Transportation Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the performance of asphalt pavements subjected to frost heave and thaw settlement: A mechanistic modeling approach","authors":"Saeed Vosoughian,&nbsp;Romain Balieu","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a mechanics-based framework for evaluating the performance of asphalt pavements subjected to annual ground surface deformations induced by frost heave and thaw settlement. Within this framework, a novel thaw settlement model is developed and coupled with a thermomechanical frost heave model to represent the heaving and subsequent thawing behavior of the soil beneath pavements. In the proposed thaw settlement model, excess water generated during the melting of ice lenses is introduced as a damage parameter within a continuum mechanics formulation, resulting in a reduction of material stiffness. The frost heave–thaw settlement model is further coupled with a thermodynamics-based asphalt damage model to capture the progressive degradation of asphalt layers. The capabilities of the proposed framework are demonstrated through two study scenarios: (i) uniform frost heave and thaw settlement occurring across the entire subgrade layer. (ii) non-uniform frost heave and thaw settlement localized within a specific region of the subgrade. The results show that the proposed framework not only captures damage in the asphalt layer but also predicts temperature distributions, ice formation, and water content during freeze–thaw cycles. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that uniform heaving and settlement cause relatively minor asphalt damage but lead to surface unevenness, whereas non-uniform frost heave and settlement result in both surface irregularities and severe damage to the asphalt layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptualization of an electromagnetic automatic transmission via mathematical modeling for vehicle drive-train applications","authors":"Garbe Chukulu ,&nbsp;Rajendiran Gopal ,&nbsp;Ramesh Babu Nallamothu ,&nbsp;Gang Gyoo Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents a comprehensive investigation of electromagnetic gearing systems for automotive powertrain applications, evaluating their potential to replace conventional mechanical automatic transmissions. Three fundamental electromagnetic architectures - Variable Volume Approach (VVA), Fixed Volume Approach (FVA or separate drive of individually magnetized ring), and Fixed Volume Approach Pole-based (FVAP) - are analyzed through five distinct design configurations employing harmonic and geometric sequencing. A rigorous analytical framework is developed to assess electromagnetic coupling dynamics, evaluating critical parameters including energy density, volumetric constraints, magnetic flux distribution, and torque transmission characteristics. Performance assessment using Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) reveals the FVAP configuration as superior (GRA grade: 0.95), demonstrating optimal torque density (3.01 MNm/m³ FEM) and specific torque (320-344 Nm/kg). Comparative analysis shows electromagnetic systems achieve 20–22 % higher specific torque than optimal range of mechanical planetary gears about (267–282 Nm/kg), though their volumetric torque density remains below conventional systems (3–5 MNm/m³). The study identifies key performance trade-offs: VVAH (0.72) and VVAG (0.68) deliver competitive torque but exhibit elevated flux leakage, while FVAG (0.58) and FVAH (0.64) show balanced but limited performance. The research highlights electromagnetic gearing as a transformative technology for weight-sensitive applications, offering inherent advantages including contactless operation, adaptive torque control, and reduced maintenance. Findings suggest these systems are particularly suitable for electric and hybrid vehicle architectures where power density and efficiency are critical. Future development pathways focus on advanced magnetic materials and superconducting implementations to bridge the volumetric performance gap. This work provides a foundational framework for next-generation transmission systems, establishing quantitative performance benchmarks and design guidelines for electromagnetic gearing in automotive applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated intelligent speed adaptation system for enhanced driver assistance, driving performance and safety","authors":"Abrar Hazoor ,&nbsp;Alessandra Lioi ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Marinelli ,&nbsp;Marco Bassani","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become an integral part of modern vehicles, significantly changing the driving experience. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) assists drivers in maintaining a constant speed and a safe following distance; however, it does not moderate the speed along curves when sight limitations occur, thus compromising safety. To address these challenges, this study integrates the Intelligent Speed Adaptation for Visibility (V-ISA) system with ACC. The V-ISA system dynamically adjusts the vehicle speed based on real-time visibility conditions, thereby enhancing safety on road curves where sight distance is restricted. Additionally, this study evaluates the impact of the ACC + <em>V</em>-ISA system on driver performance, specifically focusing on speed management, lateral vehicle control, and driver experience with assistance systems. The study was conducted in a simulated environment with forty-five participants. The results revealed that the ACC + <em>V</em>-ISA system effectively reduced vehicle speed on curves with limited visibility. The ability of the system to regulate speed according to prevailing road conditions highlights its potential to improve road safety. Moreover, the findings suggest that using the V-ISA system integrated with ACC maintains user acceptance and satisfaction while imposing no additional mental workload compared to using ACC alone. These insights are crucial for the future design of ADAS and autonomous vehicles and emphasize the importance of introducing this system into vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal behavior of permeable pavements under freeze–thaw conditions","authors":"Dansani Vasanthan Muttuvelu ,&nbsp;Lasse Hedegaard Hansen ,&nbsp;Ahmad Jan Khattak ,&nbsp;Jes Vollertsen","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops and validates a one-dimensional (1D) physics-based model for simulating freeze–thaw dynamics in permeable pavements, using field data from a test site in Aalborg, Denmark (2022-2024) that includes continuous temperature measurements at 3, 6, and 30 cm depths and water table observations. The model, adapted from the NOAA framework, incorporates laboratory-measured thermal properties for the engineered pavement layers and uses a custom soil moisture profile to integrate the observed water table data. The calibrated model demonstrated excellent performance, particularly in the permeable subbase layer (30 cm depth), which serves as a rigorous test of the model’s physical realism. At this depth, the model achieved high Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.995 for the entire period and 0.990 for the second winter period. Results highlight the critical importance of calibrating global thermal conductivity factors to accurately simulate pavement temperatures, particularly during winter freeze–thaw cycles. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that adjustments to these thermal properties led to substantial improvements in model accuracy in the overlying permeable subbase. While variations in subgrade porosity had minimal impact at shallow depths, they significantly influenced thermal behavior in the subbase. Accurate thermal dynamics predictions are critical for assessing freeze–thaw induced damage mechanisms such as frost heave and thaw settlement, which impact pavement durability. Future research should build upon this thermal foundation by integrating more complex moisture and ice content models to enable physical damage prediction. The developed approach represents an important step towards supporting the long-term resilience of permeable pavement systems in cold climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal and lateral performances of electrically assisted personal mobility vehicles: A comparative field test analysis of e-scooter, e-bicycle, and e-monowheel","authors":"Claire Naude,&nbsp;Ebrahim Riahi,&nbsp;Bastien Canu,&nbsp;Thierry Serre","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing popularity of Electrically Assisted Personal Mobility Vehicles (e-PMVs) represents a significant shift in urban transportation, offering flexibility and environmental benefits, yet raising safety concerns, particularly regarding accidents involving vulnerable road users. Research on the dynamic performance of these vehicles is essential to address such concerns and ensure safer interaction with other vehicles and ease their integration into urban traffic. This study explores the longitudinal (braking and acceleration) and lateral (avoidance and slalom) performances of e-PMVs through 127 controlled track tests conducted by three e-scooter riders, two e-bicycle riders, and one e-monowheel rider using one of the most common models of these vehicles. Specific performance indicators were defined for each maneuver to evaluate and compare dynamic capabilities. Results show that e-bicycles exhibits the most effective braking performance, achieving decelerations close to 6 m/s², while e-scooters and e-monowheels demonstrate lower deceleration rates around 3.7 m/s² and 2.8 m/s², respectively. Acceleration is quite similar across vehicles, ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 m/s² in sport/turbo mode. Performance differences during evasive maneuvers are minimal, with maximum roll rate ranging between 70 and 110°/s and maximum roll angle between 15° and 22° In slalom, the e-monowheel shows the highest roll rate at 102°/s, followed by the e-bicycle at 87°/s and the e-scooter at 69°/s. The study highlights that e-PMVs, particularly e-scooters and e-monowheels, have substantially lower braking and acceleration capabilities than conventional motor vehicles, which likely increases the risk of traffic conflicts escalating into accidents. By filling a gap in the experimental knowledge base, especially concerning monowheels, these findings underscore the need for further research aimed at improving the design and safety features of e-PMVs, prioritizing improvements in braking efficiency and maneuverability to mitigate potential risks and offer users a safer mode of transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental footprint of diesel engine corrosion under biodiesel-dimethyl carbonate-diesel samples by the engine oil monitoring procedure","authors":"Sina Ardabili ,&nbsp;Aziz Babapoor ,&nbsp;Ramin Meshkabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research is the linking of engine corrosion - monitored through oil analysis - to environmental impacts using the LCA technique, which provides new insights into the indirect consequences of biodiesel fuels and oxygenate additives. Biodiesel was produced through the transesterification process of waste cooking oil. Four levels of DMC (0, 2, 4, and 6 %) were mixed with biodiesel fuel, and after mixing with biodiesel, fuels containing B2 (2 % biodiesel and 98 % diesel) were prepared in different treatments. The engine was a single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection diesel engine with a constant speed (1500 rpm). LCA was conducted through ISO 14,040–14,041 standards using the IMPACT2002+ method for life cycle inventory analysis. The results of oil analysis showed that the addition of biodiesel and DMC had a significant effect on the content of abrasive metals in engine oil. The addition of 2 % DMC in biodiesel reduced aluminum and iron compared to the control fuel sample. On the other hand, higher percentages of DMC and biodiesel increased the content of copper and chromium, resulting in increased corrosion. According to the environmental assessment results, adding biodiesel (2 %) and DMC (2–4 %) reduced the average environmental endpoint impact of engine corrosion by about 10–13 %. However, adding about 6 % DMC increased the environmental impact by about 16 %. This trend indicates the need to monitor and optimize biodiesel fuel additives. The impact on resource quality has the largest share. This is while the least impact is related to climate change. Future studies could focus on advanced and intelligent monitoring of corrosion byproducts and adapting engine design to achieve mechanical durability and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-powered vehicles as a way to abate transport-related greenhouse gas emissions, Part 1: Assessing modal shift impact through comparative Life Cycle Assessment — An Italian case study","authors":"Alessandro Di Gesù,&nbsp;Chiara Gastaldi,&nbsp;Cristiana Delprete","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study delves into the pressing issue of surging Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions within the European Union (EU) transport sector. With a particular focus on the significant environmental impact of road transportation, the paper advocates for a transition toward more sustainable alternatives. It specifically explores the potential of velomobiles, enclosed human-powered vehicles (HPVs), as a viable solution. A survey of more than 1200 individuals in Italy, with most respondents based in the Piedmont region, provides insights into commuting patterns across ten modes of transportation and attitudes toward the adoption of velomobiles. Survey results on the willingness to adopt velomobiles are used to project future mobility patterns within the population surveyed. Rather than merely reiterating the environmental benefits of cycling, the study offers an original contribution by integrating behavioural insights with environmental modelling to assess the realistic potential for a modal shift. Particular attention is given to identifying which transportation modes velomobiles are likely to replace, providing a nuanced understanding of their role in future sustainable mobility systems. The subsequent comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reveals GHG emission reductions with the most realistic scenarios indicating a 20% to 30% decrease in Well-To-Wheel emissions. Despite the conservative assumptions adopted, the study yields promising results. A final analysis, limited to velomobiles and cars, shows that expanding the system boundaries could lead to even greater savings, as the modal shift could extend the life of the car and help avoid the purchase of a second one in the long term. Velomobiles, with their potential to drive modal shifts, emerge as effective tools in reducing emissions. While recognizing regional variations, the study suggests encouraging outcomes for velomobile adoption in Italy and emphasizes the pivotal role of modal shifts in achieving sustainable transportation objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field and laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures modified with Pyrolysis Carbon Black (PCB)","authors":"Sudharshi Jayasinghe ,&nbsp;Shankani Gunaratna ,&nbsp;Chamod Hettiarachchi ,&nbsp;W.K. Mampearachchi","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traffic volume, tire pressure, and environmental conditions degrade pavement performance, leading to cracks, rutting, and fatigue. Enhancing pavement quality is crucial, leading researchers to explore asphalt modification using various materials. With the trend toward low-carbon solutions, waste-based materials are often investigated for their potential in construction. Pyrolysis Carbon Black (PCB), a by-product of waste-tire pyrolysis, which can potentially improve pavement performance. This study compares wet and dry mixing methods in PCB-modified asphalt through Marshall stability and flow tests. Both methods enhance asphalt performance, with dry mixing showing the highest improvement. Field trials assess PCB’s applicability, with plant and paving trials recommending 11 intermediate roller passes for optimal compaction. Moreover, Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is calculated to evaluate the current pavement condition after 3 years of construction. For better insight, another section from the same road prepared with conventional asphalt at the same period was evaluated. Calculated PCI values which are 85 % and 88 % for conventional and PCB-modified pavements, respectively, demonstrate the potential for long-term performance in PCB-modified pavements. While dry mixing demonstrated superior mechanical performance and was preferred for field implementation, wet mixing offers a promising alternative, especially if further optimized. Since the carbon black modifier is part of the bitumen, wet mixing can simplify construction and improve binder homogeneity. Overall, PCB emerges as a promising sustainable modifier for enhanced pavement durability. Further research on low-temperature performance and the wet mixing process is encouraged to optimize PCB’s application in road construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic and post-cyclic behavior of stabilized marl soil for pavement engineering applications","authors":"Mehran Moallemi ,&nbsp;Mahdi Khodaparast ,&nbsp;Majid Yazdandoust","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marl is a clayey soil that exhibits a significant reduction in strength when exposed to moisture. As a result, it is considered problematic in civil engineering and often stabilized to improve performance. High-strength stabilization is not always required for road construction applications. In such cases, Metakaolin and rice husk ash provide suitable and eco-friendly alternatives to cement. Although the monotonic behavior of stabilized marl has been studied, less is known about its response under and after cyclic loading. The current study evaluated the cyclic and post-cyclic behavior of marl soil stabilized with metakaolin and rice husk ash after curing for 1, 7, and 28 days. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and secant modulus at 50 % maximum strength (<em>E</em>₅₀) of the stabilized soil were determined under monotonic and cyclic axial tests following the monotonic compression tests. The damping ratio, secant modulus, and axial strain accumulated during cyclic loading also were evaluated, with SEM used for microstructural analysis. The results showed that, unlike samples with 30 % metakaolin after cyclic loading, the specimen containing RHA experienced an increase in strength compared to the monotonic loading condition. The greatest UCS and <em>E</em>₅₀ values were observed in samples with 15% rice husk ash and 15 % metakaolin under monotonic loading following cyclic preloading. After 30 cycles, the stabilized specimens recorded lower damping ratios than for non-stabilized soil, although the effect of curing time on the damping ratio was negligible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of the drag coefficient of NACA airfoil profiles as applied to vehicles using different reference areas","authors":"Thong Duc Hong ,&nbsp;Bao Quoc Nguyen Dinh ,&nbsp;Thac Vinh Le ,&nbsp;Duy Bao Huynh Hoang ,&nbsp;Ly Khanh Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Minh Quang Pham ,&nbsp;Tai De Duong","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aerodynamic drag coefficient is a dimensionless parameter essential for evaluating aerodynamic efficiency. This paper investigates the drag coefficient, including pressure and friction coefficients, using two kinds of reference areas: actual and assumed, across four NACA airfoils (0012, 4415, 631-412, and 642-015) with halved and shortened configurations at velocities from 40 to 160 km/h. The height-over-length ratio of airfoils strongly influences drag components. For ratios ranging from 0.05 to 0.35, the relative change of total drag coefficient between the assumed and actual areas decreases from 81.10% to 5.13 % at 100 km/h and from 78.26 % to 4.82 % at 160 km/h across all airfoils. In commercial vehicles with typical ratios of 0.20 - 0.38, this discrepancy is from 10 to only 5 %, while racing cars (Formula 1, Formula 2) and metros with general height-over-length ratios of 0.16 - 0.20 may experience differences up to 18%. These findings emphasize insights into selecting reference areas precisely, a concern often overlooked in the literature, for vehicle aerodynamic drag calculations to achieve reliable solutions within specific height-over-length ratios while balancing computational resources. With advancements in computational technologies and simulation software, the precise determination of reference areas to minimize calculating errors warrants greater attention and serious consideration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}