International Journal of Plasticity最新文献

{"title":"The mechanism of multi-component dislocation synergistic evolution and material strengthening in the as-cast TiZrNbV refractory high-entropy alloy","authors":"Peiyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Hang Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuliang Lin ,&nbsp;Zihan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High/medium-entropy alloys (HEAs/MEAs) are gaining attention for their superior mechanical properties, especially in applications that require high strength and impact resistance. Among these, body-centered cubic (BCC) refractory HEAs are notable for their high-temperature stability and mechanical strength. However, achieving an optimal balance between strength and ductility remains challenging. This study focuses on TiZrNbV BCC-HEA, which exhibits not only impressive strength (yield strength &gt; 1 GPa) but also good ductility (∼9 % uniform elongation). Its plastic deformation and strengthening mechanisms are investigated through uniaxial tensile tests, cyclic load-unload-reload tests, and stress-relaxation tests. Key to understanding its mechanical behavior is the evolution of dislocation structures, including mobile dislocations, geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), and statistically stored dislocations (SSDs). The Kocks-Mecking model is employed to examine hardening mechanisms. At low strains, heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) hardening dominates, while forest dislocation hardening prevails at higher strains. This work sheds light on the interplay of dislocation density evolution and hardening mechanisms in achieving the high strength and ductility of alloys. These mechanisms of dislocation synergistic evolution and strengthening are valuable for designing advanced alloys with optimized mechanical properties, paving the way for high-performance materials in extreme environments like aerospace, automotive, and energy industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104505"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A concise fracture model for ductile metals: Integration of symbolic regression and strength theory","authors":"Ning Li ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Sun ,&nbsp;Tao Suo ,&nbsp;Yulong Li ,&nbsp;Yazhou Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An ideal fracture model for engineering applications should accurately predict fracture behavior across various ductile metals while maintaining a concise formulation with minimal fitting parameters. By comparing the roles of weak constraints (derived from microscopic mechanism analysis) and strong constraints (based on strength theories) in symbolic regression, two fracture models are proposed: the theory and symbolic regression-based fracture model (TSR-F model) and the extended symbolic regression-based fracture model (ESR-F model). Symbolic regression, when applied under strong constraints, is able to effectively derive generalized fracture model for various ductile metals using limited experimental data. The effectiveness and accuracy of the models are validated through experiments on 26 types of metals, demonstrating their applicability across a wide range of materials and over a broad range of stress triaxiality and Lode angle parameters, where the ESR-F model shows superior performance. Moreover, the performance of the TSR-F model is close to that of the ESR-F model, which indicates the critical importance of incorporating appropriate constraints in symbolic regression. Furthermore, while the strong constraints are introduced through the generalization of the von Mises and Maximum Mohr-Coulomb criteria for isotropic metals, one may be compelled to neglect anisotropy induced under low-triaxiality ductile fracture to avoid overly complicated expressions. This study demonstrates the potential of symbolic regression methods with suitable strong theoretical constraints to develop universal expressions of mechanical models using limited experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104506"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsupervised mechanism-informed neural network modeling of plastic hardening in rafted Ni-based single crystal alloys","authors":"Huanbo Weng ,&nbsp;Cheng Luo ,&nbsp;Huang Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rafted nickel-based single-crystal alloys exhibit directionally dependent mechanical degradation, necessitating the integration of anisotropic microstructural characteristics into macroscopic single-crystal plasticity models. This study presents a new mechanism-informed neural network (MINN)-based multi-scale crystal plasticity framework coupled with microstructural fabric tensors to address this challenge. The proposed model incorporates single-crystal slip deformation mechanisms and utilizes 12 sets of measurable physical quantities, including stress, strain, and microstructural parameters, as input and output variables to derive microstructure-sensitive hardening models in an unsupervised manner. Isotropic and deviatoric fabric tensors are decomposed into individual slip systems, directly influencing material plastic flow. The investigations reveal that the isotropic component’s magnitude correlates with microstructural channel width, modulating slip system strain rates, while the deviatoric component’s direction and magnitude jointly govern flow and hardening behavior on the slip systems. These insights enhance the understanding of the multi-scale mechanical behavior of single-crystal alloys and provide a foundation for constitutive modeling. Meanwhile, the proposed framework offers innovative methods and research paradigms to investigate slip deformation mechanisms in anisotropic crystalline alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104507"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demand-driven predictive tailoring of anisotropic yield surfaces in origami metamaterials via machine learning","authors":"Sihao Han,&nbsp;Chunlei Li,&nbsp;Qiang Han,&nbsp;Xiaohu Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yield surface defines the elastic-to-plastic transition in materials. However, accurately capturing the multiaxial yield surfaces of anisotropic metamaterials remains challenging with conventional criteria, and active tailoring of yield surfaces is also underdeveloped. Here, a novel machine learning framework (Q-TEncMLP) is proposed for predicting and on-demand tailoring anisotropic yield surfaces in origami metamaterials. First, a predictive deep learning model (TEncMLP) is trained on limited data to achieve end-to-end mapping from topologies to multiaxial yield surfaces. Through transfer learning with frozen parameters, the model generalizes to new yield surfaces using only 20% of additional data, enhancing efficiency across different stress states and geometric variations. Beyond prediction, attention-weight analysis provides mechanical interpretability by revealing the roles of key parameters in anisotropic yielding. Furthermore, TEncMLP is embedded into reinforcement learning as a digital twin environment, where mechanics-informed reward functions facilitate demand-driven tailoring of yield surfaces. This allows tailored yield surfaces for various objectives, including max/minimization, target matching, and lightweighting while preserving mechanical performance. Overall, this work not only clarifies the key mechanisms governing anisotropic yield in origami metamaterials, but also provides a general paradigm for intelligent constitutive modeling, shifting from experience-driven to demand-driven.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104522"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the transition from diffuse microcracking to localized macrocracking in saturated quasi-brittle media: Micro-poromechanics-based approach and analytical solutions","authors":"Lunyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Linghui Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanming Lai ,&nbsp;Qizhi Zhu ,&nbsp;Jianfu Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a new micro-poromechanics-based approach is developed for modeling progressive failure process in saturated quasi-brittle media (SQBM) under compression-dominating stresses. The emphasis is put on the transition from diffuse microcracking to localized macrocracking by incorporating poromechanical interaction. A micro-poromechanical model is first established for the description of diffuse damage and frictional sliding of microcracks by combining linear homogenization and irreversible thermodynamics. In particular, the concept of effective stress in the context of damage mechanics is revisited. The role of fluid pressure in cracking process is clarified. The onset of localized macrocracking is then described as stemming from the coalescence of microcracks when the diffuse damage density parameter reaches a critical value. After that transition point, the dissipation process in the SQBM is primarily attributed to the evolution of localized cracks. Within this frame, an anisotropic poromechanical model is developed for modeling the growth and frictional sliding of oriented localized macrocrack whose orientation is analytically determined and depends on loading path. The displacement discontinuity across the macrocrack can be evaluated. For assessing the performance of proposed approach, a set of examples are examined, including drained and undrained triaxial compression tests. In particular, analytical solutions are obtained and compared with existing experimental data, in terms of stress–strain relations, porosity and fluid pressure evolution, and the transition from diffuse damage to localized cracking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104508"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical response and constitutive model of tungsten-particle-reinforced Zr-based bulk-metallic-glass composites","authors":"Yunfei Ma ,&nbsp;Pan Gong ,&nbsp;Mao Zhang ,&nbsp;Binghui Deng ,&nbsp;Maojun Li ,&nbsp;Changqing Sun ,&nbsp;Dabo Liu ,&nbsp;Fei Hu ,&nbsp;Xuxiao Yang ,&nbsp;Xinyun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving both high strength and sufficient plasticity in metallic materials under dynamic loading remains a longstanding challenge. In this study, tungsten-particle-reinforced bulk metallic glass composites (W_p/BMGCs) were fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS), and their dynamic compressive mechanical properties were systematically investigated at high strain rates (10³ ∼ 5 × 10³ s⁻¹). The results show that W_p/BMGCs exhibit outstanding dynamic performance, with a yield strength of 4000 MPa, a plastic strain of 12 %, and positive strain rate sensitivity. This enhanced behavior originates from interfacial strain gradients generated by the inherent elastic modulus mismatch between W_p and the metallic glass matrix, which induce the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) within the W_p. Under dynamic loading, the dislocation-free, high shear-strength metallic glass matrix exerts a back-stress on dislocations in adjacent W_p, thereby impeding dislocation glide and enhancing the apparent deformation resistance of the W_p phase. Additionally, W_p effectively suppress catastrophic shear band propagation while promoting the nucleation and proliferation of multiple secondary shear bands in the matrix. This dual mechanism significantly improves phase-coordinated deformation, ultimately contributing to the superior yield strength and plastic strain. Based on these insights, a dislocation-based strengthening mechanism was incorporated into the Johnson-Cook constitutive model. The modified framework accurately captures the effects of particle size and volume fraction on the dynamic response, showing strong agreement with experimental results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104509"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145413911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling framework and discussion of microstructural effects on the formation of Cu–Cu bonding interfaces in semiconductor stacking","authors":"Jae-Uk Lee ,&nbsp;Hyun-Dong Lee ,&nbsp;Sung-Hyun Oh ,&nbsp;Young-Dae Shim ,&nbsp;Sukkyung Kang ,&nbsp;Sanha Kim ,&nbsp;Hoo-Jeong Lee ,&nbsp;Eun-Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As computational costs increase with the increasing use of artificial intelligence, improving the performance and efficiency of semiconductor systems has become an unavoidable challenge. Bumpless bonding is considered an emerging technology for semiconductor stacking to increase input/output density. Some studies have aimed at precisely controlling the bonding temperature and pressure to achieve a reliable Cu–Cu bonding interface. Nevertheless, considerable variations in the interface have been observed, even under identical conditions, which are attributed to the influence of the Cu microstructure. Controlling the microstructure of Cu during bonding still faces many technical challenges, and insufficient research has been conducted. Although some experimental studies exist, they have not fully analyzed the complete mechanism of the microstructural effect, and studies on numerical analysis are lacking. This study developed a modeling framework and simulated the behavior occurring in Cu–Cu bonding by considering microstructural effects. To achieve this, the microstructural vector theory has been extended to consider the distortion of the atomic lattice caused by atomic flux and slip. The model was then implemented using the finite element method (FEM) through the ABAQUS user-defined material subroutine (UMAT). The numerical analysis results showed that the voids at the interface are more significantly affected by pressure than by temperature, and the combination of grains at the interface has a significant impact on interface formation. These simulation results were first used to mechanically analyze and discuss the experimental observations previously reported for Cu–Cu bonding. Furthermore, additional experiments and inverse pole figure (IPF) observations of the Cu–Cu bonding interface were conducted, and the results were found to be consistent with the trends predicted by the model. The research findings demonstrate that the microstructure has a significant impact on the bonding interface formation and confirm the potential for controlling the bonding interface through microstructural control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104501"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling creep mechanisms in metallic glasses via fractional modeling under coupled thermo-mechanical loads","authors":"J.B. Cui ,&nbsp;G.H. Xing ,&nbsp;Guo-Jian Lyu ,&nbsp;Yun-Jiang Wang ,&nbsp;T. Wada ,&nbsp;H. Kato ,&nbsp;V.A. Khonik ,&nbsp;Y. Yang ,&nbsp;J.C. Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the creep behavior of Pd₂₀Pt₂₀Cu₂₀Ni₂₀P₂₀ metallic glass under varying temperatures and applied stresses. To accurately capture its time-dependent deformation response, a fractional Burgers model is proposed by extending the classical Burgers framework using fractional calculus. The model demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data and offers physically interpretable parameters that describe the inelastic response of material. With increasing temperature, the quasi-steady-state creep strain rate increases significantly, accompanied by a notable reduction in the apparent viscosity. The viscosity-related parameters exhibit thermally activated behavior, while the fractional orders α_₁ and α_₂ also increase with temperature, indicating enhanced atomic mobility. The validity of the model is further supported by dynamic mechanical analysis, in which the temperature-dependent trends of storage and loss moduli align closely with model predictions. In contrast, increasing the stress primarily accelerates the creep rate but exerts only a limited influence on viscosity and the evolution of fractional parameters, suggesting that temperature plays a more dominant role than stress in determining creep kinetics. Creep experiments conducted on samples with different degrees of physical aging reveal that structural relaxation primarily suppresses the initial transient anelastic strain, while the quasi-steady-state stage remains largely unaffected. Finally, a comparative analysis among metallic glasses with different β relaxation features shows that alloys exhibiting more pronounced β relaxation tend to possess higher α_₁ and α_₂ values, underscoring the critical role of β relaxation in mediating intrinsic ductility and deformation behavior below the glass transition temperature in metallic glasses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104511"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145305783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling deformation mechanisms in CP-Ti via crystal plasticity: Direction-dependent surface roughness evolution","authors":"Kyung Mun Min ,&nbsp;Jung Yun Won ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Hu ,&nbsp;Hyuk Jong Bong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the evolution of surface roughness and the underlying deformation mechanisms in ultra-thin commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheets, which are attracting increasing attention as candidate materials for metallic bipolar plates in fuel cells. Under uniaxial tension along the rolling direction (RD), the sheets developed markedly rough surfaces with pronounced creases aligned with the loading direction. In contrast, loading along the transverse direction (TD) produced lower roughness and a more uniform, nearly isotropic surface morphology. Crystal plasticity finite element modeling reproduced these observations and attributed the direction-dependent roughness evolution to differences in the activation of slip and twinning systems. Tensile loading along RD was dominated by prismatic ⟨a⟩ slip, restricting through-thickness deformation. Conversely, tensile loading along TD activated multiple deformation systems, enabling more distributed deformation in multiple directions. These mechanisms were further supported by deformation microstructures revealed through electron backscatter diffraction. Taken together, these findings clarify the origin of direction-dependent roughening and provide mechanistic insight into heterogeneous through-thickness deformation behavior and its role in surface roughness evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104503"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A coupled crystal plasticity-phase field framework for anisotropic fracture in Ni-based single crystals","authors":"H.T. Li ,&nbsp;X.M. Wang ,&nbsp;H. Cheng ,&nbsp;Z.L. Ding ,&nbsp;S.Y. Sun ,&nbsp;W.Z. Yang ,&nbsp;Y. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crack nucleation, propagation and coalescence in anisotropic Ni-based single crystal superalloys are critical to the durability of aero engines hot-section components. This study develops a coupled crystal-plasticity and phase-field model to capture the fracture behavior for the materials and account for the coupling effects between plasticity and damage. The framework incorporates a fracture toughness degradation function driven by plastic strain energy, directly illustrating the influence of plastic deformation on crack resistance. Additionally, a yield surface degradation function, incorporated into power-law flow theory, accounts for damage-induced strength reduction and prevents numerical instabilities in severely damaged zones. Furthermore, elastoplastic constitutive relations are decomposed into crack-driving and persistent components within a variational framework, addressing tension-compression asymmetry for fracture behavior and satisfying the orthogonality decomposition condition for anisotropic materials. The proposed model is validated through numerical examples, demonstrating its ability to accurately predict experimental results and elucidate the anisotropic fracture processes in Ni-based single crystal superalloys. This work provides a robust framework for understanding and predicting fracture in anisotropic materials, with potential applications for advancing aerospace hot-section component design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104541"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145441396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}