IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of Rain on Image Quality From Sensors on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Tim Brophy;Darragh Mullins;Robert Cormican;Enda Ward;Martin Glavin;Edward Jones;Brian Deegan","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3525853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3525853","url":null,"abstract":"As automated vehicles progress toward increasing levels of autonomy, the need for thorough testing of such systems in all relevant environments increases. These safety-critical systems often rely on visible-spectrum cameras to perceive the environment. Therefore, these systems must perform reliably under a range of adverse weather conditions. This study investigates the impact of rain on the quality of images taken in an experimental setting designed to vary rain intensity in a controlled manner. This study analyzes the impact of rain using low-level metrics such as contrast and spatial frequency response. In addition, overall image quality was evaluated using a range of full-reference image quality metrics. The results show a 45% reduction in SNR at 40 m and 38 mm/h, a 70% maximum decrease in Weber contrast at 30 m and 38 mm/h, and a 42% increase in color error as a result of rain in the environment. Consequently, degradation in image quality is likely to affect subsequent downstream computer vision performance. The results of this study highlight the need for robust testing and optimization of camera systems.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"632-646"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10824872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Single-User Scheduling: Exploiting Massive MIMO for Concurrent Data Delivery With Minimum Age of Information","authors":"Muhammad Fahad Ijaz;Umar Rashid;Omer Waqar","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3523247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3523247","url":null,"abstract":"With the emergence of real-time applications, modern wireless networks have witnessed the use of Age of Information (AoI) as a critical metric for evaluating the timeliness of data delivery. This paper considers multi-user scheduling, extending beyond traditional single-user scheduling, to exploit the potential of Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) systems for concurrent data delivery over imperfectly known channel state information (CSI). We propose a novel transmission scheduling framework that leverages the spatial multiplexing capabilities of mMIMO to minimize the AoI across multiple users. This results in a joint optimization of multi-user scheduling and power allocation problem for optimum data freshness in a wireless broadcast network. We handle the non-convexity of the resulting problem by utilizing successive convex approximation to specifically reformulate the binary/integer and non-convex constraints of the problem. Extensive simulations demonstrate superior performance of the proposed framework and its solution in terms of AoI compared to existing benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"301-314"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10818777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Indoor/Outdoor Users","authors":"Felip Riera-Palou;Miquel Duran;Guillem Femenias","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3524271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3524271","url":null,"abstract":"Cell-free networks are expected to be a forthcoming (r)evolutionary step in the coming generation of mobile networks, the so called 6 G. While mobile infrastructure is often assumed to be deployed outdoor by the operators, reality is that most of the traffic has at least one of the communication ends located indoors. This paper introduces the problem of providing wireless service to a heterogeneous population made of indoor and outdoor users using an outdoor cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) infrastructure. It is shown how the pervasive max-min criterion (in cell-free setups) that results in near-uniform quality-of-service to all users may lead to catastrophic consequences when some of the users happen to be indoor. This problem is analyzed in both communication directions, uplink and downlink, exposing the similarities and differences of these two scenarios. Direction-specific solutions are then provided that involve improving the channel estimation and connectivity of indoor users and modifying the power allocation so as to somehow compensate for the wall propagation indoor users have to endure. All the techniques introduced satisfy the scalability requirements thus making our proposal realistically implementable.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"332-347"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10818704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Security Risks and Designs in the Connected Vehicle Ecosystem: In-Vehicle and Edge Platforms","authors":"Marco De Vincenzi;John Moore;Bradley Smith;Sanjay E. Sarma;Ilaria Matteucci","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3524088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3524088","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of Connected Vehicles (CVs) has introduced significant advancements in both in-vehicle and vehicle-edge platforms, creating a highly connected ecosystem. These advancements, however, have heightened exposure to cybersecurity risks. This work reviews emerging security challenges in the CV ecosystem from a new perspective, focusing on the integration of in-vehicle platforms such as the infotainment system and vehicle-edge platforms. By analyzing case studies such as Android Automotive, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), and the Robot Operating System (ROS), we identify the primary security threats, including malware attacks, data manipulation, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. The discussion extends to privacy concerns and the lack of trust-building mechanisms in CVs, highlighting how these gaps can be exploited. To mitigate these risks, we retrieve solutions drawn from the broader field of Internet of Things (IoT) security research, including Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and trust-based systems. The proposed framework aims to increase the trustworthiness of devices within the CV ecosystem. Finally, we identify future research directions in adaptive mechanisms and cross-domain security.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"442-454"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10818588","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomaly Detection in High Mobility MDT Traces Through Self-Supervised Learning","authors":"J. M. Sánchez-Martín;C. Gijón;M. Toril;S. Luna-Ramírez;V. Wille","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3524057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3524057","url":null,"abstract":"Radio access network optimization is a critical task in current cellular systems. For this purpose, Minimization of Drive Test (MDT) functionality provides mobile operators with georeferenced network performance statistics to tune radio propagation models in re-planning tools. However, some samples in MDT traces contain critical location errors due to the user equipment's energy-saving, thus making MDT data filtering vital to guarantee an adequate performance of MDT-driven algorithms. Supervised Learning (SL) allows to train automatic systems for detecting abnormal MDT measurements by using a labeled dataset. Unfortunately, labeling MDT data is a labor-intensive task, that can be alleviated by using Self-Supervised Learning (SSL). This work presents a novel SSL method to detect MDT measurements with abnormal position information in road scenarios. For this purpose, a dataset is first labeled by combining unlabeled MDT traces from high-mobility users and freely available land use maps, and then an SL classifier is trained. Model assessment is carried out using MDT data collected in a live Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network. Performance analysis includes the comparison of six well-known SL algorithms and 3 different sets of input features aiming to improve model accuracy, generalizability, and explainability, respectively. Results show that considering predictors regarding positioning error increases model accuracy, whereas omitting this information allows to cover a wider range of terminals. Likewise, Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis proves that the use of high-level predictors significantly improves model explainability.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"396-411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10818611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millimeter-Wave V2X Channel Measurements in Urban Environments","authors":"Andreas F. Molisch;Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker;Thomas Zemen;Ales Prokes;Markus Hofer;Faruk Pasic;Hussein Hammoud","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3521637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3521637","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications is an important part of future driver assistance and traffic control systems that will reduce accidents and congestion. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) band shows great promise to enable the high-data-rate links that are required or at least beneficial for such systems. To design such systems, we first need a detailed understanding of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X) propagation channels. This paper provides a systematic account of a series of measurement campaigns for such channels, conducted by the four research institutions of the authors over the past year. After a description of the similarities and differences of the channel sounders used in the campaigns, a description of the measurements in two European and one American city is given, and the scenarios of convoy, opposite-lane passing, and overtaking, are described. This is then followed by key results, presenting both sample results of power delay profiles and delay Doppler (or angular) spectra, as well as the statistical description such as delay spread and size of stationarity region. We also discuss the availability of spatial diversity in V2I connections and the correlation of the channels between different frequency bands.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"520-541"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10814933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Campus Mobility: Simulated Multi-Objective Optimization of Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems Within an Intelligent Transportation System Frameworks","authors":"Omar S. Aba Hussen;Shaiful J. Hashim;Nasri Sulaiman Member;S.A.R. Alhaddad;Bassam Y. Ribbfors;Masanobu Umeda;Keiichi Katamine","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3521091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3521091","url":null,"abstract":"This research optimizes an electric vehicle (EV) sharing system for a university campus, focusing on different demand patterns and peak times within an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) framework. The main objectives are to reduce the number of unserved demands and operational costs. A simulation model was developed in MATLAB, utilizing the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II), a powerful multi-objective optimization technique that balances conflicting objectives to achieve the best trade-offs for operational efficiency. In addition to conventional decision variables, dynamic dual relocation thresholds and charge levels are introduced as decision variables to enhance optimization. The study compares two scenarios: Equally Distributed Demand (EDD) and Non-Equally Distributed Demand (NEDD), customized for the University Putra Malaysia (UPM) campus. Findings indicate that the NEDD scenario, which concentrates on specific demand areas, effectively decreases unserved demands and operational costs. Additionally, a station-specific approach expanded the solution space, improving adaptability and resulting in notable reductions in operational costs and smaller but meaningful improvements in unserved demands, especially during peak periods. By setting station-specific relocation thresholds and charge levels, resources were deployed efficiently, minimizing unnecessary relocations. The use of dynamic values for dual relocation thresholds and charge-to-work levels further optimized the process, reducing operational costs significantly, with a lesser impact on unserved demands across both scenarios. This research offers valuable insights into the implementation of EV sharing systems in educational institutions, emphasizing the advantages of focused resource allocation and the integration of dynamic decision variables.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"315-331"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10811944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Society IEEE Open Journal on Vehicular Technology Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3490479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3490479","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10812005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Safety Verification for Evasive Obstacle Avoidance in Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Aliasghar Arab;Milad Khaleghi;Alireza Partovi;Alireza Abbaspour;Chaitanya Shinde;Yashar Mousavi;Vahid Azimi;Ali Karimmoddini","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3519951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3519951","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive hazard analysis, risk assessment, and loss evaluation for an Evasive Minimum Risk Maneuvering (EMRM) system designed for autonomous vehicles. The EMRM system is designed to improve collision avoidance and mitigate loss severity by drawing inspiration from professional drivers who perform aggressive maneuvers while maintaining stability for effective risk mitigation. Recent advances in autonomous vehicle technology demonstrate a growing capability for high-performance maneuvers. This paper discusses a comprehensive safety verification process and establishes a clear safety goal to enhance the validation of the testing. The study systematically identifies potential hazards and assesses their risks to overall safety and the protection of vulnerable road users. A novel loss evaluation approach is introduced that focuses on the impact of mitigation maneuvers on loss severity. In addition, the proposed mitigation integrity level can be used to verify the minimum-risk maneuver feature. This paper applies a verification method to evasive maneuvering, contributing to the development of more reliable active safety features in autonomous driving systems.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"276-287"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10806869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Coverage of Massive MIMO HetNets Modeled Using Stochastic Geometry Techniques","authors":"Bitan Banerjee;Robert C. Elliott;Witold A. Krzymień;Ivo Maljević","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3517580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3517580","url":null,"abstract":"Most current stochastic geometric modeling of heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) assumes independent deployment of small-cell base stations (SBSs) with respect to macrocell base stations (MBSs), which leads to limited enhancement in network coverage and capacity. Therefore, in this paper we propose a new HetNet deployment model where the locations of SBSs are correlated with those of the MBSs. We place the SBSs at the vertices of each macrocell, where the macrocells are modeled by a Poisson-Voronoi tessellation with the MBSs as seeds. Theoretical analysis of this deployment scheme is performed using the tools of stochastic geometry. A novel distribution is also derived for the distance between the typical user and its closest SBS. Two tractable expressions for the distance distribution between a user and its closest SBS are presented, obtained by modeling the locations of SBSs as a Poisson point process and a <inline-formula><tex-math>$beta$</tex-math></inline-formula>-Ginibre point process. The latter models the SBS placement more accurately as it captures the correlation between the MBSs and SBSs. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated for several values of the network parameters and our results demonstrate the improvement in the coverage probability and rate coverage compared to other schemes in the literature.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"741-773"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10803018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}