepping stone towards achieving more sustainable matrix options for offshore renewable energy structures in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100608"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malik Hassan , Amar K. Mohanty , Tao Wang , Hom Nath Dhakal , Manjusri Misra
{"title":"Current status and future outlook of 4D printing of polymers and composites-A prospective","authors":"Malik Hassan , Amar K. Mohanty , Tao Wang , Hom Nath Dhakal , Manjusri Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four-dimensional (4D) printing represents a transformative advancement in additive manufacturing, integrating time-responsive behavior into traditionally static three-dimensional (3D) printed structures. This emerging technology leverages stimuli-responsive materials such as shape memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and smart composites that undergo controlled and reversible transformations when exposed to external triggers, including temperature, humidity, light, and magnetic or electric fields. Over the past decade, substantial research efforts have been directed toward refining material properties, optimizing printing parameters, and expanding the applicability of 4D printing across high-impact industries. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles, material innovations, and emerging applications of 4D printing in sectors such as biomedical engineering, aerospace, automotive, and soft robotics. Particular emphasis is placed on programmable structures, morphing mechanisms, and self-actuating materials, which drives the next generation of dynamic manufacturing. Additionally, this study critically examines existing challenges, including material limitations, scalability issues, and computational complexities that hinder widespread industrial adoption. By identifying these constraints and proposing future research directions, this review aims to accelerate the transition of 4D printing from a novel laboratory innovation to a fully integrated, industrial-scale technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100602"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kishor B. Shingare , Suhas Alkunte , Baosong Li , Andreas Schiffer , Ian Kinloch , Kin Liao
{"title":"Multifunctional TPMS-based interpenetrating phase composites: A comprehensive review of structure, properties, piezoelectricity and applications","authors":"Kishor B. Shingare , Suhas Alkunte , Baosong Li , Andreas Schiffer , Ian Kinloch , Kin Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to their superior electro-thermo-mechanical properties, the significance of interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) in various industries is in high demand. IPCs, characterized by infiltrating metal, ceramic, and polymer phases, provide various advantages, including a balanced mixture of strength, stiffness, and toughness, excellent thermal characteristics, wear resistance, and flexibility in microstructure and processing routes. This comprehensive review explores the realm of multifunctional reinforcing phases, specifically focusing on their integration into 3D printed composites. Within this context, the IPCs with a special spotlight on captivating world of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) and other cellular/lattice architectures wherein two core themes are presented and dissected: TPMS-based IPCs, which collaboratively amplify properties of another phase and interpenetrating piezoelectric phase composites (IP<sup>2</sup>Cs), which offer special advantages over conventional ones. We compiled comprehensive data on IPCs, emphasizing their effective properties, mechanical performance, fatigue and fracture behavior, energy absorption capacity, and coupled electromechanical characteristics. Furthermore, the commercial applications of architectured IPCs across industries are highlighted, along with a critical analysis of current research, identifying gaps and challenges. It highlights their pivotal role in advancing technology and addressing contemporary challenges while illuminating the uncharted possibilities presented by TPMS cellular structures in the dynamic landscape of 3D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A study on the possibility of utilizing CFRP fabricated by EDRM as structural capacitor by incorporating CNF","authors":"Md Tansirul Islam , Shinya Honda , Kazuaki Katagiri , Katsuhiko Sasaki , Ryo Takeda , Yuto Shimizu , Antoine Cozigou","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, or CFRP is presented as a multifunctional material that combines capacitance, lightweight, and strength. In order to investigate the possibility of CFRP functioning as a structural capacitor, its electrical and mechanical performance were evaluated. The development of CFRP as a multifunctional composite is the main goal of this effort for lowering the overall fuel and energy consumption. The dielectric materials employed in this investigation included cellulose nanofiber (CNF), paper, tissue, plastic, and jute fiber. Electrodeposition resin molding method (EDRM), a novel composite manufacturing technique, was employed in the composite's fabrication. Electrodeposition was used for applying a current and deposit resin between carbon fibers. Following EDRM, the dielectric material was sandwiched between two carbon fiber preforms and heated to cure the material, creating the structural capacitor. To examine the capacitance characteristics, capacitance tests were carried out, while for the mechanical properties, tensile and four-point bending test were performed. It was found that the use of CNF as dielectric had substantially enhanced the capacitance and bending properties of composites, however, the Young’s modulus was decreased. CFRP that includes CNF has around 6 % higher bending strength than CFRP that excludes CNF. Additionally, a maximum capacitance of 813 nF/m<sup>2</sup> was achieved by employing CNF into CFRP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100600"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}