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Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease最新文献

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Viridans streptococci
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0151
J. Brusch
{"title":"Viridans streptococci","authors":"J. Brusch","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0151","url":null,"abstract":"The Streptococcus viridans group of bacteria have long been recognized as a major cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis. However, the wide variation in pathogenesis and presentation of the diseases produced by different strains of this group have been long underappreciated. These infections are a growing problem among the immunosuppressed adult and pediatric age groups. This chapter focuses on the pathological mechanisms, clinical presentations, and treatment of various S. viridans infections especially those caused by S. angiosus.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128076391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sepsis 脓毒症
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0002
Leeja Joseph, R. MacArthur
{"title":"Sepsis","authors":"Leeja Joseph, R. MacArthur","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines sepsis, which can be thought of as life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from dysregulated host responses due to infection. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis in which underlying circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are profound enough to substantially increase the rate of mortality. Diagnosis starts with a thorough history and physical examination. The history should focus on symptoms, recent surgery, underlying disease(s), recent antibiotic use, travel, and known risk factors such as the presence of indwelling catheters and other devices. Meanwhile, physical examination includes vital signs; recommended investigations include a CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel, hepatic function panel, coagulation studies, lactate level, and urinalysis. Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) emphasizes a timely (within the first 3–6 hours of presentation) and coordinated approach to sepsis management, with a significant mortality benefit when efforts are made for early diagnosis, risk stratification, fluid resuscitation, early administration of antimicrobials, control of the source of infection, and hemodynamic optimization utilizing vasoactive drugs.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134125263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pseudomonas, stenotrophomonas, and burkholderia 假单胞菌，窄养单胞菌和伯克氏菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0146
Titus L. Daniels
{"title":"Pseudomonas, stenotrophomonas, and burkholderia","authors":"Titus L. Daniels","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0146","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses Pasteurella multocida, a nonmotile, gram-negative, facultative coccobacillus that is best known for its association with soft-tissue infections after animal bites. It points out that P. multocida is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing invasive and life-threatening infections. It also mentions Louis Pasteur, who first isolated P. multocida as the causative agent of fowl cholera in 1880. The chapter explains the human infection of P. multocida that is usually associated with animal exposure and direct traumatic inoculation by a bite or scratch as the most common route of transmission. It analyzes the infection of P. multocida after contact with animal respiratory secretions through licks, nuzzling, or grooming.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122157692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Asplenia-associated Infections Asplenia-associated感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0096
L. Lutwick
{"title":"Asplenia-associated Infections","authors":"L. Lutwick","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0096","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the human spleen as an organ that, at one point, was deemed as nonessential as the appendix and has been associated in history as the source of melancholy thoughts. The chapter reviews overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) or postsplenectomy sepsis (PSS) as one of a group of infectious disease processes for which diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are required immediately to minimize disease impact. It also analyzes how the individual risk of OPSI depends on the cause of splenectomy as well as the time post procedure. The chapter looks at asplenic conditions that have a lower risk of OPSI, and points out that 5% to 6% of total OPSI cases occur in individuals with poorly functioning spleens.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125507695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urinary tract infection 尿路感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0065
Peter Liu, Keith W. Hamilton, J. O'donnell
{"title":"Urinary tract infection","authors":"Peter Liu, Keith W. Hamilton, J. O'donnell","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0065","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at urinary tract infections (UTIs), which account for a significant burden of morbidity, cost, and healthcare resource utilization in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. UTIs occur in patients of all ages with a predilection for females throughout life and males at each end of the age spectrum. The term “urinary tract infection” encompasses a group of conditions that includes cystitis, pyelonephritis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Appropriate management of a patient with a UTI requires consideration of multiple factors, including age, sex, underlying comorbidities, pregnancy, history of prior UTIs, site of infection, anatomic aberrations, and the pathogen involved. Determination of the location of the infection as upper versus lower tract is essential to selection of optimal therapy. Lower urinary tract infection is infection involving the bladder, or cystitis, and is characterized by dysuria, pyuria, urinary frequency, or urinary urgency. Upper urinary tract infection, or pyelonephritis, is infection involving the bladder and kidney that classically presents with fever and flank pain, with or without the symptoms of lower tract infection.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125625523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Schistosomes and other trematodes 血吸虫和其他吸虫
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0196
J. Maguire
{"title":"Schistosomes and other trematodes","authors":"J. Maguire","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0196","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates trematode flatworms that infect human beings. These include the schistosomes that live in venules of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract and other flukes that inhabit the bile ducts, intestines, or bronchi. It examines the geographic distribution of each species of trematode, which parallels the distribution of the specific freshwater snail that serves as its intermediate host. Schistosomes infect approximately 235 million persons worldwide, although infections caused by other flukes are more limited in distribution and number. Trematode infections may persist for years and are mostly subclinical. In patient presenting with nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints and a history of contact with possibly infested fresh water in an endemic area should prompt an evaluation for schistosomiasis, even in the absence of symptoms.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127831408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tularemia
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0154
Kari Neeman, J. Snowden
{"title":"Tularemia","authors":"Kari Neeman, J. Snowden","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0154","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter talks about francisella, which are small, aerobic, catalase-positive, pleomorphic, gram-negative intra- and extracellular coccobacilli. It describes four recognized subspecies of F. tularensis: tularensis (Type A), holarctica (Type B), mediasiatica, and novicida. It also analyzes F. tularensis Type A, which has been described as the more virulent of the subspecies and is found predominantly in North America. The chapter looks at F. tularensis Type B that exists throughout the northern hemisphere. It examines Tularemia as a zoonotic infection that can infect a wide variety of invertebrates, such as the dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), and vertebrates, such as rabbits, muskrats, prairie dogs, and other rodents.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127986140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0051
C. Cunha, B. Cunha
{"title":"Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile","authors":"C. Cunha, B. Cunha","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0051","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, a gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacillus found in colon flora. When C. difficile is induced to produce exotoxins (A/B) symptomatic disease (i.e., diarrhea/colitis) follows. The clinical spectrum of infection ranges from watery toxigenic diarrhea to invasive transmural colitis. C. difficile diarrhea is primarily an infection of adults. The chapter then considers the differences in pathophysiology and severity between C. difficile diarrhea and C. difficile colitis, which may be acquired in the community or hospital. Because with C. difficile diarrhea the process is intraluminal and limited to colon mucosa, the aim of therapy is to deliver high intraluminal concentrations of effective anti-C. difficile drugs. With C. difficile colitis, the pharmacokinetic aim of therapy is to achieve therapeutic colon wall levels.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129673996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Skin ulcer and pyoderma 皮肤溃疡和脓皮病
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0020
J. Maffei
{"title":"Skin ulcer and pyoderma","authors":"J. Maffei","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes skin ulcers and pyoderma. Skin lesions are important clues to systemic diseases, and, conversely, host factors make patients susceptible to skin infections caused by certain organisms. The skin has a limited response to insults from the microbial world, forming vesicles and pustules that eventually rupture and leave exposed dermis. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment depend on a detailed history that includes systemic complaints, history of exposure and travel, and the initial appearance of the skin lesions. Sound diagnosis of difficult cases also depends on appropriate cultures and histopathology. Most superficial skin infections and ulcers can be treated empirically according to the typical clinical presentation of the lesions. A workup is required for lesions that do not respond to routine therapy, that are rapidly progressive, or that occur in an immunocompromised host.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117215280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influenza 流感
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0187
R. Herati, H. Friedman
{"title":"Influenza","authors":"R. Herati, H. Friedman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0187","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded human history. This chapter reviews a particularly severe pandemic in 1918, dubbed the “Spanish flu,” which led to the rapid spread of influenza and resulted in at least 20 million deaths worldwide. It also analyzes significant resources worldwide that have been dedicated to the detection and containment of influenza outbreaks and the development of response plans to influenza epidemics at international, national, and local levels. Influenza is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae, which include the genera Influenzavirus types A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses cause the majority of human infections with influenza, while influenza C virus causes only sporadic upper respiratory infections.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"51 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124533934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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