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Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease最新文献

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Corynebacteria 棒状杆菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0131
C. Ramírez-Ronda, C. R. Ramírez-Ramírez
{"title":"Corynebacteria","authors":"C. Ramírez-Ronda, C. R. Ramírez-Ramírez","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0131","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates Diphtheria as an acute, infectious, preventable, and sometimes fatal disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It highlights the infection caused by Diphtheria, which is usually localized to the upper part of the respiratory tract or the skin and gives rise to local and systemic signs. It explains that the systemic signs of infections are the result of a toxin produced by the microorganisms multiplying at the site of infection, which particularly affect the heart, the peripheral nerves, or the kidneys. This chapter describes the worldwide distribution of Diphtheria into four biotypes: gravis, intermedius, mitis, and belfanti. It mentions epidemic and endemic diphtheria that occur in temperate climates and under poor socioeconomic conditions, where crowding is common and where many persons are either not immunized or inadequately immunized.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128715733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cellulitis and erysipelas 蜂窝织炎和丹毒
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511722240.022
Mandi P. Sachdeva, K. Tomecki, D. Schlossberg
{"title":"Cellulitis and erysipelas","authors":"Mandi P. Sachdeva, K. Tomecki, D. Schlossberg","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511722240.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511722240.022","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the clinical presentation, microbiology, and treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas. Erysipelas is a superficial skin infection limited to the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics with a distinct clinical presentation. The legs are the most commonly affected site, but erysipelas can occur anywhere on the body. Meanwhile, cellulitis is a type of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infection (ABSSSI) that involves the deep dermis and extends into the subcutaneous tissue. Clinically, cellulitis presents as a unilateral, ill-defined, erythematous, firm plaque in conjunction with the four cardinal signs of inflammation: rubor, calor, dolor, and tumor. Skin manifestations are often preceded by fever, chills, and malaise. Though there are notable differences between erysipelas and cellulitis, the treatment is similar and typically based on disease severity and presence of purulence. Systemic antimicrobial therapy is the treatment of choice for cellulitis/erysipelas. In addition to antimicrobial therapy, local measures including immobilization and elevation as well as supportive measures such as warm compresses can hasten recovery and alleviate symptoms.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128947490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Principles and practice of antimicrobial stewardship 抗菌药物管理的原则和实践
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0206
{"title":"Principles and practice of antimicrobial stewardship","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0206","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the primary goal of antimicrobial stewardship, which optimizes antibiotic use while using cost-effective interventions to minimize antibiotic resistance. Although infectious disease (ID) clinicians have traditionally acted as antibiotic stewards in most hospitals, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has mandated antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) for all hospitals to mitigate the damage of suboptimal antibiotic use. The chapter cites core measures that all ASPs should follow, such as the designation of a single ID clinician who will direct the hospital's ASP efforts. It emphasizes how the ID clinician leader should have special expertise in various aspects of antimicrobial therapy.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123276638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infectious complications in the injection and non-injection drug user 注射和非注射吸毒者的感染并发症
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0090
C. Contoreggi
{"title":"Infectious complications in the injection and non-injection drug user","authors":"C. Contoreggi","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0090","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces drug abuse as a widespread public health problem with several medical complications that are infectious due to the transmission of blood-borne, environmental, and respiratory infectious agents. An ongoing opioid epidemic has changed the face of addiction in the United States and Canada and resulted in many publications about medical complications associated with substance abuse. Non-injection and injecting drug users (DUs/IDUs) are less likely to access care and maintain adherence for optimal benefit due to social and access factors related to criminalization and economic status. Endocarditis has emerged as the most serious infectious complication in the injection user. The chapter highlights complications due to intravenous drug use that include pneumonia, aspiration pneumonitis, lung abscess, and septic pulmonary emboli.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121193753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Empyema and bronchopleural fistula 脓胸和支气管胸膜瘘
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139855952.042
C. Bolton, D. Shale
{"title":"Empyema and bronchopleural fistula","authors":"C. Bolton, D. Shale","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139855952.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139855952.042","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses empyema and bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Infection of the pleural space leading to empyema formation, and the importance of clearing infection and pus from this space, has been recognized since ancient times. Parapneumonic effusions are classified as simple or uncomplicated, complicated, and empyema, based on the appearance and biochemical characteristics of aspirated fluid, which supports the clinical impression of a continuum of disease. This classification has clinical utility in that, during the early acute phase, with free-flowing fluid, treatment is simpler than in the more chronic fibropurulent stage associated with multiple loculations and the need for greater interventional therapy. Empyema may be defined as the presence of organisms and numerous host defense cells, neutrophils, in the pleural fluid, or, more narrowly, as pus apparent to the naked eye. BPF may be caused by an empyema or may be associated with empyema formation following surgery, penetrating lung injuries, or a lung abscess.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116497863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) 吉氏肺囊虫(卡氏肺囊虫)
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0178
S. Gilroy, N. Bennett
{"title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii)","authors":"S. Gilroy, N. Bennett","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0178","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter cites Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP), formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii, as an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia in the immunocompromised individual. It explains how the disease caused by PJP occurs when both cellular and humoral immunity are impaired. It also looks at serologic studies that show the worldwide distributions of Pneumocystis and prevalence of antibodies to specific antigens that varies among different geographic regions. The chapter traces how PJP first came to attention when it caused interstitial pneumonia in severely malnourished and premature infants in Central and Eastern Europe during World War II. It describes PJP as one of several life-threatening opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worldwide and as the most common AIDS-defining illness in patients with advanced HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132283425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surgical prophylaxis 外科预防
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0112
Sonya A. Trinh, G. Pankey
{"title":"Surgical prophylaxis","authors":"Sonya A. Trinh, G. Pankey","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0112","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses surgical site infections (SSIs) as those related to operative procedures involving the incision site or surrounding tissues and organs. It emphasizes how SSIs increase direct and indirect healthcare costs related to prolonged hospital stays, emergency room visits, readmissions for treatment, and repeat surgical procedures. It talks about the estimated 95 million operative procedures that are performed annually in ambulatory settings and hospitals in the United States. The chapter analyzes SSIs of the incision that surrounds tissues or organs and that occur within 90 days of an operative procedure. It highlights the National Healthcare Safety Network's classification system for SSIs, which includes superficial incisional, deep incisional, and organ or space SSI.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115791817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Salmonella 沙门氏菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0148
B. Ribner
{"title":"Salmonella","authors":"B. Ribner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0148","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the salmonellae as the gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. It mentions different serotypes of Salmonella that are widely distributed in nature and found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of the hosts with which they are associated. It also looks at Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi that are found to colonize only the human GI tract. The chapter discusses other Salmonella serotypes, such as Salmonella typhimurium that have a wide range of hosts, and Salmonella dublin and Salmonella Arizona that are rarely found in the GI tracts of humans. It investigates the infections caused by the salmonellae that are grouped into three major syndromes: gastroenteritis, typhoid or enteric fever, and localized infection outside of the GI tract.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134199552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Meningococcus and miscellaneous neisseriae 脑膜炎球菌和其他奈瑟氏菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0141
C. Lau, E. Tramont
{"title":"Meningococcus and miscellaneous neisseriae","authors":"C. Lau, E. Tramont","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0141","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on meningococcal infection, which was first recognized over two centuries ago as epidemic cerebrospinal fever. It explains how meningococcal infection occurs worldwide as endemic sporadic cases that have the potential to spread and expand into an epidemic. It also investigates the transmission of meningococcal infection that occurs from person to person by direct contact with colonized respiratory secretions or airborne droplets with subsequent colonization of the nasopharynx. The chapter mentions nasopharyngeal carriage that approximates 5 to 15 percent in non-epidemic periods but may approach 50 to 95 percent during epidemics. It explains how nasopharyngeal carriage rate is increased when there is crowding or close personal contact, such as in military barracks, dormitories, prisons, convocations, and indoor sporting events.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134335642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clostridium 梭状芽胞杆菌
Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1055/b-0034-98722
D. Forster
{"title":"Clostridium","authors":"D. Forster","doi":"10.1055/b-0034-98722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/b-0034-98722","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the genus Clostridium, which contains many species of bacteria that cause human diseases. It analyzes how Clostridium can produce some of the deadliest toxins ever discovered and describes distinctive infections of Clostridium that includes botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, and food poisoning from Clostridium perfringens. It also examines clostridia that are obligate, anaerobic, spore-forming bacilli and are ubiquitous in the environment, in soil and marine sediment. The chapter mentions botulism as a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, which produce botulinum toxin, one of the most potent bacterial toxins ever described. It talks about tetanus as a neurologic disorder characterized by muscle spasms.","PeriodicalId":342218,"journal":{"name":"Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131796028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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