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Genital ulcer adenopathy syndrome 生殖器溃疡腺病综合征
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0062
A. Ronald
{"title":"Genital ulcer adenopathy syndrome","authors":"A. Ronald","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0062","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates genital ulcer adenopathy syndrome. The control and prevention of genital ulcer disease (GUD) is an important public health priority. Ulcerative lesions may produce local genital pain, some pathogens are transmitted from mothers to their infants, and genital lesions increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and transmission following sexual intercourse. The most commonly transmitted GUD diagnosis and etiologies are syphilis, herpes simplex, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale or donovanosis. Trauma, erosive balanitis, and fixed drug eruptions are common nontransmissible causes of GUD. Treatment traditionally has been initiated only once a laboratory diagnosis has been established; however, the delay inherent in obtaining laboratory results makes it necessary to initiate empiric syndromic therapy at the time of the initial visit. The selected syndromic therapy should be effective for syphilis.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121332751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome 汉坦病毒心肺综合征
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0184
G. Mertz
{"title":"Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome","authors":"G. Mertz","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0184","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter talks about hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which is a viral zoonosis that may result in cardiogenic shock and respiratory failure with significant associated mortality. It discusses hantavirus infection in humans that have been identified throughout much of North, Central, and South America. It also describes hantaviruses as enveloped, single-stranded, negative-strand RNA viruses, in which over 20 New World hantaviruses have been identified since HCPS was first recognized in 1993. The chapter analyzes how cardiopulmonary disease caused by New World hantaviruses differs from the disease with predominant renal manifestations, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, that results from infection with Old World hantaviruses and occurs primarily in Asia and Europe. It mentions New World hantaviruses that include highly pathogenic hantaviruses with high case fatality rates, such as Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV).","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126656899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sporotrichum
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0173
R. Greenfield
{"title":"Sporotrichum","authors":"R. Greenfield","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0173","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes sporotrichosis as a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii and related species that are widely distributed in nature. Sporotrichosis occurs commonly in cutaneous or lymphocutaneous forms that result from direct inoculation by the pathogen and in a variety of extracutaneous forms. In addition, primary sporotrichotic pneumonia is acquired by inhalation of these pathogenic fungi, and musculoskeletal or osteoarticular sporotrichosis is a result of direct inoculation into tendons, bursae, and joints due to hematogenous dissemination, which may result in disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis and/or infection of a variety of unusual sites, including the meninges. The chapter details the testing, evaluation, and treatment of patients presenting with sporotrichosis.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115255622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neonatal infection 新生儿感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.106
P. Gallagher, R. Baltimore
{"title":"Neonatal infection","authors":"P. Gallagher, R. Baltimore","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.106","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter concentrates on neonatal infections, which are classified according to time and mode of onset in three categories: prenatal, perinata (early onset), and nursery-acquired (late onset). It explains that infections that begin within the first month of life are considered neonatal, but many intensive care units for neonates provide continuing care for infants several months of age with complex problems that are the result of prematurity and complications of neonatal disorders. It also mentions neonatal nursery-associated infections that may occur in infants up to a year or more of age. The chapter analyzes bacterial infections that set in substantially before birth that usually result in a stillbirth due to rapidly dividing high-grade pathogens. It also looks at the difficulty in distinguishing infections that are acquired shortly prior to birth from those acquired as a result of contact with maternal vaginal, fecal, or skin flora during delivery.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122147659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infectious polymyositis 感染性多肌炎
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0072
S. Kappagoda, U. Singh
{"title":"Infectious polymyositis","authors":"S. Kappagoda, U. Singh","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0072","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses infectious polymyositis, which is a rare entity in which there is generalized muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) caused by an infectious agent. The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis results from muscle necrosis and is characterized by muscle pain, elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations, and myoglobinuria which may lead to renal dysfunction. A variety of factors can lead to rhabdomyolysis. These include crush and compression injuries, drug and alcohol ingestion, metabolic and electrolyte disturbances, hypothermia and hyperthermia, envenomation, and a variety of infections. It is important to distinguish rhabdomyolysis caused by a pathogen from that caused by sepsis, hypotension, or electrolyte imbalances that accompany a severe systemic infection.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116674535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Food poisoning 食物中毒
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0050
Carly R. Davis, A. Pavia
{"title":"Food poisoning","authors":"Carly R. Davis, A. Pavia","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0050","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates food poisoning. Initially, the diagnosis of specific food poisoning syndromes is suggested by the clinical presentation, the incubation period from exposure to onset of symptoms, and the food consumed. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. A careful history of illness in meal companions may help point to the responsible food. Most food poisoning syndromes are self-limited, and for the majority of episodes, nonspecific supportive therapy is all that is required. Exceptions include botulism, listeriosis, some enteric infections in infants and compromised hosts, and some types of mushroom poisoning. The mainstay of treatment is fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent and treat dehydration.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129958065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Miscellaneous gram-positive organisms 各种革兰氏阳性菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0159
I. Choudary, S. Schmitt, R. Corales
{"title":"Miscellaneous gram-positive organisms","authors":"I. Choudary, S. Schmitt, R. Corales","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0159","url":null,"abstract":"The pediococci are gram-positive bacteria that grow in pairs and tetrads and belong to the lactic acid bacteria group. They are used extensively in industry to ferment cheese and other dairy products, soy products, and alcoholic beverages, and they are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract. Of the 13 species of pediococci, only Pediococcus acetolactic and P. pentosaceus are typically found in sugar-rich foods, and these have been identified as human pathogens. Recently, pediococci have been increasingly recognized as a cause of bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonitis in the immunocompromised host. The chapter discusses risk factors for Pediococcus infections that include prior antibiotic therapy, abdominal surgery, and gastric feeding. The chapter further discusses the testing, evaluation, and treatment of patients presenting with possible pediococcal disease.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128229960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infections associated with urinary catheters 与导尿管相关的感染
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0106
L. Nicolle
{"title":"Infections associated with urinary catheters","authors":"L. Nicolle","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0106","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs) as a common and clinically important outcome of the use of urinary catheters. UTI with a catheter in place is usually asymptomatic and referred to as catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CA-ASB), while the symptomatic infection is referred to as catheter-acquired urinary infection (CA-UTI). The chapter also describes different types of catheter that are indicated for different populations and have different risks for the occurrence of infection. Also discussed is how the acquisition of urinary infection with catheter use is virtually always through ascending infection, and includes a discussion of indwelling urethral catheters, in which bacteria usually ascend into the bladder on the biofilm and form on the external and internal surfaces of the catheter tubing.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128594228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Malaria 疟疾
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0199
J. Fairley, Henry M. Wu
{"title":"Malaria","authors":"J. Fairley, Henry M. Wu","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0199","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria remains a life-threatening parasitic infection endemic throughout much of the world, with 228 million infections worldwide and 405,000 deaths due to malaria in 2018, and with the majority of these deaths among African children. Malaria is one of the most common causes of fever in returned travelers and recent immigrants to nonendemic countries. Malaria is a mosquito-borne protozoal infection caused by Plasmodium spp. It is carried by Anopheles spp. mosquitos. A high index of suspicion is critical when evaluating patients with febrile illness following travel to malarious areas, especially those endemic for P. falciparum. Proper treatment of malaria requires knowledge of the infecting species and where it was acquired, since drug resistance patterns, especially to chloroquine, vary geographically.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"57 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130651235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antibacterial agents 抗菌药物
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0205
Richard Watkins
{"title":"Antibacterial agents","authors":"Richard Watkins","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0205","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces how the modern antibiotic era began with the discoveries of penicillin by Fleming in 1928 and sulfonamides by Domagk in 1932. It lists different classes of antibacterial agents that have been developed for the use in humans. It also describes the various antibacterial agents, including their mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. The chapter looks at the core structure of the penicillins, which consists of a thiazolidine ring attached to a β‎-lactam ring and an R-group side chain. It explains how the thiazolidine-β‎-lactam ring provides antibacterial activity while the side chain determines the antimicrobial spectrum and pharmacologic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123822226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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