Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A framework model to prioritize groundwater management actions based on the concept of dominant risk: An application to the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil","authors":"Fernando António Leal Pacheco ,&nbsp;Victor Hugo Sarrazin Lima ,&nbsp;João Paulo Moura ,&nbsp;Mariângela Dutra de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Lucien Akabassi ,&nbsp;Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to assess the risk of groundwater contamination in the state of Espírito Santo (Brazil), with a focus on the city of Vitória (the state capital), based on the so-called “Vulnerability <em>versus</em> Hazard” method. This method consists in assessing the risk of groundwater contamination using as base data the intrinsics's aquifer vulnerability and the main human activities as proxies of hazards. The assessment based on this approach results in a quadrant system that links different levels of risk to different management priorities, allowing the implementation of mitigating actions according to the identified level of risk. In this study, the method was adapted to identify a dominant risk, which was the most impacting among the hazards related with industrial, infrastructure or agricultural activities. The results showed a dominant risk map with significant levels classified as high and moderate in the northern regions and along the coast of Espírito Santo state, due to the concentration of various human activities. In the Vitória's metropolitan and southern regions of the state, the risk of contamination was lower, due to the characteristics of soil and the presence of fractured aquifers that act as natural barriers. However, there were exceptions, such as between Alegre and Castelo areas, which indicated incidental threats to public health due to human activities. The analysis of Vitória municipality showed 46.9 % of the area at very low risk, 5.5 % at low risk, 35 % at medium risk and 12.6 % at high risk. It is noteworthy that 47.6 % of this municipality is already at a moderate or high-risk level, highlighting significant environmental challenges around the Santa Maria River, the Vitória airport area and the Camburi beach. Overall, the study of groundwater contamination risk in the state of Espírito Santo revealed a challenging scenario, highlighting the urgency of effective actions to promote environmental resilience in Vitória.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the effect of impurity inclusions in the form of oxy-nitride phases in NiAl2O4 ceramics on resistance to high-temperature degradation during hydrogen saturation of near-surface layers","authors":"Gulnaz Zh Moldabayeva ,&nbsp;Artem L. Kozlovskiy","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The degradation resistance growth of anode ceramic materials with the possibility of maintaining the stability of electrochemical and thermal conductivity properties under conditions of long-term high-temperature operation is one of the key directions in the development of solid oxide fuel cells. This article examines the possibility of modification of NiAl₂O₄ ceramics by adding aluminum nitride to them during the synthesis process, which leads to the formation of inclusions in the form of oxy-nitride grains. The interest in this class of ceramics is due to their structural features, which allows to consider them as one of the promising types of ceramics in the field of anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. During assessment of the influence of impurity inclusions in the form of the oxy-nitride Al₇O₃N₅ phase in the composition of NiAl₂O₄ ceramics on the deformation-induced swelling of the crystal structure of the damaged layer under high-dose irradiation, it was established that an elevation in the impurity phase concentration from 2.5 to 7.0 wt % results in swelling resistance growth by more than 4 times compared to NiAl₂O₄ ceramics without impurity inclusions. It was also determined that the presence of impurity inclusions in the composition of NiAl₂O₄ ceramics leads to a decrease in the coefficient of thermal volumetric expansion, a reduction of which indicates increased stability of the crystalline structure of ceramics to external temperature influences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiesel production of WCO-neem oil and mixed using pilot plant scale with ultrasound and overhead stirred and characteristic of emissions in fire tube boiler","authors":"Suherman ,&nbsp;Ilmi ,&nbsp;M. Sabri ,&nbsp;Edo Fransisko Ginting ,&nbsp;Josua Jose Silalahi","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The boiler is one of the industrial machines that consumes the most fuel and boilers are significant contributors to air pollution. This study aims to compare the physicochemical properties of biodiesel a mixture of WCO oil and neem oil (70:30) using a pilot plant scale with different types of stirring (overhead and ultrasound). Subsequently, the produced biodiesel was tested for fuel consumption rate and exhaust emissions generated from combustion in a fire-tube boiler. The optimum yield was found using an ultrasound stirrer at a temperature of 60 °C, KOH loading 2 w/w%, with an molar ratio methanol to oil of 12:1 and a reaction time of 75 min, which is 98.70 %. The addition of neem oil to WCO oil increased the oxidative stability and reduced the pour point, and cloud point of WCONOME, by 184.85 %, 16.67 %, and 52 % respectively. Next, the ultrasound stirrer biodiesel with higher density and kinematic viscosity compared to the overhead stirrer, although the flash point and cetane number were lower. Increasing the biodiesel ratio in diesel fuel reduced exhaust emissions (CO, CO₂, and HC) produced by the boiler. Interestingly, the exhaust emissions of WCONOME were lower than compared to palm biodiesel POME30. The physicochemical properties of WCONOME biodiesel have met the ASTM 6751 standard. Finally, biodiesel from a mixture of waste cooking oil and neem oil has great potential to replace diesel fuel as a fire-tube boiler fuel for generating green energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing domestic wastewater treatment: Integrating vermifiltration and biochar for heavy metal and microplastic reduction and by-product utilization","authors":"Saranya Seetasang ,&nbsp;Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pollution, particularly from domestic wastewater contaminated with microplastics and heavy metals, poses significant threats to human health and ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of vermifiltration combined with biochar to treat domestic wastewater using earthworm, <em>Eisenia foetida</em>. The objectives of this research were to monitor the change in water quality parameter (BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, Phosphate and Nitrate). Experiments were conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: Geofilter (Gf), Vermifilter (Vf), Geofilter + Biochar (Gf + Bi), and Vermifilter + Biochar (Vf + Bi). The result showed that using vermifiltration combined with biochar could reduce the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) in domestic wastewater treatment highest followed by vermifiltrater, geofilter with biochar and geofilter, respectively. The results demonstrated the percentage removal of BOD (94.28 %), COD (89.82 %), TDS (88.35 %) and TSS (95.30 %). The Vf + Bi system showed high efficiency in heavy metal reduction: Mn (99.37 %), Zn (100 %), Cu (100 %), Pb (44.00 %), and As (100 %). Microplastic contamination was reduced most effectively by Vf + Bi (88.64 %), followed by Gf + Bi (86.36 %), Vf (77.27 %), and Gf (75.00 %). Post-treatment vermibed analysis revealed increases in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and organic carbon content in bedding. This study concludes that the integration of vermifiltration and biochar could be the eco-solution for nutrient recovery, water resource recycles and minimize pollution and efficient wastewater treatment and generating valuable by-products such as biofertilizer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 101025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of corrosion inhibitor on X-65 steel weldment in high flow rate conditions","authors":"Meyliana Wulandari ,&nbsp;Nofrizal Nofrizal ,&nbsp;Susan Impey ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Georgarakis ,&nbsp;Pandian Bothi Raja ,&nbsp;M. Hazwan Hussin","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to determine the performance of a commercial corrosion inhibitor (mixture of ethanediol, 2-butoxy ethanol, and fatty acid amine) in inhibiting weldment corrosion. The inhibitor's effect on parent metals (PM), heat affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal (WM) has been investigated on the corrosion behaviour of X65-welded structures in brine solution (10 m/s) using submerged jet impingement (SJI) flow loops. The results show that inhibitors can reduce the corrosion rate by 10 times to 0.36 mm/y for WM. Linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the WM exhibited the highest corrosion rate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100868"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424002627/pdfft?md5=607896d49925a035903a2607b3680139&pid=1-s2.0-S2666016424002627-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141961446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano bioceramics: Properties, applications, hydroxyapatite, nanohydroxyapatite and drug delivery","authors":"Ahmed Mahdi Rheima ,&nbsp;Ali Assim Abdul-Rasool ,&nbsp;Zainab T. Al-Sharify ,&nbsp;Haider Kamil Zaidan ,&nbsp;Duaa Mohammed Athair ,&nbsp;Srwa Hashim Mohammed ,&nbsp;Ehsan kianfar","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bone is the second organ of the human body that has the most transplants. The concept of bone repair has evolved over the past five decades and is known as the third generation of biomaterials. During the integration of nanotechnology with bioceramics, an emerging research field called nanobioceramics has been born within the third generation of biomaterials. Due to the chemical similarity with the mineral content of human bone, nanobioceramics are included in the definition of a new generation of biomaterials whose main purpose is to create a microenvironment to improve cellular responses leading to osteogenesis. Hydroxyapatite is a member of the calcium phosphate family. This substance, which is a bioactive and biocompatible compound, is considered the main mineral component of bone tissue. Due to the chemical and structural similarity of this compound with bone, it is widely used in the field of bone tissue repair and dental and orthopedic applications. Many of the basic properties of hydroxyapatite can be improved and improved by changing the scale of its particles to nanoparticles. Therefore, in recent years, various methods for the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite have been reported. Using different characterization methods, the quality of synthesized nanostructures can be checked. In addition to bone-related fields, nanohydroxyapatite is also used as a carrier in the transfer of various materials, including drugs, vitamins, and proteins. In this article, in modern times, advances in the field of biomedical research focusing on the use of bioceramics in the treatment of various diseases, the function of vital organs, and tissue engineering have brought new hopes to regenerative medicine. Various methods are being investigated to synthesize bioceramic materials using natural and synthetic materials. There are several challenges to enable cost-effective material synthesis and minimize the rejection of bioceramics in biological systems. One of the major challenges in incorporating foreign materials into body systems is to improve their acceptance and reduce their rejection by humans and other organisms by studying their immune responses. When developing biocompatible ceramic materials, the mechanical and chemical properties of the ceramic material are one of the most important parameters for their acceptance in humans. The evaluation criteria of mechanical, chemical and biological properties of bioceramics using various existing approaches play a crucial role in validating the use of bioceramics. State-of-the-art techniques for synthesis and evaluation of bioceramic properties can improve their biomedical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100869"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424002639/pdfft?md5=51aae236c382b2e35228dbbd551f6027&pid=1-s2.0-S2666016424002639-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141961447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation using eggshells and scallop shells as recycled materials","authors":"Luma Saleem Raheem,&nbsp;Hussein J. Khadim","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), plays an important role in biogeotechnical engineering applications and is an environmentally friendly bioremediation technique. MICP includes the bioprecipitation of calcium carbonate from media using bacteria and fungi. In this work, the possibility of employing waste products, for instance, eggshells and scallop shells, as alternative-sustainable calcium sources. For MICP to be successful, high urease-producing bacteria had to be locally isolated and selected. Significant urease activity was detected in eight isolates. One isolate identified <em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> which has the greatest urease activity at 13.2 mM urea/min and maximum bioprecipitation activity, was selected. The ability of various calcium sources, to induce carbonate precipitation was tested. A ratio of 1:1 calcium source to urea had the highest carbonate precipitation among these sources. A 1 optical density of cell bacteria produced the maximum carbonate production of 1.7 and 1.4 gm for scallop shells, and eggshells respectively, according to an assessment of the effects of different bacterial concentrations which plays a crucial role in enabling MICP. The optimal pH range for precipitation is between 7 and 8.5 for urea hydrolysis. The precipitates contained calcite crystals with a predilection for crystal morphology, according to XRD, EDS-EDX, and FE-SEM. The potential of using waste products as calcium sources in biogeotechnical engineering is significant, as waste products offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for improving the durability of applications such as building and cleanup projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424002615/pdfft?md5=70d175f21bc0e30ca197ac0ec642502a&pid=1-s2.0-S2666016424002615-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141849879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separation of mercury (II) ions from aqueous solution using zeolite-P composite membrane developed on low cost tubular ceramic support","authors":"Malla Manojkumar ,&nbsp;Nishan Chaudhury ,&nbsp;Madu Purnima ,&nbsp;Kakali Priyam Goswami ,&nbsp;Kannan Pakshirajan ,&nbsp;G. Pugazhenthi","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mercury, emitted from various industries, is toxic and has devastating environmental consequences. Therefore, it becomes imperative to monitor the levels of mercury closely. This work mainly focuses on preparing inexpensive zeolite-coated kaolin membranes for separating Hg²⁺ from water. The membrane support was prepared using kaolin (50 wt%), quartz (25 wt%), and calcium carbonate (25 wt%). This mixture was blended with a 3 % hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) solution and then passed through an extruder to obtain tubular support, which was further sintered at 950 °C. The zeolite-coated membrane (ZP membrane) was fabricated by subjecting the sintered support to a 48-h hydrothermal synthesis in 7 Na₂O: 1 Al₂O₃: 10 SiO₂: 205H₂O gel at 90 °C. The isoelectric point of the ZP membrane was estimated to be 4.5. The zeolite-coated membrane displayed a pure-water permeability of 22.7 × 10⁻⁹ m³/m² s kPa, a porosity of 31.72 ± 0.86 %, and a pore size of 90 nm. The performance of the ZP membrane in separating the Hg²⁺ ion from an aqueous solution was investigated by pressure variations (69–345 kPa) and feed concentration (0.5–10 ppm). The results clearly showed that in all cases, the zeolite-P membrane exhibited more than 99 % rejection of Hg²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions during the filtration experiments. Thus, the prepared ZP membrane can effectively be used for the separation of Hg²⁺ ions from wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100871"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424002652/pdfft?md5=62a2aeb3cd1eed6b3d4c7d225256b815&pid=1-s2.0-S2666016424002652-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141847915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced mitigation of VOCs, CO2 and odour emissions from organic fraction of solid waste using innovative biodegradable patches generated by supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation","authors":"Silvia De Paola ,&nbsp;Stefania Mottola ,&nbsp;Giuseppina Oliva ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Naddeo ,&nbsp;Iolanda De Marco","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improper management of agro-industrial food waste represents a significant issue due to the associated uncontrolled release of climate-altering gases, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and odours. The present study proposes an innovative solution to mitigate these emissions with supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation, employed to load R-Carvone into patches made from compostable pouches directly applied on two matrices: pork fat and tomato peel and seeds. Under optimized operating conditions (33 °C, 200 bar, 2 bar min-1) patches with 54 % R-Cav were produced, resulting in reduced CO2 and TVOCs emissions up to 200 and 0.2 ppm per gram, and reduced associated odour annoyance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100866"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424002603/pdfft?md5=6fe490b31d38a49e663898bf078f8c70&pid=1-s2.0-S2666016424002603-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the redox couple concentration and activity of a NaOH/Na2S/S electrolyte on the performance of CdS thin-film photoelectrochemical cells","authors":"Samer H. Zyoud ,&nbsp;Ahed H. Zyoud","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work focuses on the interplay between redox couple activity and electrolyte concentration in terms of quantum cell efficiency and photocurrent in CdS thin-film photoelectrochemical solar cells. Optimization of the CdS thin-film electrodes was achieved through electrodeposition and chemical bath deposition, followed by controlled annealing. UV–visible electronic spectroscopy and Tauc measurements were used to determine that the energy gap of the CdS electrode was 2.4 eV. XRD confirmed the cubic structure of CdS, while SEM images revealed the agglomeration of CdS nanoparticles. The PEC performance with respect to different concentrations of NaOH/Na₂S/S electrolyte, that is, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 M, was studied; the results revealed that the activity of the redox couple improved the efficiency. In this context, the ionic strength and redox solution activity were calculated by the Debye–Hückel equation. Specifically, a clear correlation was clearly obtained in this study between the PEC efficiency and solution activity (R² = 0.95 for the quantum cell efficiency and R² = 0.93 for the photocurrent density), which is greater than that obtained for the concentration alone, for which R² = 0.88 for the quantum cell efficiency and 0.83 for the photocurrent density. Consequently, the variation in ionic activity is one of the major parameters controlling the performance of PECs and, accordingly, solar energy conversion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100864"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424002585/pdfft?md5=24a58eb578d279aa6ea886c0d96bb235&pid=1-s2.0-S2666016424002585-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}