{"title":"UAV-Assisted Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks: A Technical Review of Recent Learning Algorithms","authors":"Atefeh Hajijamali Arani;Peng Hu;Yeying Zhu","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3434486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3434486","url":null,"abstract":"Recent technological advancements in space, air, and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called “space-air-ground integrated network” (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a significant barrier to realizing such SAGINs. UAVs are expected to meet key performance requirements with limited maneuverability and resources with space and terrestrial components. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. This paper provides an essential review and analysis of recent learning algorithms in a UAV-assisted SAGIN. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit, particle swarm optimization, and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, applicable to various missions on a SAGIN. We consider real-world configurations and the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) UAV trajectories to reflect deployment cases. Our simulations suggest the 3D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms other approaches in most cases. With open challenges discussed at the end, we aim to provide design and deployment guidelines for UAV-assisted SAGINs.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1004-1023"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10612249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raffaele Marotta;Sebastiaan van Aalst;Kylian Praet;Miguel Dhaens;Valentin Ivanov;Salvatore Strano;Mario Terzo;Ciro Tordela
{"title":"Enhancing Wheel Vertical Displacement Estimation in Road Vehicles Through Integration of Model-Based Estimator With Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Raffaele Marotta;Sebastiaan van Aalst;Kylian Praet;Miguel Dhaens;Valentin Ivanov;Salvatore Strano;Mario Terzo;Ciro Tordela","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3431449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3431449","url":null,"abstract":"In the automotive industry, the accurate estimation of wheel displacements is crucial for optimizing vehicle suspension systems. Traditional model-based approaches often face challenges in accurately predicting these displacements due to the complex dynamics of the road-vehicle interaction. To address this limitation, this study, conducted in the frame of the OWHEEL project, proposes the integration of a multi-output neural network capable of compensating for estimation errors inherent in model-based approaches, specifically those arising from road inputs. Leveraging only vertical acceleration measurements, the neural network operates in parallel with the model-based estimator, enhancing the overall accuracy of displacement estimation. Experimental validation using a sports vehicle demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed methodology, showcasing its ability to improve estimation accuracy beyond the capabilities of the model-based approach alone.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"979-989"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10605031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Ben Bezziane;Siham Hasan;Bouziane Brik;Fathi Eltayeeb Abukhres;Ali Algaddafi;Amina Ben Bezziane;Ahmed Korichi;Mohamed Redouane Kafi
{"title":"Game Theory-Based UAV-Cloud for Service Selection Architecture in Flying Ad Hoc Networks","authors":"Mohamed Ben Bezziane;Siham Hasan;Bouziane Brik;Fathi Eltayeeb Abukhres;Ali Algaddafi;Amina Ben Bezziane;Ahmed Korichi;Mohamed Redouane Kafi","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3430818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3430818","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progression of Cloud Computing (CC) technology has ushered in innovative ecosystem concepts such as Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). In this context, the incorporation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into these cloud ecosystems has unlocked new avenues for use cases such as delivery services, disaster response, and surveillance. However, this integration presents challenges in resource management and service selection due to the unique constraints of drones and variations in service quality. This paper proposes a Game Theory-based UAV-cloud of Service Selection Architecture (GT-SSA) to address resource management and service selection challenges. By leveraging game theory in our proposal, GT-SSA optimizes decision-making for Client Drones and Provider Drones, enhancing service selection efficiency. GT-SSA proved its resilience to scalability concerns, as evidenced in Discovery Delay, Consumption Delay, End-to-End Delay, and Energy consumption. Moreover, when GT-SSA is compared with the Game Theory approach for Cloud Services in MEC- and UAV-enabled networks (GTCS), GT-SSA outperforms GTCS in terms of Successful Execution Rate, Average Execution Time, and Energy consumption. Our research also reveals that game theory surpasses fuzzy logic in terms of service selection efficiency.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1692-1711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10602763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Innovative Design of External Airbag System for Improved Automotive Safety","authors":"A. Elaidy;R. Rayner;C. Kalyvas","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428976","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrians are exceptionally vulnerable in road accidents, and despite the advancements in airbag technology for vehicle occupants, fatal injuries still occur due to contact between pedestrians and vehicle components. To address this issue, an innovative solution is introduced in this research: an external airbag system designed to safeguard pedestrians in cases of brake failure. The proposed system includes four airbag modules strategically positioned within the front bumper of the vehicle. These modules are specifically designed to deploy during a collision, providing protection for the pedestrian's head, legs, and body. Equipped with a highly sensitive sensor, the system triggers the airbag electronic controller unit (ECU) upon collision detection. The external airbag curtains deploy, shielding the pedestrian's head from striking the bonnet, while an additional airbag safeguards the pedestrian's legs from impact with the front bumper. With the introduction of this innovative external airbag system, the main goal is to significantly improve road safety for all individuals and prevent numerous fatalities. The introduction of the innovative external airbag system marks a significant advancement in pedestrian safety within the realm of road accidents. By strategically positioning four airbag modules within the vehicle's front bumper and equipping them with a highly sensitive sensor, this system effectively deploys during collisions to protect pedestrians' heads, legs, and bodies. The deployment of external airbag curtains shields pedestrians' heads from striking the bonnet, while an additional airbag safeguards their legs from impact with the front bumper. Through this research and implementation, the primary objective is to enhance road safety for all individuals and mitigate the occurrence of numerous fatalities resulting from pedestrian-vehicle collisions.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"967-978"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599838","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiqiang Zhang;Lei Zhang;Mingqiang Wang;Cong Wang;Zhenpo Wang
{"title":"An Uncertainty-Aware Lane Change Motion Planning Algorithm Based on Probabilistic Trajectory Prediction Distribution","authors":"Zhiqiang Zhang;Lei Zhang;Mingqiang Wang;Cong Wang;Zhenpo Wang","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428645","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive and accurate understanding of the interactive traffic environment facilitates reasonable motion planning for automated vehicles. This paper presents an overall risk assessment method for the host vehicle to achieve efficient motion planning considering uncertainties of the predicted driving behaviors of surrounding vehicles. A Social Temporal Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory network is constructed to capture the interactive characteristics among the host and surrounding vehicles and to predict the statistical distribution of the trajectory prediction uncertainty in the prediction horizon. Then a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution-based dynamic risk assessment with a soft update method is developed to spatially and temporally quantify the driving risk by constructing the occupancy map based on the multi-modal distribution of the predicted trajectories for the surrounding vehicles. The optimal motion of the host vehicle is determined by minimizing a multi-objective function of the alternative driving behaviors. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified under typical driving scenarios extracted from the NGSIM dataset. The results show that the proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the potential risk and efficiently achieve motion planning while minimizing the driving risk.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1386-1399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data Offloading Over Vehicular DTNs: City-Wide Feasibility Study in Nagoya","authors":"Takamasa Higuchi;Lei Zhong;Ryokichi Onishi","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427326","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing network traffic from connected vehicles is putting a strain on the limited bandwidth resources of cellular networks. Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) over vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications has been considered as an effective means of offloading the cellular data traffic, while its quantitative performance in urban road traffic remains unclear in many aspects. In this paper, we unveil the benefits of data offloading over vehicular DTNs by city-scale network simulations in Nagoya, Japan. The simulation scenario embraces more than 8 million vehicle trips over five consecutive days. The vehicle routes are carefully calibrated against public statistics on the road traffic volume to enable realistic simulations of V2V communication opportunities between vehicles on the road. The results indicate the strong potential of vehicular DTNs in mixed urban road traffic, comprised of both public transport and privately owned vehicles – a large amount data traffic can be offloaded from cellular networks to V2V communication networks even with the limited ratio of vehicles participating the vehicular DTNs.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"940-949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vladimir Prakht;Vladimir Dmitrievskii;Vadim Kazakbaev;Eduard Valeev;Aleksey Paramonov;Alecksey Anuchin
{"title":"Assessment of the Feasibility of Using a Synchronous Homopolar Motor Instead of an Induction Motor in a Traction Drive With a Wide Constant Power Speed Range","authors":"Vladimir Prakht;Vladimir Dmitrievskii;Vadim Kazakbaev;Eduard Valeev;Aleksey Paramonov;Alecksey Anuchin","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427722","url":null,"abstract":"Synchronous homopolar machines (SHMs) have established their merit in various applications, including pulse heating generators and automotive generators. They offer such advantages as a simple and dependable rotor design devoid of windings and permanent magnets, and a reliable field winding consisting of a small number of concentrated coils on the stator. This makes SHMs promising as traction motors for off-highway vehicles, such as mining dump trucks. Mining dump trucks confront the challenges of transporting hefty loads on dirt roads at speeds up to 60 km/h and conquering steep inclines. Although conventional induction motors (IMs) are widely used in these trucks, they suffer from rotor overheating, vulnerability to broken rotor bar faults, and substantial low-frequency current oscillations when braking on a slope. These problems stimulate the search for alternatives. This article conducts a theoretical analysis comparing optimized designs of IM and SHM for driving a mining dump truck with a payload of 90 tons. The comparison encompasses critical parameters such as efficiency, losses, torque ripple, required inverter power, dimensions, weight, active material cost, and inverter reliability. The study employs the downhill simplex method for optimization and the finite element method. The study shows that the benefits of SHM include reduced active material costs and improved motor and inverter reliability.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"950-966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influential Control Parameters for Autonomous Vehicles in a Mixed Environment","authors":"Hossam M. Abdelghaffar;Mónica Menéndez","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3426989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3426989","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous vehicles will be widely operated on roadways in the near future. Prior to the broad adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs), conventional human-driven vehicles would coexist with their AVs counterparts on the same roads, resulting in traffic scenarios that had never been observed before. One such scenario involves the merging of AVs onto a main road. This study assesses the effects of incorporating AVs into a transportation system at different levels of AV penetration. This research analyzes AVs' influence by examining performance metrics such as travel time, delay, number of stops, and stop delay. The results demonstrate that introducing AVs at penetration rates of 10%, 25%, and 50% leads to an average total network delay increase of 4%, 7%, and 18%, respectively. A variety of parameters influence AV performance. To improve AV performance and, consequently, performance metrics, it is critical to identify and effectively control the influential parameters that have a significant impact on AV performance. Consequently, in this paper, we employ the quasi-optimized trajectory elementary effect sensitivity analysis approach, to identify the parameters whose variations are anticipated to significantly impact the performance metrics. The research findings reveal that the time gap, standstill distance, acceleration from a standstill, and the following distance oscillation are all influential parameters affecting the performance metrics of the network, the merging road, and the main road at various levels of AV penetration rate.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"927-939"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10596678","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large-Scale MIMO Transmitters for CR-NOMA in Fixed Physical Space: The Effect of Realistic System Impairments Using Stochastic Geometry","authors":"Emmanuel Ampoma Affum;Samuel Tweneboah-Koduah;Owusu Agyeman Antwi;Benjamin Asubam Weyori;Willie Ofosu","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3425061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3425061","url":null,"abstract":"Hardware impairments (HWI) are imperfections in hardware components that diminish wireless communication performance. Unlike Geometric-based Stochastic Models (GBSMs), existing works on the impact of HWI on cooperative-relay (CR) Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) systems employ the Correlated-based Stochastic Model (CBSM), which does not capture realistic propagation mechanisms. Moreover, studies on CR-NOMA with large antenna transmitters (LATs) using CBSM and GBSM have attracted little attention in academia. We consider this as a computational issue. Although considerable work has been done, there is still a significant knowledge gap about how HWI and imperfect successive interference cancellation affect far-users in CR-NOMA with the LAT system. In this study, the LAT is considered a cylindrical array, and parameters such as delay spread, angle of arrival, and departure are incorporated to achieve a CR-NOMA-GBSM system with amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) relaying schemes. To reduce computing demands, we offer a novel concept of using the physical dimensions of the array to derive the location vector of the antenna element. Using Monte Carlo simulation, near and far users' BER performances deteriorate for AF and DF at 15 dB and 5 dB or below, respectively. As far-users can receive comparable performances as near-users for both AF and DF in terms of achievable rates, this demonstrates the potential rewards of CR-NOMA with LAT.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"907-926"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10591394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Almehdhar;Abdullatif Albaseer;Muhammad Asif Khan;Mohamed Abdallah;Hamid Menouar;Saif Al-Kuwari;Ala Al-Fuqaha
{"title":"Deep Learning in the Fast Lane: A Survey on Advanced Intrusion Detection Systems for Intelligent Vehicle Networks","authors":"Mohammed Almehdhar;Abdullatif Albaseer;Muhammad Asif Khan;Mohamed Abdallah;Hamid Menouar;Saif Al-Kuwari;Ala Al-Fuqaha","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3422253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3422253","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid evolution of modern automobiles into intelligent and interconnected entities presents new challenges in cybersecurity, particularly in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for In-Vehicle Networks (IVNs). This survey paper offers an in-depth examination of advanced machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches employed in developing sophisticated IDS for safeguarding IVNs against potential cyber-attacks. Specifically, we focus on the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, which is prevalent in in-vehicle communication systems, yet exhibits inherent security vulnerabilities. We propose a novel taxonomy categorizing IDS techniques into conventional ML, DL, and hybrid models, highlighting their applicability in detecting and mitigating various cyber threats, including spoofing, eavesdropping, and denial-of-service attacks. We highlight the transition from traditional signature-based to anomaly-based detection methods, emphasizing the significant advantages of AI-driven approaches in identifying novel and sophisticated intrusions. Our systematic review covers a range of AI algorithms, including traditional ML, and advanced neural network models, such as Transformers, illustrating their effectiveness in IDS applications within IVNs. Additionally, we explore emerging technologies, such as Federated Learning (FL) and Transfer Learning, to enhance the robustness and adaptability of IDS solutions. Based on our thorough analysis, we identify key limitations in current methodologies and propose potential paths for future research, focusing on integrating real-time data analysis, cross-layer security measures, and collaborative IDS frameworks.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"869-906"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10582439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}