IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology最新文献

{"title":"FIN: Fast Inference Network for Map Segmentation","authors":"Ruan Bispo;Tim Brophy;Reenu Mohandas;Anthony Scanlan;Ciarán Eising","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652797","url":null,"abstract":"Bird’s-Eye View (BEV) maps provide a top-down semantic representation of the driving environment, which is critical for downstream tasks such as planning and navigation in autonomous driving systems. However, generating accurate BEV maps from on-board sensors remains challenging due to perspective distortion, occlusions, and the high computational cost of dense 3D reasoning, particularly under real-time constraints. Existing approaches often trade inference speed for accuracy or rely heavily on camera-based perception, limiting deployability. Therefore, this work presents a novel and efficient map segmentation architecture, using cameras and radars, in the BEV space by combining rich semantic information from cameras with accurate distance measurements from radar, without incurring excessive financial costs or overwhelming data processing requirements. Our model introduces a real-time map segmentation architecture considering aspects such as high accuracy, per-class balancing, and inference time. To accomplish this, we use an advanced loss set together with a new lightweight head to improve the perception results. Our results show that, with these modifications, our approach achieves results comparable to large models, reaching 53.5 mIoU, while also setting a new benchmark for inference time, improving it by 260% over the strongest baseline models.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"523-536"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11344801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource Allocation Schemes for Scalable Panel-Based LIS Surfaces","authors":"Andreia Pereira;Filipe Conceição;Fredrik Rusek;Rui Dinis;Marco Gomes","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652908","url":null,"abstract":"Panel-based large intelligent surface (LIS) systems, where each panel comprises a lower, but significant, number of antennas, and is equipped with several baseband outputs (generally much smaller than the number of terminals), allow for a direct dimensionality reduction. However, such dimensionality reduction may not be enough to simplify the overall system. This paper focuses on fully decentralized system architectures that allow for promising performances while requiring low, or even no, central data processing. This paper proposes panel-selection and panel-terminal association algorithms for decentralized panel-based LIS communication systems aiming at allocating a set of terminals to a given panel, which is limited to a given number of outputs, in a sequential or flooding manner, while maximising the minimum terminal rate. Performance results show that sequential and flooding distributed system architectures offer decent convergence rates in comparison with a centralized system architectures when selecting a proper combination of system parameters (number of panels, number of terminals, number of baseband outputs), in turn ensuring scalability. It is shown that, for a given combination of the system parameters, a max-min terminal rate achieved when considering sequential and flooding distributed system architectures can converge to the one achieved by the centralized system architecture, occurring after just a few iterations. Both the proposed sequential and flooding algorithms represent a less complex, but effective way to perform both panel selection and panel-terminal association, allowing for the deactivation of a significant portion of panels without substantially degrading the max-min terminal rate achieved by the centralized system architecture.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"537-551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11344738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Secure Platoon Communications in VANET","authors":"Sharvil Bhatt;Jayaprakash Kar","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652024","url":null,"abstract":"While Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) can potentially improve driver safety and traffic management efficiency (e.g. through timely sharing of traffic status among vehicles), security and privacy are two ongoing issues that need to be addressed. This article proposes a novel blockchain-based authentication scheme leveraging conditional privacy within temporary platoons. The proposed model is an extended model based on Temporary Blockchain Platoons Formation. Our scheme utilizes blockchain technology to ensure data integrity and prevent unauthorized access, while enabling conditional privacy preservation where data sharing is limited based on pre-defined trust levels within the platoon. This significantly reduces reliance on Roadside Units (RSUs), leading to a cost-effective approach. Compared to traditional Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), our scheme offers improved security, enhanced privacy, and reduced infrastructure costs, promoting wider VANET implementation. The augmented model also incorporates an “Accident Prevention Mechanism,” a critical component absent in the preceding Platoon proposed model, thereby enhancing the overall safety and robustness of the system. Apart from the extra proposed features, rest features and mechanisms will be working as in already present Platoon Model.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"468-490"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11340613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DC Off-Board Vehicle to Grid/Building/Home: A Survey and Gap Analysis","authors":"Carina Engström;Gautam Rituraj;Koen Linders;Marcel Esser;Wenli Shi;Ville Tikka;Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3652429","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the research interest in bidirectional charging of electric vehicles has increased significantly, driven by improved accessibility to charging and payment information as well as the increasing emphasis on integrating variable renewable energy sources more effectively into the grid. Integrating bidirectional charging with the grid/building/home can also reduce grid congestion. Despite this, broader implementation of this technology has not yet been achieved. In this context, this article comprehensively surveys direct current (DC) off-board vehicle to grid/building/home chargers and analyses the gaps which prevent the technologies’ wide implementation. These gaps are analysed by considering areas such as the development direction of bidirectional charging technology, battery cost and its degradation, V2G applicable standards, grid codes and charging protocols, deployment of V2G chargers (off-board versus on-board/wireless), market feasibility of V2G services, and the cost of bidirectional off-board chargers. The first survey of twenty-five commercial bidirectional chargers is presented and investigated in relation to the above-mentioned areas. Four key (technical, regulatory, financial, and behavioural) barriers are identified and discussed for the wide implementation of vehicle to grid/building/home charging.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"448-467"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11344785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Shared Control in Real-World Conditions","authors":"Joseba Sarabia;Mauricio Marcano;Sergio Diaz;Joshué Pérez Rastelli;Asier Zubizarreta","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3651808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3651808","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an openly documented real-vehicle evaluation of an adaptive shared control system that integrates a nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC), a Driver Monitoring System (DMS) and a haptic Human Machine Interface (HMI). While similar concepts have been explored by several industrial players, detailed performance data and transparent methodologies remain scarce in the public domain. This work aims to help fill that gap by providing insights into the behavior and integration of such systems under real driving conditions. The system establishes an active safety envelope for manual driving scenarios, employing a shared control strategy that activates during potentially hazardous situations caused by driver misbehavior or external road challenges. A key contribution of this work is the real-world validation of the approach in a vehicle with human drivers, demonstrating how shared control can be effectively deployed beyond simulation. The proposed framework integrates three elements: 1) an NMPC-based shared controller that shifts control authority across three different modes (Electronic Power Steering, Shared Control, and Fully Automated) by adjusting its weights; 2) a DMS that triggers mode switching; and 3) a haptic feedback interface that communicates system state, transitions, and driver intervention requests. The controller enforces a lane-keeping safety envelope and intervenes only when necessary. Results from real-vehicle experiments across two use cases show that the system enhances safety by mitigating lane-departure risks and improving driver attentiveness.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"418-431"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11339954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3646498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3646498","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rate-Compatible Polar- and LDPC-Coded Hybrid ARQ Aided Reverse Reconciliation in CV-QKD","authors":"Dingzhao Wang;Xin Liu;Chao Xu;Soon Xin Ng;Lajos Hanzo","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3650700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3650700","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems face challenges in maintaining efficient reconciliation over long distances due to the time variant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) imposed by channel quality fluctuations. Hence fixed-rate error-correction schemes using low-density parity-check (LDPC) or Polar codes lead to high block-error rates (BLER) and degraded secret key rates (SKR). To overcome this, we propose an incremental redundancy aided hybrid automatic repeat request (IR-HARQ) protocol using rate-compatible Polar and LDPC codes. Explicitly, by puncturing a mother code and progressively transmitting additional redundant bits, our method dynamically adapts the effective coding rate to the prevalent channel conditions, achieving 2–3 dB SNR gains per retransmission. This adaptive strategy avoids unnecessary redundancy in good channels and strengthens protection in poor channels, thereby improving reconciliation efficiency. Simulation results show that our IR-HARQ scheme significantly enhances the BLER, throughput, and secure transmission distance compared with single-transmission schemes. Moreover, our study highlights that Polar IR-HARQ achieves superior performance in short block-length and low-SNR scenarios, while LDPC IR-HARQ is more competitive for longer codes and higher SNR. These findings confirm IR-HARQ as an attractive and versatile reconciliation solution for real-world CV-QKD deployments.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"432-446"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11328821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtually Increasing the Measurement Frequency of LIDAR Sensor Utilizing a Single RGB Camera","authors":"Zoltan Rozsa;Tamas Sziranyi","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3650591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3650591","url":null,"abstract":"The frame rates of most 3D LIDAR sensors used in intelligent vehicles are substantially lower than current cameras installed in the same vehicle. This research suggests using a mono camera to virtually enhance the frame rate of LIDARs, allowing the more frequent monitoring of dynamic objects in the surroundings that move quickly. As a first step, dynamic object candidates are identified and tracked in the camera frames. Following that, the LIDAR measurement points of these items are found by clustering in the frustums of 2D bounding boxes. Projecting these to the camera and tracking them to the next camera frame can be used to create 3D-2D correspondences between different timesteps. These correspondences between the last LIDAR frame and the actual camera frame are used to solve the PnP (Perspective-n-Point) problem. Finally, the estimated transformations are applied to the previously measured points to generate virtual measurements. With the proposed estimation, if the ego movement is known, not just static object position can be determined at timesteps where camera measurement is available, but positions of dynamic objects as well. We achieve state-of-the-art performance on large public datasets in terms of accuracy and similarity to real measurements.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"552-564"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11328775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Comparison of Massive MIMO Channels in a Picocell at FR1 and FR2","authors":"Jesús R. Pérez;Safia Jaouad;Mariem Aznabet;Rafael P. Torres","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3671069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3671069","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental study devoted to the characterization and comparison of massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) channels in two sub bands of distinct frequency ranges: the upper frequency range 1 (FR1, 6.425–7.125 GHz) and in frequency range 2 (FR2, 25.7–26.3 GHz). A comprehensive measurement campaign was carried out in a research building at the University of Cantabria, emulating the uplink of a realistic indoor picocell scenario with the base station (BS) located in a meeting room and user terminals distributed across various indoor and outdoor positions. The measurements were performed in the frequency domain using a vector network analyzer, along with a planar electromechanical scanner used to emulate a mMIMO BS. The enhanced channel-sounding system integrates a radio-over-fiber link and combines at the BS a custom-designed 2 × 2 microstrip patch array with a four-port radio-frequency switch, thereby improving both realism and acquisition speed. The comparative analysis between the two frequency bands includes the evaluation of the overall and per-user spectral efficiency (SE), Jain’s fairness index, root-mean-square delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. The obtained results provide valuable insights into the impact of the frequency range on achievable SE, channel dispersion, frequency selectivity, and spatial non-stationarity, highlighting practical implications for the design and optimization of mMIMO systems in future 5G and 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"961-974"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11422960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reputation-Based Hyperledger Fabric for Private and Scalable Data Sharing in CAVs","authors":"Rahma Hammedi;Devki Nandan Jha;David J Brown;Mohammad Aljaidi;Yue Cao;Omprakash Kaiwartya","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2026.3680393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2026.3680393","url":null,"abstract":"The operation of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) is primarily driven by the continuous exchange of data from various sources, including in-vehicle sensors, neighbouring vehicles, and roadside infrastructure.This continuous data exchange results in the accumulation of large volumes of data with dimensionality, which is essential for accurate decision-making in autonomous driving functions. Shared data often encompasses highly sensitive data such as precise vehicular location, driver identification and behavioural patterns.As a result, there is an increasing public concern over the privacy implications associated with the extensive data exchanges. In this context, this research investigates access control mechanisms that ensure privacy and trust in CAVs. We propose a Reputation-based Hyperledger Fabric (RepHLF) framework, a novel privacy-preserving architecture that integrates across-channel Hyperledger Fabric blockchain with a dynamic, multi-metric reputation model for CAV environments. The reputation mechanism evaluates vehicles based on three parameters: behavioural integrity, legitimacy, and historical communication reliability. Each parameter evolves using exponential decay functions to reflect temporal relevance. Data access is subsequently restricted to trusted vehicles only, according to their computed reputation index. The performance of RepHLF is evaluated in terms of accuracy, latency, memory usage, privacy loss, and communication overhead using Hyperledger Caliper. Simulation results demonstrate ultra-low average latency of approximately 201 ms, minimal communication cost of 2.8 KB per transaction, Throughput of 4.99 TPS and high learning accuracy of 99.94%, while maintaining a bounded privacy loss of 3.12%. The integrated reputation mechanism within the consensus algorithm further enhances network reliability by dynamically identifying untrusted vehicles and restricting their transaction requests. Further analysis of the proposed model, RepHLF, against existing reputation-based models demonstrates superior dynamic trust evolution and robust privacy preservation.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1279-1293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11474510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}