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Miscellaneous (emerging) fungi and algae 杂项(新兴)真菌和藻类
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0179
O. Nnedu, G. Pankey
{"title":"Miscellaneous (emerging) fungi and algae","authors":"O. Nnedu, G. Pankey","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0179","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview on nonendemic fungi and algae that cause disease among an increasing population of individuals at risk. It discusses how microorganisms, known as opportunistic agents, can cause disease when the patient suffers from some predisposing factor that has mechanically or immunologically decreased the capacity to resist infection. It also mentions how opportunistic agents can cause disease through an infecting agent that can survive and multiply at body temperature. The chapter identifies opportunistic fungal infections that are associated with predisposing factors, such as ketoacidosis, iron overload state, neutropenia, and defects in cell-mediated immunity. It considers microorganisms that are ubiquitous in nature but are uncommon causes of disease in humans.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122396716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tissue nematodes 组织线虫
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0195
I. Michelow, D. Blatt
{"title":"Tissue nematodes","authors":"I. Michelow, D. Blatt","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0195","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses tissue-dwelling nematodes, which are among the neglected tropical diseases that frequently cause debilitating illness in the most marginalized communities of the world. Invasive nematode infections tend to result in eosinophilia and elevated serum immunoglobulin E. Because even with normal blood tests parasitic diseases cannot be ruled out, diagnostic considerations must be focused on understanding the invading parasite's geographic distribution and its prevalence in endemic areas, incubation periods, and clinical manifestations. The chapter discusses trichinellosis, which is caused by Trichinella spp. It also describes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, and Loa loa, which are four of the filarial species capable of infecting humans and that cause most tissue invasive nematode diseases worldwide.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114171147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Dengue 登革热
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0181
N. T. Hung
{"title":"Dengue","authors":"N. T. Hung","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0181","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on dengue, which is caused by closely related viruses, or serotypes that belong to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It explains how dengue is transmitted between people by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are found throughout the world. It also mentions the dramatic increase in the global incidence of dengue virus infections in the last 50 years. The chapter discusses dengue virus infections that may cause symptomatic infections or asymptomatic seroconversion, which has a wide range of clinical presentations that includes severe and nonsevere manifestations. It looks at two major pathophysiological features that are associated with severe dengue infection: plasma leakage leading to hypovolemic shock and abnormal hemostasis leading to hemorrhage.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115718368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Babesiosis
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0200
Tempe K Chen, C. Mamoun, Peter J. Krause
{"title":"Babesiosis","authors":"Tempe K Chen, C. Mamoun, Peter J. Krause","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0200","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes babesiosis as an emerging zoonotic disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the Apicomplexa phylum and transmitted by hard-bodied ticks. It reviews the first well-documented case of human Babesia infection, reported in 1957 in a splenectomized resident of Yugoslavia. Babesia spp. have been found to cause disease in humans; these include B. microti, B. duncani, and B. divergens-like spp. in North America, and B. divergens, B. microti and B. venatorum in Europe. Normally, humans are an uncommon and terminal host for Babesia spp., which depend on other species for their development and transmission. Ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of B. microti in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States. This tick also transmits Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis; Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia miyonii, etiologic agents of Lyme disease; Borrelia miyamotoi that causes relapsing fever, Powassan virus that causes encephalitis, and Ehrlichiosis muris-like infection.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115926482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antiviral therapy 抗病毒治疗
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0208
R. Shah, C. Cunha
{"title":"Antiviral therapy","authors":"R. Shah, C. Cunha","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0208","url":null,"abstract":"Antiviral therapy continues to be one of the many challenges facing the healthcare provider. This chapter describes viruses that parasitize host cell enzymes and structures to varying degrees and discusses the difficulty of designing or discovering drugs that specifically target viral enzymes without affecting host cell machinery. The chapter examines viruses that establish a latent infection in the host, during which time they are essentially quiescent. It reviews some serious viral infections that stem from the reactivation of latent viruses during periods of impaired cell-mediated immunity. It discusses the development of drug resistance due to viral mutagenicity as an ongoing challenge in antiviral therapy.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130813067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diabetes and infection 糖尿病和感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.102
S. J. Shaw, Raza Iqbal
{"title":"Diabetes and infection","authors":"S. J. Shaw, Raza Iqbal","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.102","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at infection in diabetic patients. Diabetes is a metabolic and vascular disease; both microvascular and macrovascular complications are related to blood glucose control and disease duration and are more commonly seen in the elderly. Diabetic patients have increased risk for infections and are accountable for 50% of hospital admission or outpatient visits. Respiratory and foot infections are overrepresented and have increased risk of infection-related mortality. Mild infections without systemic symptoms can be treated with oral antibiotics. Because patients with diabetes mellitus have a high incidence of chronic kidney disease, adjustment of the antibiotic dose based on renal function is imperative. Indeed, drug interaction and toxicity should always be considered prior to therapy since these patients are frequently on multiple medications.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130835844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Periocular and retro-orbital infections 眼周和眶后感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0016
M. Barshak, M. Durand
{"title":"Periocular and retro-orbital infections","authors":"M. Barshak, M. Durand","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on periocular and retro-orbital infections. Periocular infections are infections of the soft tissues surrounding the globe of the eye. These include infections of the eyelids, lacrimal system, and orbit. Dacryocystitis, or infection of the lacrimal sac, is the most common infection of the lacrimal system and results from obstruction of the lacrimal duct. Although both preseptal and orbital infections may present with a similar external appearance of swollen, red eyelids, the distinction is important because orbital infections are usually much more serious. Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis is a very rare complication of orbital infections or of infections in the midface “danger triangle” (upper lip to root of the nose).","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126777953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Keratitis 角膜炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.016
E. Tu, F. Mah, Jules L. Baum
{"title":"Keratitis","authors":"E. Tu, F. Mah, Jules L. Baum","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights keratitis, an ocular emergency that can lead to severe visual disability and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Sequelae can vary in severity from little or no visual loss to corneal scarring, perforation, endophthalmitis, and loss of the eye. Although the corneal surface is awash with microorganisms of the normal flora, an intact corneal epithelium and ocular defense mechanism serve to prevent infection in the normal eye. While some organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria, and Shigella can penetrate an intact epithelium, all others require damage to the epithelial layer to invade the cornea. The chapter identifies several risk factors that predispose the cornea to infection. Although the clinical manifestations of corneal infections may be characteristic of certain pathogens, further laboratory evaluation with cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing provides a definitive diagnosis and more focused treatment after empirical therapy has been initiated.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126745536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Splenic abscess 脾脓肿
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511722240.056
W. Dehority, T. Howdieshell
{"title":"Splenic abscess","authors":"W. Dehority, T. Howdieshell","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511722240.056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511722240.056","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes splenic abscess. The diagnosis of splenic abscess is often overlooked because of its rarity and misleading clinical features as well as the presence of predisposing conditions that obscure its clinical presentation. Hence, it is not surprising that splenic abscess is often diagnosed during postmortem examinations, even in the era of antibiotics. Contributing factors to an apparent increase in the incidence of splenic abscess include advances in radiologic imaging, comfort with nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma, and a greater number of patients who have cancer or are otherwise immunocompromised. There is no place for long-term medical management of a clinically overt splenic abscess. The mainstay of treatment consists of splenectomy and appropriate antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124388483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acute and chronic parvovirus infection 急性和慢性细小病毒感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0190
N. Young
{"title":"Acute and chronic parvovirus infection","authors":"N. Young","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0190","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses parvoviruses, small viruses with unenveloped icosahedral capsids that contain a single-stranded DNA genome. The B19 parvovirus is the only member of the Parvoviridae family that is known to cause diseases in humans. It is the pathogen responsible for the childhood “fifth disease,” and presents differently in adults and children. The chapter reviews the taxonomy of the parvovirus family, in which B19 and closely related simian parvoviruses constitute the Erythrovirus genus, and it discusses the B19 parvovirus’s peculiar and extreme tropism for human erythroid progenitor cells that are responsible for the generation of circulating erythrocytes. The chapter details the testing, evaluation, and treatment of patients presenting with parvovirus disease.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121500394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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