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Lung abscess 肺脓肿
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0035
A. Patrawalla, L. Dever
{"title":"Lung abscess","authors":"A. Patrawalla, L. Dever","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights lung abscess, which is a chronic or subacute lung infection initiated by the aspiration of contaminated oropharyngeal secretions. The result is an indolent, necrotizing infection in a segmental distribution, usually dependent, limited by the pleura. Lung abscess is almost always associated with anaerobic bacteria, although the majority of infections are polymicrobial with microaerophilic and aerobic bacteria present. In contrast, necrotizing pneumonia is an acute, often fulminant, infection characterized by irregular destruction of alveolar walls and therefore multiple cavities. This infection spreads rapidly through lung tissue, frequently crossing interlobar fissures, and is often associated with pleural effusion and empyema. The duration of illness before recognition is usually only a few days. The chapter then looks at the diagnosis and therapy of anaerobic lung abscess.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121477112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Borreliosis
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0163
S. Cutler
{"title":"Borreliosis","authors":"S. Cutler","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0163","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the relapsing fever spirochetes, which comprise a number of different species transmitted by specific tick species, and classical relapsing fever species transmitted by rapid-feeding soft tick species. Borrelia miyamotoi is transmitted by hard tick vectors, with B. recurrentis as the notable exception since it is transmitted by clothing lice. The chapter describes main signs of fever caused by certain ticks; these are often accompanied by chills, headaches, arthralgia, myalgia, and tachycardia. Infection with B. duttonii has been associated with significant perinatal mortality in endemic regions such as Tanzania. B. miyamotoi manifests with fever often accompanied by thrombocytopenia and nonspecific influenza-like symptoms.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123121261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Probiotics: an update 益生菌:一个更新
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0209
Varsha Gupta, R. Garg
{"title":"Probiotics: an update","authors":"Varsha Gupta, R. Garg","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0209","url":null,"abstract":"Humans harbor vast numbers of microorganisms on the skin, in the mouth, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract alone is home to more than 500 different bacterial species, some of which have important health functions in stimulating the immune system, protecting the host from invading bacteria and viruses, and aiding digestion. Nobel laureate Elie Metchnikoff proposed in the early 1900s that the long life of Bulgarian peasants resulted from their consumption of fermented milk products. The term “probiotic” was first used in 1965, and, in 2002, Marteau defined probiotics as microbial preparations or components of microbial cells that have a beneficial effect on health and well-being. This chapter examines the use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, irradiation, and other various means of treatment that may cause alterations in the normal human flora. It explores the idea of introducing beneficial bacterial species into the GI tract as an attractive option to reestablish microbial equilibrium and prevent disease.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129449708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pasteurella multocida
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.165
Andrew S. Webster, P. A. Rebolledo, Naasha J. Talati, David S. Stephens
{"title":"Pasteurella multocida","authors":"Andrew S. Webster, P. A. Rebolledo, Naasha J. Talati, David S. Stephens","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.165","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Pasteurella multocida, which translates to “killer of many species” and is a nonmotile, gram-negative, facultative coccobacillus best known for its association with soft-tissue infections after animal bites. It examines P. multocida as an opportunistic pathogen that is capable of causing invasive and life-threatening infections. It also mentions Louis Pasteur, who first isolated P. multocida as the causative agent of fowl cholera in 1880. The chapter highlights how P. multocida commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of cats at 70 to 90 percent and dogs at 50 to 66 percent, as well as how it has been isolated from numerous other domestic pets and wild animals. It analyzes the human infection of P. multocida that is usually associated with animal exposure.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129642847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polyarthritis 多发性关节炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0071
K. Dao, J. Cush
{"title":"Polyarthritis","authors":"K. Dao, J. Cush","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0071","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights polyarthritis. The co-occurrence of fever and arthritis educes a broad set of diagnostic considerations, especially infection. Yet, most forms of infectious arthritis typically involve one to three joints (monarthritis to oligoarthritis). The presence of a greater number of joints involved (polyarthritis) with fever evokes a more unusual and challenging range of diagnostic possibilities. Knowledge of prevalent forms of polyarthritis capable of fever can facilitate an early, accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Polyarthritis is defined as inflammatory pain with swelling affecting four or more joints. The distribution, chronology of joint inflammation, and host factors help refine the diagnostic possibilities. The presence of fever is unique as most polyarticular conditions do not manifest substantial or sustained fever. Nevertheless, fever or pyrexia is further evidence of an inflammatory, infectious, or autoimmune disorder.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129906098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infectious thyroiditis 传染性甲状腺炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.008
J. Carey, S. Baum
{"title":"Infectious thyroiditis","authors":"J. Carey, S. Baum","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST), a rare but potentially life-threatening infection. AST is usually bacterial in etiology, although fungal, parasitic, and mycobacterial organisms have also been documented causes. The routes of infection are predominantly hematogenous or lymphatic; however, thyroid infections may also be the result of direct spread from an adjacent deep fascial space infection, an infected thyroglossal fistula, or anterior perforation of the esophagus. Thus, infectious thyroiditis may occur either as a local infection or as part of a disseminated systemic infection. Because prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis and treatment, it is important to differentiate AST from the noninfectious inflammatory conditions of the thyroid and other inflammations in the neck that it may closely resemble.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130310423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anaerobic infections 厌氧感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0122
I. Brook
{"title":"Anaerobic infections","authors":"I. Brook","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0122","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights infections caused by anaerobic bacteria that occur frequently and can be serious and life-threatening. anaerobes are endogenous in nature; they colonize the skin and are the main component of mucous membranes flora. The author investigates why anaerobes are difficult to isolate and are often unrecognized, and he points out why delaying appropriate therapy may lead to clinical failures. The chapter discusses the isolation of anaerobes, which requires proper methods of collection, transportation, and cultivation of specimens. It describes the treatment for anaerobes that is complicated by the slow in vitro growth, the infection's polymicrobial nature, and the organisms' mounting antimicrobial resistance.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128657547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prostatitis 前列腺炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0063
C. Cunha, B. Cunha
{"title":"Prostatitis","authors":"C. Cunha, B. Cunha","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0063","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates prostatitis. The most common types of prostatitis are acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP) and chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP). ABP must be differentiated from urinary tract infections (UTIs) and CBP must be differentiated from non-bacterial (NBP) prostatitis and recurrent cystitis. Patients with ABP are acutely ill with fever and chills, and ABP may be complicated by urosepsis or prostatic abscess. In contrast, CBP is an indolent relapsing UTI with plus or minus perineal, genital, or low back pain usually accompanied by frequency, urgency, dysuria, or dysuria. CBP patients are usually referred to infectious diseases physicians for antibiotic treatment of persistent/relapsing infection. Repeated treatment failures are most often due to suboptimal (selection and duration) antibiotic therapy for CBP.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117106373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hypersensitivity to antibiotics 对抗生素过敏
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511722240.207
D. Akinyemi, G. Celik, N. Adkinson
{"title":"Hypersensitivity to antibiotics","authors":"D. Akinyemi, G. Celik, N. Adkinson","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511722240.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511722240.207","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which are separated into type A and type B reactions. Type A reactions are predictable from known pharmacologic properties and are largely dose related; these make up 85% to 90% of all ADRs. Type B reactions are unpredictable and are restricted to a vulnerable subpopulation; these include immunologic drug reactions, drug intolerance, and idiosyncratic reactions. The chapter looks at immune mechanisms that are thought to be involved in 6% to 10% of all ADRs. It analyzes allergenic drugs that can induce the entire spectrum of immunopathologic reactions, which are clinically indistinguishable from reactions elicited by foreign macromolecules. Testing and evaluation of patients with ADRs and methods for overcoming these limitations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116203024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tick-borne disease 蜱传播的疾病
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.136
S. Buckingham
{"title":"Tick-borne disease","authors":"S. Buckingham","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.136","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on how ticks can transmit numerous bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens to humans, as well as how the secretions of some species can induce allergic reactions or cause paralysis. It provides a broad overview of tick-borne infections endemic to North America and discusses general principles regarding their epidemiology, therapy, and prevention. It looks at tick-borne infections that occur most often in the spring and summer, when ticks are most active, but are also reported in colder months. The chapter points out how patients are unaware of their recent tick exposure as tick bites are usually painless, ticks may attach in sites covered by hair or clothing, and ticks in their larval and nymphal stages are still capable of transmitting infection. It analyzes the geographic distributions of tick-borne infections that correspond to the distributions of their associated tick vectors.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116323003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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