International Journal of Plasticity最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying power partitioning during void growth for dynamic mechanical loading in reduced form","authors":"Noah J. Schmelzer ,&nbsp;Evan J. Lieberman ,&nbsp;Nan Chen ,&nbsp;Curt A. Bronkhorst","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A study of the partitioning of external power into stress power, stored defect energy, thermal energy, and inertia during dynamic void growth is presented. An alternative form for a classical thick-walled sphere governing equation stemming from a local power balance including energetic cost of free surface creation is proposed. The importance of proper energy accounting in the context of dynamic ductile damage is discussed. An isotropic thermodynamically consistent thermomechanical dislocation density-based plasticity model is presented and compared against experimental data for high-purity BCC tantalum. This model accounts for plastic power partitioning to stored defect energy and thermal energy with evolving Taylor-Quinney coefficient. The plasticity model is used to perform a suite of thick-walled sphere calculations spanning a wide range of deformation rates and initial temperatures. Thick-walled sphere geometry and initial porosity are based on post-mortem metallographic analysis of void size and spacing in high-purity tantalum. Stress measures of interest as well as quantities provided by enforced thermodynamic consistency are evaluated across the radius of thick-walled sphere calculations as a function of strain rate and temperature. Agglomeration of the resulting 35 thick-walled sphere simulations provides a database for statistical evaluation. Analysis using information theory yields a simple reduced order functional form for the total thick-walled sphere stress power in terms of surface quantities and solid volume. Validation of the found functional form is performed for five arbitrary loading curves showing good agreement. Implications for the local power balance evolution equation are examined. Suitability of the resulting void governing equation for use in continuum-scale dynamic ductile damage models is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104314"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143660522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal high yield strength and strain softening in a metastable β titanium alloy at room temperature","authors":"Tianle Li ,&nbsp;Ning Xu ,&nbsp;Xiang Wu ,&nbsp;Jiaobao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaochun Liu ,&nbsp;Xifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the relationship between deformation behaviors and mechanisms is significant for the processing and application of metastable β titanium alloys. Here we aim to investigate and evaluate the abnormal yield strength and strain softening of a Ti-15.1Mo-2.77Nb-3.1Al-0.21Si alloy at room temperature. This alloy exhibits a high yield strength of 970 MPa, followed by the continuous stress drop behavior in the entire engineering strains (or true strains of 0.018 ∼ 0.056). Digital image correlation (DIC) reveals that the flow stress drop results from local strain softening associated with a local increase in strain rate, instead of Lüders strain. The pinning between dislocations and Si atoms as well as other interstitial atoms at and near grain boundaries is mainly responsible for the high yield strength. Subsequently, dislocations originating from grain boundaries can easily slip in a planar pattern along the {110} 〈111〉 slip systems, resulting in a continuous stress drop. In addition, both the low density of dislocations within β grains and large grain size also provide favorable conditions for dislocation slip over a long distance. This study reveals the mechanisms of both high yield strength and strain softening in the metastable β Ti alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104310"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating L12 precipitation behavior and mechanical properties in an Fe-rich medium-entropy alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Shidong Wang ,&nbsp;Wenhua Wu ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yue Sun ,&nbsp;Chenghao Song ,&nbsp;Youyou Zhang ,&nbsp;Gang Sha ,&nbsp;Zengbao Jiao ,&nbsp;Tao Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the effects of different annealing treatments before identical aging on precipitation and mechanical properties of an L1₂-strengthened Fe-rich medium-entropy alloy (Fe-MEA) fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). These treatments result in distinct final microstructures characterized by either discontinuous precipitation (DP) or continuous precipitation (CP) dominance, accompanied by varied mechanical properties. The high-density dislocations and coarse grains induced by L-PBF promote CP. In contrast, the fine grains formed via L-PBF and the reduced dislocation density through annealing enhance DP, leading to grain refinement. The L-PBF Fe-MEA subjected to various post-printing heat treatments also demonstrates acceptable mechanical properties. It is revealed that the stacking fault energy (SFE) of the face-centered cubic (fcc) matrix in the direct-aged sample is sufficiently low to facilitate the formation of deformation-induced twinning and stacking faults (SFs) in both the CP and DP regions, indicating that both regions exhibit good deformation capacity. Additionally, hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening significantly contributes to the strength of the studied samples. In the annealing-aged samples, HDI strengthening primarily originates from the heterogeneous distribution of grains and precipitates (fine grains containing DP and coarse grain including CP). In contrast, in the direct-aged sample, HDI strengthening is attributed not only to the heterogeneous grains and precipitates but also to the heterogeneous dislocation structure. This work may provide guidance for modulating L1₂ precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of high/medium-entropy alloys (H/MEAs) fabricated by L-PBF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104290"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-dependent strength superiority in multi-principal element alloys versus constituent metals: Insights from machine-learning atomistic simulations","authors":"Fei Shuang ,&nbsp;Yucheng Ji ,&nbsp;Luca Laurenti ,&nbsp;Poulumi Dey","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are renowned for their enhanced mechanical strength relative to their constituent metals, as evidenced by various experimental techniques such as tension/compression tests and instrumental indentation. Nevertheless, atomistic simulations sometimes produce conflicting results, casting doubt on the consistently superior mechanical properties of MPEAs. In this study, machine-learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) with first-principles accuracy were developed for body-centered cubic refractory MoNbTaW MPEAs, enabling systematic atomistic simulations under various deformation scenarios. The new MLIPs are supported by a comprehensive dataset encompassing extensive defects, and the established embedded-atom model (EAM) potential was benchmarked against both this dataset and the new MLIP. Simulations covering diverse compositions confirm that both MLIPs and EAM accurately capture the critical strengthening mechanisms in MoNbTaW MPEAs. It is revealed that MPEAs generally exhibit superior mechanical strength compared to their constituent metals in macroscale specimens, primarily due to solid solution strengthening during dislocation motion. However, at the nanoscale—where plasticity is predominantly governed by dislocation nucleation and grain boundary deformation—the constituent metals may outperform MPEAs. A critical length scale is identified above which MPEAs demonstrate enhanced mechanical strength relative to their constituent elements; below this scale, the advantage diminishes, underscoring a significant size-dependent effect that is crucial for optimizing MPEA applications, particularly at the nanoscale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104308"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear banding mediated fracture mechanisms in additively manufactured IN738 superalloys under low-strain-rate loading","authors":"Xiaofeng Dang ,&nbsp;Yao Li ,&nbsp;Jie Zheng ,&nbsp;Luqing Cui ,&nbsp;Kaiju Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liang ,&nbsp;Sihai Luo ,&nbsp;Guangni Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Jiao ,&nbsp;Yihua Dou ,&nbsp;Liucheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Weifeng He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear banding coupled with grain refinement plays a critical role in fracture behavior under dynamic loading and (very) high-cycle fatigue but is rarely observed during low-strain-rate loading. In this study, we report for the first experimental evidence of shear banding mediated fracture mechanism in an electron beam powder bed fusion (EBPBF) fabricated IN738 superalloy upon low-strain-rate (1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹) uniaxial tensile loading. The optimized EBPBF process mitigates solidification defects and produces well-aligned columnar grains with a &lt;001&gt; fiber texture along the building direction, achieving superior mechanical properties compared to cast alloys through the synergistic effect of multiple strengthening mechanisms. Notably, the relatively uniform distribution of nano-sized carbides in the EBPBF-fabricated alloys prevents strain-incompatibility cracking caused by coarse carbides in cast alloys and facilitates shear banding mediated transgranular fracture. The shear band, formed due to concentrated plastic deformation along the crack path, is associated with complete grain nanocrystallization and γ′ precipitate fragmentation through intensive dislocations and twinning activities. The formation of shear banding potentially dissipates crack propagation energy and enhances the crack growth resistance. These findings provide new insights into fracture mechanisms and underscore the potential of additive manufacturing for designing damage-tolerant superalloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104296"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-dependent mechanical behaviors and mechanisms in CoCrFeNi microfibers","authors":"Le Bo ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Gao ,&nbsp;Wenjing Song ,&nbsp;Zhiliang Ning ,&nbsp;Jianfei Sun ,&nbsp;Alfonso H.W. Ngan ,&nbsp;Yongjiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit a wide diversity of crystalline defects for property control. Fabricating HEAs in microfiber forms further enhances property controllability due to intrinsic and extrinsic size effects. In this study, CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy microfibers with 30–100 μm diameters (<em>D</em>) and grain sizes (<em>d</em>) of 2.1–60.6 μm, were obtained through drawing, electric current annealing, and electropolishing, and subjected to uniaxial tensile testing. As <em>D</em>/<em>d</em> &gt; 3, the yield strength obeys the Hall-Petch relation concerning <em>d</em> and a smaller-is-weaker effect or is insensitive to <em>D</em>. When <em>D</em>/<em>d</em> &lt; 3, the yield strength deviates positively from the Hall-Petch relationship with respect to <em>d</em> and a smaller-is-stronger effect to <em>D</em>. The <em>D</em>/<em>d</em> &gt; 3 behavior is due to grain boundary strengthening and surface-grain softening, while the <em>D</em>/<em>d</em> &lt; 3 behavior is driven by reduced dislocation accumulation and size effects influenced by the limited number of grains spanning the diameter. These findings illustrate that in small-diameter microfibers, strengthening and weakening mechanisms intertwine to yield complex size effects, thus offering the potential to tailor the mechanical properties of micro-sized polycrystalline components through grain-size control and external-size adjustment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104307"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the influence of high-strength submicron precipitate on the fracture performance of additively-manufactured aluminum alloy","authors":"Li Cao ,&nbsp;Renyi Lu ,&nbsp;Zheng Dou ,&nbsp;Min Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiao Han ,&nbsp;Yu Hao ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinfang Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation of intermetallic compound has been widely considered as an effective strengthening approach in Al alloy. Its precipitate dimension is a key factor influencing the mechanical performance. Except for the pinning effect of nanosized precipitate, the contribution of submicron precipitate is also nonnegligible. Therefore, establishing the mechanism framework for the relationship of manufacturing process-precipitate structure-fracture performance is of great significance, which is essential and foundational for optimizing the practical service performance of alloys parts. Herein, by taking the Al-Cu-Ni series alloy (e.g. RR350) as background, the study reveals the microstructure evolution of high-strength submicron Al₇Cu₄Ni precipitate from fabrication (additive manufacturing-heat treatment) to failure, and its influence mechanism on the fracture behavior. Through the microstructure regulation, a high elongation rate of ∼28.5 % and slightly-deteriorated ultimate tensile strength of ∼305.2 MPa are achieved. The <em>in-situ</em> and <em>ex-situ</em> characterizations are employed to analyze the synergy mechanism of strength-ductility performance. Some novel findings are obtained that the submicron grain-boundary precipitates can interrupt the intergranular crack by influencing the stress status, thus decreasing the crack propagation rate and altering its propagation pathways. The entangled dislocation also presents an obstruction impact on the intragranular crack extension by its hardening effect. Moreover, the submicron Al₇Cu₄Ni precipitates with high bonding strength can withstand the concentrated stress to maintain a stable structure during alloy fracture, meanwhile present a strengthening effect on α-Al matrix to ameliorate the deterioration of tensile strength. The characterization of dislocation and microcrack evolution, provides direct evidence to the mechanism framework above, and could also provide insights into the strength-ductility coordination for other Al alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104306"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of fracture behaviors in hydrogenated zirconium alloys using a crystal plasticity coupled phase-field fracture model","authors":"X.D. Zan ,&nbsp;X. Guo ,&nbsp;G.J. Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zirconium (Zr) alloys are widely used as fuel cladding materials in nuclear reactors; however, the formation of hydride precipitates within these alloys during service significantly reduces their ductility. The effects of hydrides on the fracture behavior of Zr alloys, particularly the role of misfit strain induced by hydride precipitation, remains inadequately understood. Additionally, there is a lack of robust mesoscale models to accurately describe the failure mechanisms of hydrogenated Zr alloys. In response, we develop a crystal plasticity coupled phase-field fracture model that accounts for the evolution of dislocation density, the degradation of critical energy release rate, and the coupling effects between plasticity and damage. The model is employed to investigate the effects of misfit strain induced by hydride precipitation, hydride orientation, and hydride volume fraction on the fracture behavior of hydrogenated Zr alloys. The study also explores the underlying microscopic fracture mechanisms in detail. The results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively captures the influences of hydrides on the ductility of Zr alloys. Specifically, an increase in hydride volume fraction leads to a significant reduction in the ductility and toughness of Zr alloys. The microscopic fracture characteristics of hydrogenated Zr alloys differ significantly between those containing circumferential and radial hydrides, resulting in substantially lower ductility and toughness in samples with radial hydrides under the same conditions. Most importantly, our simulations reveal that misfit strain induced by hydride precipitation is an indispensable factor leading to hydrogen embrittlement in Zr alloys. This research provides valuable insights into the failure mechanisms of hydrogenated Zr alloys and offers a powerful tool for accurately modeling their fracture behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104304"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The quantitative evaluation of the plasticity of Nb/amorphous CuNb nanolayered thin films by micro-pillar compressions and micro-indentations as well as their correlation","authors":"Feng Qin ,&nbsp;Yaodong Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Shaohua Chen ,&nbsp;Jianjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-indentation (MI) tests have been widely used to investigate the deformation of nanolayered metallic films (NMFs) due to the convenience, simplicity and low cost. However, MI is unable to directly provide a quantitative information on the plasticity of the NMFs because of the complex 3-D stress state. Here, a combinational approach is proposed to address the above critical issue, in which systematic micro-pillar (MC) tests has been first conducted to investigate the strength and plasticity of Nb/amorphous CuNb NMFs with layer thicknesses of 100 nm, 40 nm and 5 nm. Then, an effective strain based theoretical model has been developed to derive a homogeneous deformation strain (HDS) by distinguishing the shear banding-induced strain localization region from the non-localized one for the MI-induced 3-D stress state. The MI-derived HDS can be directly compared with the MC-measured one that is determined as the maximum applied strain without causing shear banding and micro/nano-cracks in the deformed pillars. The results show that the MI-evaluated HDSs are in quantitatively agreement with the MC-measured ones, revealing the best plasticity (i.e., with HDS of 48.5 %) in the 40 nm sample. The enhanced plasticity in the 40 nm sample is attributed to the deformation twinning in the Nb layers as revealed by the transmission electron microscopy analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. The above findings demonstrated that the plasticity of NMFs can be quantitatively evaluated by several simple MI tests with the aid of the developed combinational approach, in which the time-consuming and costly MC tests could be avoided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104294"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Thermally Activated Dislocation Plasticity of Metals and Alloys","authors":"David L. McDowell ,&nbsp;Zi-Kui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gibbs equilibrium thermodynamic framework has demonstrated high utility in computational thermodynamics for prediction of stable phases and a wide range of properties of metals and alloys. Hillert nonequilibrium thermodynamics is a generalization of the Gibbs framework suitable for nonequilibrium evolution processes, including nucleation and migration of defects (Liu, 2024a,b). Based on a sequence of local equilibrium states that reflect the heterogeneity of material structure, including defect distribution, Hillert nonequilibrium thermodynamics considers the increment of both thermal and configurational entropy changes associated with irreversible processes along a nonequilibrium trajectory. In the context of thermally activated dislocation plasticity (McDowell, 2024a,b,c), the present paper considers the Hillert generalization of Gibbs equilibrium thermodynamics in terms of internal state variable theories based on evolving constrained local equilibrium states of subsystems such as grains and phases that comprise the overall system or ensemble. We discuss the enumeration of configurations of defects to construct configurational entropy, distinguish between driving forces and probabilities of pending reactions based on local constrained equilibrium states and the entropy change due to nonequilibrium state transitions, and provide insights into both the second law of thermodynamics and the heuristic principle of maximal internal entropy production. Finally, we discuss the use of this framework as a strategy to inform reduced order internal state variable models for crystal plasticity relations of hierarchically structured alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 104303"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}