Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Retraction notice to “Assessment the potential solar energy with the models for optimum tilt angles of maximum solar irradiance for Iraq” [Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 4 (2021) 100140]","authors":"Qusay Hassan ,&nbsp;Majid K. Abbas ,&nbsp;Ammar M. Abdulateef ,&nbsp;Jasim Abdulateef ,&nbsp;Abdulmajeed Mohamad","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (<span><span>https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div><div>This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.</div><div>In investigating concerns regarding late-stage authorship changes to this article, the editors reached out to the authors for an explanation. In addition to the concerns regarding the late-stage authorship change the editors were unable to verify the contribution of the added author and the author responses were unsatisfactory.</div><div>Majid K. Abbas was added to this article in revision 3. This change was made without explanation and without exceptional approval by the handling Editor, which is contrary to the journal policy on changes to authorship. The editor therefore feels that the findings of the manuscript cannot be relied upon and that the article needs to be retracted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid energy system for development of rural and remote areas in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Mubarak Alanazi","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The availability of energy and water, which are required for the activities of the main residents, is essential to the development of rural areas. The demand for power is rising as a result of the ongoing population growth and the desire to develop these isolated locations. However, the adoption of renewable energy sources increased as a result of the scarcity of fossil fuels in these isolated places and the expensive cost of grid extensions. To develop these isolated desert locations, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consisting of a diesel generator (DG), battery (B), wind turbine (WT), and solar panel (PV) is proposed. Battery storage and diesel generators operate as backup supplies in a stand-alone system, working in combination with other hybrid renewable energy system components. The expected electricity demands for ten dwellings in a small rural community in Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia, are provided by this system. The seasonal and daily load curves of the suggested community are assessed. This community needs an electrical load of 53 kW. The optimal hybrid energy system combination for the proposed site is determined using HOMER Software, harmonizing reliability, cost, and minimal use of DG sets. The simulation results indicate that, despite the significant potential of wind and solar energies at the selected site, it was not adequate for an independent wind turbine system and a PV system. Thus, a storage battery or another form of energy conversion, like a diesel generator, is required. The results demonstrated that the cost of energy (COE) produced by the optimal hybrid WT/PV/DG/B system is 0.213 $/kWh. The ideal system comprises 20 kW PV panels, 330 kW WT, 58 kW DG, and 158 batteries, which can meet the electric load. The net present cost (NPC) of this optimal system is $ 628,571. Including a storage capacity is essential in order to minimize how often the DG operates and the number of hours it runs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-composites from Nicotiana tabacum stems waste: Exploring cellulose powder content and its impact on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties","authors":"Nasmi Herlina Sari,&nbsp;Emmy Dyah Sulistyowati,&nbsp;Suteja,&nbsp;Muhammad Zulfadli","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>This study aims to develop and evaluate sustainable bio-composites using cellulose powder derived from</strong> <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> <strong>stem waste, focusing on how varying filler content influences their structural, mechanical, and thermal properties.</strong> The cellulose powder was extracted through 5 % NaOH treatment and incorporated at various weight fractions to form composite formulations: BTN (10/90), BTL (15/85), BTK (20/80), BTI (25/75), BTH (30/70), and BTD (40/60), where the numbers represent the cellulose/resin ratio (% w/w). The composites were fabricated using hot press molding and evaluated for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Results showed that increasing cellulose content significantly enhanced performance. The highest tensile strength was achieved at 159.47 ± 11.49 MPa for the BTD composite (40 % cellulose), representing a substantial improvement over lower filler loadings. Flexural strength similarly peaked at 174.92 ± 8.9 MPa, and thermal stability increased, with a decomposition onset near 380 °C. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of cellulose-related functional groups and improved interfacial bonding, while SEM images revealed reduced voids and better dispersion at higher filler contents. The wear resistance also improved, with the lowest wear rate of 0.073 mm³/Nm observed for BTD. These findings underscore the potential of <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em>-based composites as eco-friendly materials for structural and thermal applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two step fractionation of oil palm empty fruit bunches integrating hydrothermal-organosolv pretreatment for enhanced lignin extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency","authors":"Ningsi Lick Sangadji ,&nbsp;Candra Wijaya ,&nbsp;Maktum Muharja ,&nbsp;Elaine Elaine ,&nbsp;Hanny Frans Sangian ,&nbsp;Raymond Lau ,&nbsp;Arief Widjaja","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignocellulosic biomass, consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, represents a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel resources. However, its full utilization remains unexplored, as many studies have focused on recovery only one or two components, often discharge the rest. This study aims to achieve total utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) through sequential hydrothermal-organosolv pretreatment. Hydrothermal pretreatment was first employed to extract hemicellulose, followed by organosolv pretreatment to recover lignin. The effects of temperature (175–200 °C) and solvent concentration (60–80 %) on organosolv pretreatment were evaluated focusing on lignin recovery and purity. Hydrothermal pretreatment statistically effective in enhancing lignin extraction during subsequent organosolv pretreatment resulting in increased lignin recovery and purity. The highest lignin recovery of 47.13 % with a purity of 82.95 % was obtained at 185^oC and 80 % solvent concentration. Lignin characterization using FTIR, NMR, TGA, and SEM revealed structural and morphological changes induced by pretreatment steps. Subsequently, the solid residue from this process was further subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. This resulted in a reducing sugar production of 10.21 g/L after 72 h, an improvement of more than threefold compared to solid residue from single step organosolv pretreatment. These findings highlight the efficiency of the combined pretreatment method, presenting a promising strategy for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation and biorefinery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing fouling and emitter clogging in saline water drip irrigation systems by choosing suitable nitrogen fertilizer","authors":"Changjian Ma ,&nbsp;Weijie Chen ,&nbsp;Bowen Li ,&nbsp;Enkai Cao ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Zeqiang Sun ,&nbsp;Yang Xiao ,&nbsp;Yunkai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reuse of saline water through drip irrigation presents a sustainable solution to water scarcity, but fouling and emitter clogging are significant obstacles to broader adoption. While fertilization is known to play a key role in fouling, the combined effects of saline water and fertilizer on fouling and clogging remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the impact of five nitrogen fertilizers—urea phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium nitrate, and ammonium bicarbonate—on emitter performance and fouling in saline water drip irrigation systems. The results show that urea phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride reduce fouling by 78 %, 54 %, and 34 %, respectively, compared to the control with no fertilization. These fertilizers mitigate fouling by suppressing the formation of calcite, aragonite, and dolomite precipitates, while also preventing particle flocculation, such as quartz and feldspar. In contrast, calcium nitrate and ammonium bicarbonate exacerbate fouling, increasing it by 46 % and 96 %, respectively, due to their promotion of both crystalline and particulate fouling substances. This study highlights the effectiveness of urea phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride in minimizing fouling and emitter clogging, offering key insights for advancing fertigation technologies in saline environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of copper-based zeolite 13X for methanol and aromatic compound synthesis in microwave plasma–assisted carbon dioxide conversion","authors":"Pimchanok Tapangpan ,&nbsp;Dheerawan Boonyawan ,&nbsp;Saranphong Yimklan ,&nbsp;Yothin Chimupala ,&nbsp;Arlee Tamman ,&nbsp;Supaphorn Thammakan ,&nbsp;Takron Opassuwan ,&nbsp;Mudtorlep Nisoa ,&nbsp;Choncharoen Sawangrat","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into valuable products holds significant potential for advancing a sustainable circular carbon economy. Herein, bifunctional catalysts—copper (Cu)-based zeolite 13X—were modified to enhance methanol and aromatic synthesis in microwave plasma–assisted CO₂ conversion. The Cu oxidation state and surface basicity of the modified catalysts were adjusted through thiourea reduction and confirmed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction, and CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption techniques. The results of the investigated catalytic activity of modified Cu^I/II-based zeolite 13X, pristine zeolite 13X, and plasma alone in microwave plasma–catalytic CO₂ conversion revealed that the microwave plasma–assisted catalyst could effectively and directly convert CO₂ into valuable products—methanol, benzene, and toluene—without intermediate purification. This catalyst system considerably improved CO₂ conversion rate (&gt;50 %) compared with only 18.5 % conversion with the plasma alone catalyst, while the %Selectivity toward methanol and aromatics was &gt;45 %. Additionally, the effects of Cu^I/Cu^II ratios and basicity concentrations on methanol and aromatic %Selectivity were investigated. The synergy between the Cu^I species and surface basicity played a crucial role in promoting toluene and methanol production with low benzene production. The comparable catalytic activities of 0.5 wt% Cu doping with thiourea reduction and 6 wt% Cu doping without thiourea reduction highlighted the efficiency of the thiourea reduction process in economically producing catalysts with fewer metal precursors. Finally, the potential pathways for methanol and aromatic formation were proposed, and the feasibility of industrial scale up was discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of airflow and N/P ratio on CO2 removal by chlorella vulgaris: A study with real-time monitoring using low-cost sensors","authors":"Diego Miguel Gutierrez Rodriguez ,&nbsp;María Albertina Alvarado Orbegoso ,&nbsp;Claudio Eduardo Quiñones Cerna ,&nbsp;Yrwin Francisco Azabache Liza ,&nbsp;Ronald Fernando Rodriguez Espinoza ,&nbsp;Heber Max Robles Castillo ,&nbsp;Adolfo Enrique Guerrero Escobedo","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change represents one of the greatest challenges we face globally, and reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is among the most urgent actions. In this study, we explored an alternative approach using microalgae (<em>Chlorella vulgaris</em>) to capture CO₂ from the air, employing an Arduino-controlled biofiltration system with accessible sensors such as the MQ-135 and TESTO 535. We tested different airflow rates (50, 75, and 100 L per hour) and nutrient combinations (N/P ratios of 0, 108.33, and 216.67) to identify the most efficient conditions. Unlike other studies, we integrated real-time monitoring of variables such as CO₂ concentration, temperature, and light within a modular, easily adaptable system. The best results were achieved with a flow rate of 100 L/h and an N/P ratio of 216.67, yielding a capture efficiency of 34.88 % and a daily productivity of nearly to 1 g/L. This proposal demonstrates that it is possible to develop effective, economical, and replicable solutions that combine accessible technology and biotechnology to help mitigate climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of mechanical milling and two-step sintering technique on the microstructure, microhardness, strength, and dielectric properties of Sm2Zr2O7 ceramics","authors":"I.E. Kenzhina ,&nbsp;A.L. Kozlovskiy ,&nbsp;R.I. Shakirzyanov ,&nbsp;M.E. Kaliyekperov ,&nbsp;N.O. Volodina ,&nbsp;S.A. Maznykh ,&nbsp;M. Begentayev ,&nbsp;S.K. Askerbekov ,&nbsp;Zh.A. Zaurbekova ,&nbsp;A.U. Tolenova ,&nbsp;P.A. Blynskiy","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the effect of two-step sintering on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Sm₂Zr₂O₇ ceramics obtained from submicron powders after high-energy milling. Two key parameters of the two-step sintering process are analyzed: temperature and duration, as both can significantly influence grain growth processes in ceramics. It was found that extending the sintering duration at lower temperatures promotes ceramic densification while preserving a relatively narrow grain size distribution. In contrast, higher sintering temperatures combined with shorter durations result in broader grain size distributions and more pronounced exaggerated grain growth. Despite differences in microstructure and grain size distribution, both the sample sintered at 1350 °C for 20 hours and the one sintered at 1700 °C for 10 minutes exhibited the highest mechanical properties, with microhardness values HV1 ∼1200 and biaxial flexural strength reaching ∼125 MPa. This suggests that the enhancement of mechanical performance may be linked to a reduction in internal stresses, either due to the elevated temperature during the first sintering step or the extended holding time during the second step. Thus, in both types of sintering, whether based on prolonged holding time or elevated temperature, changes in sample morphology and grain size do not appear to have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the resulting ceramics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world distillation: Integrating a gin production project into a unit operations course","authors":"M. Botía-Aristizábal ,&nbsp;C. Mora-Torres ,&nbsp;J.D. Pedraza-Mejía ,&nbsp;M. Pinto-Rebollo ,&nbsp;O.L. Acuña ,&nbsp;G. Spedding ,&nbsp;N. Ratkovich","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study details a project-based learning module on gin distillation integrated into an undergraduate Unit Operations course at Universidad de los Andes (Colombia) to foster engagement, conceptual understanding, and ABET-aligned skills in engineering design, teamwork, and professional communication. Over a 16-week semester, student teams designed and carried out a 2 L batch distillation using Colombian botanicals, combining simulation, thermal infusion, fractional distillation, and sensory evaluation with an electronic nose and tongue. Students developed recipes, chose cut points, and analyzed alcohol content and volatile profiles; most teams produced about 750 mL with an average of 41.2 % ABV. Simulated and experimental distillation curves were compared to study process dynamics. The evaluation addressed six research questions on engagement and perceived learning (RQ1), applied design and experimentation (RQ2), model and experiment integration (RQ3), communication and teamwork (RQ4), team processes (RQ5), and feasibility and transferability under constraints (RQ6). Post-project surveys revealed an overwhelming 88 % agreement on increased motivation, enhanced understanding of unit operations, and improved teamwork. At the same time, rubric-based assessments indicated improvements in critical thinking, process design, and written and oral communication. The case demonstrates a project-based approach that combines sensory science and sustainability to reinforce core concepts of unit operations. It can be adapted for other contexts or products, such as fermentation and essential oils, and aligns with ABET outcomes. Future work will assess long-term learning impacts and expand digital components through AI-enhanced process modeling and sensory prediction. This preliminary, single-cohort feasibility study presents cohort-specific, descriptive findings from surveys and artifact rubrics, with exploratory results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of a sargassum-based liquid biofertilizer for enhanced banana cultivation in small-scale family farms","authors":"Yaset Rodríguez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Laura Isabel Soldevilla-Hernández ,&nbsp;Miguel Ángel Guevara ,&nbsp;Gustavo Gandini ,&nbsp;Ulises Javier Jáuregui-Haza","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The substantial influxes of pelagic <em>Sargassum</em> spp. along Caribbean coasts pose environmental challenges for the region's countries, but also offer opportunities for sustainable valorization. This research develops and evaluates a <em>Sargassum</em>-Based Liquid Biofertilizer (SBLB) produced via anaerobic fermentation, uniquely reducing heavy metal content (e.g., arsenic from 61.6 to 4.08 mg/kg) while retaining beneficial nutrients and microorganisms. This biofertilizer was applied to banana cultivation in Dominican small-scale family farms, SBLB enhanced leaf emission (p &lt; 0.05 in two of three farms) compared to a traditional biofertilizer (BLB) and maintained Black Sigatoka disease below intervention thresholds, matching BLB performance. Chemical and microbiological analyses confirmed SBLB’s safety and efficacy, positioning it as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. This approach mitigates Sargassum waste and supports organic farming, offering a replicable model for coastal agricultural systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}