Theoretical and Natural Science最新文献

{"title":"LNPs as delivery platform of Rituximab for SMZL","authors":"Zhengnong Huang, Zifu Tang, Xianwen Zhang","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/45/20240635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/45/20240635","url":null,"abstract":"Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma (SMZL) is a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma from which patients may suffer anemia, autoimmune disorder and splenomegaly respectively. Due to its chronic nature, it has been increasingly hard to identify and treat effectively. The study establishes an SMZL mouse model and explores the potential of enhancing Rituximab treatment using Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs). Designed experiment includes how to establish the NFS.N mice model, characterization of the disease on mice and recovery standard of mice. First, SMZL mice model is establish followed by histology and immunocytochemistry investigation which looks directly at the mices lesion. Then flow cytology is carried out which looks at the expression level of IgM, IgK, CD23, CD45 etc., before bone marrow infiltration is carried out. A controlled experiment of three groups of mice is designed, including mice treated with conventional Rituximab, delivery with LNPs and delivering empty LNPs, respectively. The effect of LNPs on treating mice SMZL is investigated. And some expected results and analysis methods were also discussed alongside with recovery standard. This experiment aims to provide theoretical support to the development of more effective and targeted therapies for this specific type of lymphoma. However, this is only an design rigorous experimentation strengthens the scientific validity of these findings.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"33 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized algorithm: An advanced algorithm for modern video games","authors":"Junqi Zhao, Peiyuan Li","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/43/20240856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/43/20240856","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, video games are more and more popular, and the variety of games is also growing. Under intense competition, developers need to make their games replayable without being mediocre. Randomized algorithms would be helpful. The randomized algorithm generally refers to employing randomness to create different possible solutions. This review paper focuses on the use of randomized algorithms in modern video games. It analyzes different types of randomized algorithms, such as Gaussian Randomness and Filtered Randomness. It also outlines their general principles, advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, this paper discusses the applications of randomized algorithms in several mainstream popular types of video games, including Rogue-like, Sandbox, and Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games. This study will contribute to the application of stochastic algorithms in modern video games, but there are still many limitations and further research is needed.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"36 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary exploration of brain fiber bundle reconstruction and its influencing factors based on diffusion tensor imaging","authors":"Pinqin Wang","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/45/20240663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/45/20240663","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the methods and progress of brain fiber bundle construction based on diffusion tensor imaging data, and conducts a preliminary exploration of the construction results. The study is based on 45 subjects in the public database, using different software to construct nerve fiber bundles for comparison, calculating the number of fiber bundle tracking under different parameters, and finally conducting a t-test on the fiber bundle connection strength of the left and right brain. The nerve fibers constructed by different software are relatively consistent and also consistent with human brain nerve fibers. A more relaxed length threshold will increase the number of fiber tracking, and as the angle threshold increases, the number of fiber tracking will first increase and then decrease. There are differences in the connection strength of the left and right brain. This preliminary study provides a foundation for further exploring brain connectivity and analyzing differences between individuals or patient groups. While the fiber bundles constructed matched expectations, more validation is needed against post-mortem dissections or other imaging techniques. Additionally, expanding the study to include more subjects and analyzing specific fiber bundles or regions could provide more detailed insights. The methods and parameters evaluated in this work help establish best practices for fiber tracking and analyzing connectivity strength metrics. With refinement, such fiber bundle analysis tools may help researchers better understand structural brain networks and differences related to development, aging or disease.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"29 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential inhibition effect of ellagic acid on liver cells in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Yongxi Xu","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240786","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common kind of liver cancer, which has a relatively high fatality rate. The main cause of this type of cancer is liver inflammation, which leads to disorder in the tumor microenvironment. There are some current treatments, including liver transplants, radiofrequency, microwave ablation, and transarterial chemoembolization. However, the treatments still have limited disadvantages, which cannot be ignored. Recently, a traditional Chinese medicine - Chebulae Fructus, has been proven to have an inhibition ability on HCC cells. One of the main constituents, ellipticine, is found to have therapeutic targets that can treat HCC: PTGS2, CYP1A2, CCNB1, and RASGRF1. Moreover, the essay also mentioned that another type of constituent ellagic acid could also have an inhibition effect on tumor progression by binding to Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6). This study will further investigate the HCC inhibition effect of ellagic acid by providing an overview of the predicted results of the experiment. It will also provide the possible research direction of ellagic acid HCC treatment.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"9 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the mechanism of action of benzodiazepine drugs: The role of hippocampal damage in the development of anterograde amnesia","authors":"Xing Gao","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240941","url":null,"abstract":"Benzodiazepines are often prescribed medications that are widely utilized for a variety of medical issues. The usage of benzodiazepines comes with a number of adverse effects, including anterograde amnesia, which can have a significant negative impact on a patients life. This paper analyzes current amnesia cases and the mechanism of benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia in order to determine how benzodiazepines cause anterograde amnesia. This paper focuses on the mechanism by which benzodiazepines impede long-term potentiation (LTP) by reducing glutamate release and enhancing the inhibitory effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on n-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The end outcome of this interference is antegrade amnesia. Additionally, this paper gives some suggestions on the use of benzodiazepines and the future research direction. It highlights the necessity of more study to comprehend the underlying mechanisms in greater detail and to develop alternate therapies that lessen the negative consequences on cognition.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"17 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing amoxicillin and trimethoprim: Overall performance in combating Escherichia coli-causing urinary tract infection","authors":"Yiou Teng","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240578","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections in the world, and 80% of reported UTI cases are derived by gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is strongly adaptive and resilient against immune response, forming Intracellular Bacterial Communities (IBC) inside uroepithelium cells that constitute the urethra and the bladder. Their rapid absorption of cellular nutrients enables them to advance upward toward the kidney and cause inflammation. Hence, based on the perceived severity of UTI, multiple antibiotics are used to treat UPEC-causing UTI. This article provides a detailed review on the contemporary performance of amoxicillin and trimethoprim, both widely used to treat UPEC-causing UTI for decades. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-derivative that produces bactericidal by inhibiting transpeptidase to disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis, causing rapid-growing bacteria to lyse. It is a well-tolerated drug that can be used on pregnant patients. Resistant UPEC develop beta-lactamase to counter amoxicillin. Trimethoprim, on the other hand, is a dihydropyrimidine antibiotic that impedes the production of tetrahydrofolic acids, producing either bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects. Resistant UPEC transforms the shape of tetrahydrofolic acids-producing enzyme, dihydrofolic reductase, to resist trimethoprim. Although amoxicillin and trimethoprim are competitive inhibitors are effective against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative species, trimethoprim, in statistical study, is proven to be more effective than amoxicillin in treating gram-negative UTI. Today, the wide-spread resistant strains of UPEC exists for both drugs. Thus, amoxicillin and trimethoprim are implemented mainly through combination therapies, amoxicillin/clavulanate and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, respectively. These combinations are more effective than the drugs to be used alone and are able to counter some resistant strains, but UPEC that are resistant to combinations also exists. Regardless, both amoxicillin and trimethoprim are still used as first-line antibiotics, while more powerful antibiotics are reserved for special multi-resistant superbugs.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"24 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of antibiotics: Inhibition of protein synthesis versus DNA synthesis","authors":"Xiaoci Wang, Daini Liu, Yachun Li, Duohan Zhang","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240493","url":null,"abstract":"In this piece of writing, we will be addressing the following factors: properties of antibiotics, mechanism of action, clinical safety profile, as well as toxicity, adverse event profile, and case fatality rate. From our evaluation, in terms of properties of the two groups of antibiotics, protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics displays a like number of lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, with the majority of Anti-30S inhibitor drugs being predominantly hydrophilic, and a higher number of lipophilic drugs amongst Anti-50S inhibitors. Anti-50S inhibitors could therefore be preferred in oral intake drug development. DNA synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics show a limited trend in their properties. The mechanism of action for protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics generally follows four steps: activation of amino acids, initiation, extension, and termination of peptide chain synthesis. On the other hand, DNA synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics exhibits a range of different mechanisms, all of which results in the damage of DNA structure of the bacterium. In both clinical safety and toxicity studies, it is concluded that the two groups of antibiotics have previous cases of side effects, with the DNA synthesis-inhibiting drug, fluoroquinolones, more dangerous due to its potential to result in ventricular fibrillation on a patient. By assessing and comparing all the factors, this review aims to present a precise comparison of the similarities and differences between the protein and DNA synthesis inhibitors, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the two groups against bacterial infections, along with their safety for regular medication use.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the interplay between Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19: Insights into cognitive impairment and drug interactions","authors":"Jiachen Xu","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240471","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimers disease (AD) is a severe well-known cognitive disease, and it is also the most worldwide cause of dementia. Studies have shown that AD may have some interactions with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some particular areas. This paper aims to figure out the potential associations how one causes the interplay of another, whether directly or indirectly. In addition, the paper provides a comprehensive mechanism underlying cognitive impairment also known as brain fog of COVID-19, including the effects on neurons and glial cells by persistent elevation of the chemokine CCL11. Then the paper provides drug-drug interaction with metabolized by same cytochrome enzymes lead to major changes in the pharmacology of treatments. Finally, the paper concludes the points mentioned about the associations between COVID-19 and AD then suggests the direction of the future studies.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"55 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring combined therapeutic strategies: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and conventional medications in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) management","authors":"Yaoyuan Cao, Xuanang Wen, Yihong Lin","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/45/20240510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/45/20240510","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) remains a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, with treatments often facing significant limitations. This research article delves into an innovative therapeutic strategy that bridges the potential epigenetic capabilities of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) with the established benefits of traditional PCOS medications, notably metformin and contraceptive pills. Drawing inspiration from contemporary literature, the manuscript highlights the limited role of SAM in DNA methylation processes and the unclear long-term effects of Sam in attenuating PCOS-related traits in specific animal models. The paper meticulously outlines an experimental design, encapsulating aspects such as precise drug formulation, systematic administration regimens, and methodical data collection and analysis techniques. Such a holistic approach facilitates a robust evaluation of the synergetic effects of combining SAM with established drugs. In spotlighting this combined therapeutic method, the article aspires to offer fresh perspectives in the realm of PCOS management, ultimately emphasizing the pivotal importance of subsequent clinical trials and more extensive studies in solidifying these preliminary findings.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Several synthetic pathways of morphine opioids","authors":"Xinyue Wang, Yijing Liu, Yijing Liu, Catherine Suo, Yueying Huang","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/44/20240794","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout history, painkillers have played an integral role in humans day-to-day lives. Used to relieve pain in various ways throughout the body, painkillers have gone through many years of development to keep up with the demands of modern medicine. More specifically, opioids, one type of pain killer that works with the human central nervous system, have been at an all-time high in demand. Its use for treating both acute and chronic pain is indispensable in medicine. However, the neural pathways associated with its pain-relieving effects make these substances highly addictive. In the past, morphine, one type of opioid, had been mainly grown and extracted in its plant form, opium poppy. But due to the highly addictive nature of these plants, numerous countries have strictly regulated the growth of any morphine plants, including China and Afghanistan. These regulations lead to the inability to obtain morphine-like opium through natural purification. Because of this, scientists have been in search of the most efficient and effective methods of synthesizing morphine. This review aims to provide the history, techniques, and further analysis of existing morphine opioid synthesis processes.","PeriodicalId":341023,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","volume":"52 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}