IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology最新文献

{"title":"Revenue-Aware Vehicular Edge-Cloud Offloading via Two-Stage DRL and Dynamic Server Clustering","authors":"Soojeong Bang;Meejeong Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3682736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3682736","url":null,"abstract":"Modern vehicles generate large volumes of sensor data that can exceed onboard processing capabilities. While task offloading to edge servers reduces latency and alleviates resource scarcity at vehicles, vehicular mobility and dense traffic often create localized overloads where multiple neighboring edge servers become congested simultaneously. Such regional overloads exhaust edge resources, degrade success rate, and diminish service-provider revenue. Edge-server cooperation is necessary under these conditions; however, dynamically forming cooperation groups and jointly deciding how much to offload and where to process enlarges the state–action space and complicates learning when these coupled actions are selected in a single step. To address this revenue-aware offloading problem under latency constraints and multi-tier subscription service, we formulate a joint offloading and resource-allocation problem that maximizes service-provider revenue and propose a hierarchical edge–cloud framework with three connected components: (i) a cloud-assisted dynamic edge-server clustering algorithm that groups edge servers by resource availability to form resource-balanced cooperation structures that remain effective under regional overloads; (ii) a two-stage deep reinforcement learning (DRL) policy that sequentially determines the offloading fraction and then selects the processing server to reflect their dependency and stabilize training; and (iii) a credit-based computing resource allocator that tracks cumulative service outcomes and subscription tier to enforce long-term fairness. The simulation results show that the proposed framework converges <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.75times$</tex-math></inline-formula> faster than the single-stage DRL baseline, achieves an approximately 10% higher success rate and increases revenue by 30% under heavy-load conditions.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1587-1602"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11479807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Packet NOMA With User Pairing Over Fluctuating Nakagami-$m$ Fading Under Imperfect SIC: Achievable Rate and BLER Analysis","authors":"Minh-Sang Van Nguyen;Phu Tran Tin;Tran Trung Duy;Nguyen Trung Hieu;Hong-Anh Mai;Alireza Vahid","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3715496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3715496","url":null,"abstract":"In the era of sixth-generation (6G) and the Internet of Things (IoT), ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) has emerged as a pivotal requirement, necessitating the use of short-packet communications (SPC) in the finite blocklength (FBL) regime. This paper investigates the performance of a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system over fluctuating Nakagami-<inline-formula><tex-math>$m$</tex-math></inline-formula> fading channels, which effectively capture the complex interplay between multipath scattering and shadowing severity. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, our analysis accounts for the impact of imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) and residual interference. By leveraging the properties of Meijer G-functions, we derive exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions for two key performance metrics: the average achievable rate (AAR) and the average block error rate (ABLER). The accuracy of the derived analytical framework is rigorously validated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating a perfect alignment across various system parameters. Our numerical results provide critical insights into the reliability-latency trade-offs, revealing that while NOMA offers superior spectral efficiency, it exhibits a distinct reliability penalty compared to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) in the short-packet regime. Furthermore, the study identifies power allocation trade-offs and quantifies how increasing the blocklength and fading parameters can mitigate the effects of channel dispersion and hardware impairments. These findings offer a robust theoretical foundation for the design and optimization of high-reliability, low-latency NOMA-based wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"2347-2360"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11615084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148781133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV-Assisted Mixed THz–RF Relaying Under Transceiver Fluctuations","authors":"Anil Yadav;Ranjan K. Mallik","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3663504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3663504","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the performance of a relay-assisted dual-hop mixed terahertz-radio frequency (THz-RF) wireless communication system, where a dynamic source communicates with a static destination through a dynamic relay. Both source and relay are modeled as fluctuating uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) with uniform fluctuations in yaw and pitch directions. The Source-to-relay link operates in the THz band and incorporates the joint effects of path loss, small-scale fading modeled by <inline-formula><tex-math>$alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> distribution, and pointing errors modeled by a recently proposed model. The relay-to-destination link operates in the RF band and is modeled by considering the joint effects of path loss and small-scale fading (Rayleigh fading). For the proposed system, novel closed-form expressions for the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, moment-generating function, and <inline-formula><tex-math>$n$</tex-math></inline-formula>-th moment of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio are derived in terms of the uni-variate Fox's <inline-formula><tex-math>$H$</tex-math></inline-formula>-function (UFH). These statistical results are then used to obtain new closed-form expressions for key performance metrics, including outage probability (OP), average bit error rate (BER), and average channel capacity. Furthermore, asymptotic expressions for the OP and average BER are derived, and the diversity order of the system is determined. Finally, the impact of key design parameters on system performance is investigated.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"751-765"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11389154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"String Stability of Vehicle Platoons Under Oscillatory Perturbations in Car-Following Models","authors":"Oumaima Barhoumi;Ghazal Farhani;Taufiq Rahman;Mohamed H. Zaki;Sofiène Tahar","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3682642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3682642","url":null,"abstract":"Platooning is a key enabling technology for connected and automated vehicles, but its effectiveness depends critically on string stability, i.e., the ability to prevent disturbance amplification along the vehicle string. Although many car-following models have been proposed and analyzed, direct comparisons of their disturbance propagation behavior under identical conditions remain limited. This paper presents a comparative benchmarking study of four widely used car-following models—the Optimal Velocity Model (OVM), Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), General Motors Model (GMM), and Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)—subjected to unified lead-vehicle perturbations. Both discrete and continuous disturbances, including harmonic and non-harmonic velocity variations, are considered to reflect representative traffic scenarios. Model performance is evaluated using quantitative metrics such as spacing error amplification, velocity oscillation magnitude, and disturbance settling behavior across multiple platoon positions. For CACC, the impact of vehicle-to-vehicle communication and communication delay is explicitly examined, enabling comparison between sensing-only and communication-enabled platooning architectures. The results reveal trade-offs between robustness, responsiveness, and implementation complexity, and identify regimes in which simpler models achieve performance comparable to communication-based controllers, as well as scenarios where communication provides clear benefits. This work provides practical insights under identical evaluation conditions to support model and controller selection for vehicular platooning applications.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1204-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11478290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localization-Based 5G NR-Compliant Beam Management for Coexistence With Incumbents","authors":"Tiep M. Hoang;Alireza Vahid","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3689802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3689802","url":null,"abstract":"A novel location-aware approach to beam management is proposed for the coexistence of two systems sharing the same spectrum resource, where the primary system has a quiet zone and the secondary system complies with 5G New Radio specifications. In particular, we introduce a two-stage framework that enables secondary transceivers to establish and maintain connectivity based on partial or full knowledge of the network activities. For establishing secondary connectivity, two different beam selection schemes are considered, depending on the level of knowledge the secondary system has about the primary system's receiving beam. To maintain secondary connectivity, we propose an ON/OFF transmission strategy that utilizes hyperbolic positioning to localize the secondary user. Through simulations, we demonstrate that in both low/mid-frequency bands (sub-7 GHz) and high-frequency bands (above 24 GHz), the proposed framework helps reduce the interference level, as evaluated by the reference signal received power at the primary receiver, implying that interference can be mitigated.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1413-1428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11503807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148171689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Thermal Control for Thermally Safe Operation of Electric Truck Inverters During Kerbstone Climbing","authors":"Eneko Agirrezabala;Iosu Aizpuru;David Garrido;Miguel Lajas;Yoann Pascal;Marco Liserre","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3691155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3691155","url":null,"abstract":"Electric trucks are exposed to short-duration high-current events, such as kerbstone climbing, where the traction inverter operates at high current and zero or very low output frequency. Under these conditions, the junction temperature of the power semiconductors can rapidly approach critical limits. Conventional mitigation strategies rely on torque limitation or hardware oversizing, which either degrade vehicle performance or increase system cost. This article investigates the application of Active Thermal Control (ATC) to enhance dynamic current capability and lifetime utilisation. Three strategies are analysed, namely gate voltage increase, switching frequency reduction, and discontinuous pulse width modulation, together with selected hybrid combinations. A simulation framework integrating loss estimation, state space thermal modelling, and cycle-counting based lifetime evaluation is developed and experimentally validated using a dedicated back-to-back test bench with direct junction temperature measurement. Results show that the combined gate voltage and switching frequency strategy reduces the junction-to-ambient temperature rise by approximately 42% and increases the allowable number of climbing events by up to ten times for a peak current of 135 A (0.9 pu). For a fixed thermal constraint, the same strategy enables about 35% higher current. The study also analyses the trade-offs associated with each ATC strategy, highlighting both their thermal and lifetime benefits and their potential impact on current quality and implementation complexity, among other aspects. These findings support the integration of ATC in electric vehicle traction systems for lifetime-aware and performance-oriented operation.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1384-1398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11511739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148171757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Sensor Model-Based Object Existence Probability Fusion for Automotive Track-to-Track Fusion","authors":"Jenő Bóka;László Lindenmaier;Szilárd Aradi;Tamás Bécsi","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3692885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3692885","url":null,"abstract":"Environment perception—and, in particular, multi-sensor fusion—plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of advanced driver assistance systems. Track-to-track fusion principles are widely adopted in automotive applications to combine object tracks generated by smart sensors. Within these systems, track management is a key component, as it strongly influences performance through track initiation and false-track suppression. State-of-the-art approaches address this problem by estimating and fusing the existence probabilities of tracks. Consequently, robust fusion of sensor-level existence estimates is essential for reliable track-to-track methods. In this paper, we extend our previous two-step hybrid existence probability fusion framework with probabilistic tracking and birth models. The proposed tracking model incorporates target velocity in addition to the sensor field of view, while the birth model captures the spatial context in which new objects are likely to emerge, enabling faster confirmation and improved false-track suppression. Experimental results obtained with a conventional radar–camera frontal perception setup demonstrate that integrating the proposed sensor models yields more than a 4% overall performance improvement, even within a standard one-step Dempster–Shafer belief fusion framework.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1429-1443"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11517218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148171823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Language Models for Lane Change Decisions in Mixed Traffic for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Hossam M. Abdelghaffar;Mónica Menéndez","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3708531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3708531","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous vehicles (AVs) face significant challenges as they become increasingly integrated into real-world transportation systems, particularly in achieving reliable and adaptive decision-making within dynamic mixed traffic environments—an essential prerequisite for their widespread and safe deployment. This paper proposes a novel lane-change assistance framework for AVs that leverages large language models (LLMs) to enable context-aware, human-like driving decisions. Unlike traditional rule-based or heuristic approaches, the proposed system employs natural language prompts—including structured traffic rules, scenario descriptors, and few-shot examples—to guide real-time decision-making. Integrated into a high-fidelity PTV VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation environment, the system dynamically interprets evolving traffic conditions and outputs lane-change decisions, which are translated into executable vehicle control actions. Multiple LLM architectures and prompting strategies are evaluated against key performance indicators, including average delay, stop frequency, collision count, response time, and inference cost. The results demonstrate that the LLM-based approach significantly enhances operational efficiency and adaptability, with one of the tested models achieving the most favorable balance between safety, performance, and computational feasibility. This study highlights the potential of language-driven intelligence as a scalable and interpretable decision layer for next-generation autonomous driving systems.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1979-1992"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11592456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fairness-Aware Parallel Consensus-Based Voltage Regulation Using Electric Vehicles in Distribution Networks","authors":"Chaowanan Jamroen;Sanchai Dechanupaprittha","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3704451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3704451","url":null,"abstract":"High penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation in radial distribution networks frequently induces overvoltage, particularly at end-of-the-feeder buses. Electric vehicles (EVs) equipped with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability provide a promising distributed resource for voltage regulation. However, conventional local droop-based strategies inherently produce location-dependent regulation participation, while existing distributed coordination strategies often neglect cumulative regulation-burden imbalance among EVs. This paper proposes a distributed fairness-aware voltage-regulation strategy that integrates parallel average consensus with a slow time-scale fairness adaptation mechanism. When a voltage violation occurs, the required regulation power is computed locally and distributed among EVs through parallel-consensus processes. A cumulative regulation-burden index is continuously updated for each EV and incorporated into a dynamic weighting mechanism to mitigate cumulative regulation-burden imbalance. Lyapunov-based analysis establishes convergence and stability under time-scale separation between fast voltage regulation and slow fairness adaptation. Simulations on a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution network with heterogeneous EV operating conditions, including different arrival times and initial state-of-charge (SoC) levels, demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively maintains acceptable voltage profiles while significantly improving cumulative regulation-burden fairness. Compared with the local droop-based and distributed consensus-based strategies, the proposed strategy improves the overall Jain's fairness index (JFI) from 0.896 and 0.941 to 0.966, respectively, while reducing the coefficient of variation (CV) of cumulative regulation energy throughput from 0.346 and 0.255 to 0.215. The results confirm that the proposed strategy provides a practical, scalable, and adaptive solution for fair long-term EV utilization in distribution network voltage regulation.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1902-1916"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11568795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GenAI-Driven Quantum-Resilient Consensus Framework for Blockchain-Enabled Vehicular Digital Twins","authors":"Meghna K. Bhatt;Mohammad Shabaz;Gyanendra Kumar","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3694722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3694722","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Twin (DT) technology is elevating the next-generation intelligent transportation systems industry to new heights, as it enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control of connected and autonomous vehicles. However, the use of GenAI and DTs in interconnected vehicular technology ecosystems introduces new attack vectors, particularly from quantum computing, which can easily break classical encryption systems. This paper introduces Reputation-based Proof-of-Stake (R-PoS), a hybrid consensus mechanism tailored for lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC) operations on vehicular edge devices. The core contribution is a lightweight hybrid consensus mechanism optimized for lattice-based PQC on edge devices, enabling secure and scalable synchronization between physical assets and their digital twins. Experimental results from a containerized IoT testbed using the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library show that the proposed PQC-blockchain (PQC-BC) framework achieves an average throughput of 1178 transactions per second with latency of 0.78 second. These results affirm the framework’s efficacy in securing future interconnected vehicular environments and establishing a trust foundation for sustainable quantum-resistant digital twin applications.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1685-1700"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11524045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}