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Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease最新文献

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Enterococcus 肠球菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.154
Ronald N. Jones, R. Mendes
{"title":"Enterococcus","authors":"Ronald N. Jones, R. Mendes","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.154","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discloses the emergence of enterococci as an important hospital-acquired or nosocomial pathogen since the early 1970s. It looks at the statistics from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNISS) and subsequent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) programs (National Healthcare Safety Network), which places enterococci as the second most common gram-positive cause of nosocomial and bloodstream infections worldwide. It also analyzes the data from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, which confirmed enterococci as the second most common gram-positive organisms responsible for bloodstream infections in US hospitals. This chapter examines the increased occurrence of enterococci since the mid-1970s in relation to patterns of general antimicrobial use in the hospital. It highlights the widespread use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins, penicillin-β‎-lactamase inhibitor combinations, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126720058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 50
Toxic shock syndrome and Kawasaki disease 中毒性休克综合征和川崎病
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0018
E. Assimacopoulos, A. Assimacopoulos, Wilmara Salgado-Pabón, P. Schlievert
{"title":"Toxic shock syndrome and Kawasaki disease","authors":"E. Assimacopoulos, A. Assimacopoulos, Wilmara Salgado-Pabón, P. Schlievert","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and Kawasaki disease. Staphylococcal and streptococcal TSS are acute-onset multiorgan illnesses. Staphylococcal TSS is caused by Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce pyrogenic toxin superantigens (SAgs), while streptococcal TSS is caused primarily by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) strains but occasionally by groups B, C, and G strains. Several subsets of staphylococcal TSS exist, with two major categories being menstrual and nonmenstrual. Major risk factors for development of streptococcal TSS include chickenpox in children, penetrating and nonpenetrating wounds, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and pregnancy. Meanwhile, Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is an acute multisystem vasculitis that occurs primarily in children younger than 4 years of age. KS shares many features with streptococcal scarlet fever and TSS except that hypotension is absent. This chapter reviews the treatment of both TSS and KS.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133547588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human herpes virus 6, 7, 8 人类疱疹病毒6,7,8
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0186
E. Magira
{"title":"Human herpes virus 6, 7, 8","authors":"E. Magira","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0186","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma virus or human herpesvirus-8 (KSV/HHV-8). Herpesviruses consist of large double-stranded DNA packaged inside an icosahedral capsid, which is surrounded by a mixture of protein tegument and an outer lipid envelope where the viral glycoprotein spikes. Herpesviruses produce lytic and latent infection of lymphocytes and other cell types and serve as reservoirs for endogenous viral reactivation during times of immune suppression or as potential vectors of transmission to susceptible individuals. The chapter discusses the clinical presentation of HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 that ranges from asymptomatic infection or mild illnesses febrile exanthems to life-threatening disease in the immune-compromised host. HHV-6 and HHV-7 infect a broader array of cell types in comparison to HHV-8.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133700738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lice, scabies, and myiasis 虱子、疥疮和蝇蛆病
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0024
C. Bernigaud, G. Monsel, O. Chosidow
{"title":"Lice, scabies, and myiasis","authors":"C. Bernigaud, G. Monsel, O. Chosidow","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses lice, scabies, and myiasis. Arthropod infestations of humans are most commonly caused by mites, head or body lice (pediculosis), pubic lice (pthiriasis), or fly larvae (myiasis). Although many mite species may feed on human tissue, scabies are the most common mites living on human hosts. All of these arthropods can cause irritation and inflammation of the skin, but fly larvae may penetrate more deeply into the body. Diagnosis of each of these parasitic problems is dependent on accurate identification of the infesting arthropod. Lice and scabies mites are readily transmitted between close contacts, whereas myiasis is not a contagious condition.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131482516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cryptococcus 隐球菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511722240.175
W. Powderly
{"title":"Cryptococcus","authors":"W. Powderly","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511722240.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511722240.175","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide as a soil organism and thought to be transmitted by inhalation and often causes disease in patients with abnormal cell-mediated immunity. It discusses the infection of Cryptococcus neoformans on patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, solid organ transplant recipients, immunocompetent persons. It also looks into cases of invasive cryptococcal infection that occur annually in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) worldwide with more than 150,000 deaths each year. The chapter investigates two varieties of C. neoformans that distinguishable by serology: C. neoformans var. neoformans and C. neoformans var. gattii. It explains that C. neoformans var. gattii is endemic in Australia and recent outbreaks of its infection have occurred in the Pacific northwestern parts of North America.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132776436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aseptic meningitis 无菌性脑膜炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0075
B. Meyers, D. Restrepo
{"title":"Aseptic meningitis","authors":"B. Meyers, D. Restrepo","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0075","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates aseptic meningitis syndrome, which is associated with symptoms, signs, and laboratory evidence of meningeal inflammation with spinal fluid findings that suggest a viral or noninfectious origin. Clinically, patients present with headache, nausea, meningismus, and photophobia, symptoms that are also common in patients with bacterial meningitis. A stiff neck, with or without a Brudzinski or Kernig sign, may be observed. Patients usually appear nontoxic but may have changes in mental status, including irritability. Other signs of possible viral infection may include pharyngitis, adenopathy, morbilliform rash, and evidence of systemic viral infection, including myalgia, fatigue, and anorexia. There are usually no signs of vascular instability, and the course is often self-limiting. Aseptic meningitis is a syndrome of multiple etiologies, both infectious and noninfectious. The etiologic diagnosis of aseptic meningitis is often complicated by the numerous possible causes and the lack of specific diagnostic tests.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"260 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131096978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents 皮质类固醇，细胞毒素
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0086
B. Taiwo, H. Nam
{"title":"Corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents","authors":"B. Taiwo, H. Nam","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0086","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates how iatrogenic alteration of the immune system occurs with use of corticosteroids or noncorticosteroid immunosuppressants. Although there is overlap, noncorticosteroid immunosuppressants can be broadly divided into cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs and immunosuppressants used in transplantation. Because some of the cells or biologic pathways targeted by therapeutic immunosuppressive agents are essential for the body's defenses against pathogenic microorganisms, the use of immunosuppressants involves walking a fine line between therapy and iatrogenic harm. The mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant, the dosage used, the length of therapy, and underlying disease(s) all affect the type and severity of subsequent infections. These factors also inform decisions on immunization, prophylaxis, or empirical therapy in high-risk patients.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115889087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Myelitis and peripheral neuropathy 脊髓炎和周围神经病变
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511722240.079
R. Hasbún, N. Hyslop
{"title":"Myelitis and peripheral neuropathy","authors":"R. Hasbún, N. Hyslop","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511722240.079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511722240.079","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses myelitis and peripheral neuropathy, syndromes which complicate many infections. It considers major infectious etiologies of myelitis, peripheral neuropathy, polymorphic syndromes, and neuropathic syndromes seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Myelitis refers to inflammation of the spinal cord. It may be infectious or noninfectious and primary—directly attacking cord structures—or secondary—adjacent processes altering cord function. Primary myelitis can present as one of three discrete clinical patterns: (1) anterior poliomyelitis, (2) leukomyelitis, or (3) transverse myelitis. This chapter also looks at acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). ADEM may be considered as one among a spectrum of similar diseases including transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115227163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Epstein-Barr virus and other causes of the infectious mononucleosis syndrome 爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒和其他引起传染性单核细胞增多症的原因
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0183
J. Meier
{"title":"Epstein-Barr virus and other causes of the infectious mononucleosis syndrome","authors":"J. Meier","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0183","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which is a gammaherpesvirus that infects nearly everyone at some point during his or her lifetime. It explains that approximately 85 percent of non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children and 52 percent of non-Hispanic white children had already acquired EBV by age 14 in the United States population from 2003 to 2010. It also talks about oropharyngeal epithelial cells as the source of infectious EBV in saliva, which can be transmitted through close oral contact with infectious saliva. The chapter emphasizes how deep kissing during sexual intimacy that ordinarily begins in adolescence and early adulthood increases EBV transmission risk. It reveals how EBV-seropositive donor blood products and tissues may transmit infection when EBV reactivates from latently infected B lymphocytes.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114534107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Endocarditis 心内膜炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0037
J. Brusch
{"title":"Endocarditis","authors":"J. Brusch","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines endocarditis. The term “infective endocarditis” (IE) describes an infection of the endothelial surface of the heart, most commonly that of a valve. Cases may be categorized in several ways: as acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) or subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) on the basis of the speed of their clinical progression; or by pathogenic organism (e.g., S. aureus) or by location (e.g., right or left-sided), or by the nature of the infected material, native tissue versus prosthetic or by the mechanism of acquisition such as intravenous drug abuse (IVDA). When approaching a case of possible IE, it is quite helpful to generate profile of disease process using these characteristics, especially when it comes to empirically choosing the initial antibiotic regimen. All varieties of IE share the same basic pathogenesis: a bloodstream infection (BSI) that delivers the organisms to the surface of the valve. Then, they must be able to firmly adhere.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115136151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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