Applied Computing and Geosciences最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Parallel investigations of remote sensing and ground-truth lake Chad's level data using statistical and machine learning methods’ [Appl. Comput. Geosci. 20 (2023) 100135]","authors":"Kim-Ndor Djimadoumngar","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590197423000307/pdfft?md5=e6efd8c63afb83e52ab8e0a17a1bf13b&pid=1-s2.0-S2590197423000307-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136127382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Imputation Methods for rainfall data under high variability in Johor River Basin, Malaysia","authors":"Zulfaqar Sa’adi ,&nbsp;Zulkifli Yusop ,&nbsp;Nor Eliza Alias ,&nbsp;Ming Fai Chow ,&nbsp;Mohd Khairul Idlan Muhammad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Wafiy Adli Ramli ,&nbsp;Zafar Iqbal ,&nbsp;Mohammed Sanusi Shiru ,&nbsp;Faizal Immaddudin Wira Rohmat ,&nbsp;Nur Athirah Mohamad ,&nbsp;Mohamad Faizal Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2023.100145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Missing values in rainfall records might result in erroneous predictions and inefficient management practices with significant economic, environmental, and social consequences. This is particularly important for rainfall datasets in Peninsular Malaysia (PM) due to the high level of missingness that can affect the inherent pattern in the highly variable time series. In this work, 21 target rainfall stations in the Johor River Basin (JRB) with daily data between 1970 and 2015 were used to examine 19 different multiple imputation methods that were carried out using the Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE) package in R. For each station, artificial missing data were added at rates of up to 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% for different types of missingness, namely, Missing Completely At Random (MCAR), Missing At Random (MAR), and Missing Not At Random (MNAR), leaving the original missing data intact. The imputation quality was evaluated based on several statistical performance metrics, namely mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), modified degree of agreement (MD), coefficient of determination (R2), Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), and volumetric efficiency (VE), which were later ranked and aggregated by using the compromise programming index (CPI) to select the best method. The results showed that linear regression predicted values (<em>norm.predict</em>) consistently ranked the highest under all types and levels of missingness. For example, under MAR, MNAR, and MCAR, this method showed the lowest MAE values, ranging between 0.78 and 2.25, 0.93–2.57, and 0.87–2.43, respectively. It also consistently shows higher NSE and R2 values of 0.71–0.92, 0.6–0.92, and 0.66–0.91, and 0.77–0.92, 0.71–0.93, and 0.75–0.92 under MAR, MCAR, and MNAR, respectively. The methods of <em>mean</em>, <em>rf</em>, and <em>cart</em> also appear to be efficient. The incorporation of the compromise programming index (CPI) as a decision-support tool has enabled an objective assessment of the output from the multiple performance metrics for the ranking and selection of the top-performing method. During validation, the Probability Density Function (PDF) demonstrated that even with up to 30% missingness, the shape of the distribution was retained after imputation compared to the actual data. The methodology proposed in this study can help in choosing suitable imputation methods for other tropical rainfall datasets, leading to improved accuracy in rainfall estimation and prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590197423000344/pdfft?md5=807ccb11378bbc7aafaff142104149e9&pid=1-s2.0-S2590197423000344-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AnnRG - An artificial neural network solute geothermometer","authors":"Lars H. Ystroem,&nbsp;Mark Vollmer,&nbsp;Thomas Kohl,&nbsp;Fabian Nitschke","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2023.100144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solute artificial neural network geothermometers offer the possibility to overcome the complexity given by the solute-mineral composition. Herein, we present a new concept, trained from high-quality hydrochemical data and verified by <em>in-situ</em> temperature measurements with a total of 208 data pairs of geochemical input parameters (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SiO₂, and pH) and reservoir temperature measurements being compiled. The data comprises nine geothermal sites with a broad variety of geochemical characteristics and enthalpies. Five sites with 163 samples (Upper Rhine Graben, Pannonian Basin, German Molasse Basin, Paris Basin, and Iceland) are used to develop the ANN geothermometer, while further four sites with 45 samples (Azores, El Tatio, Miavalles, and Rotorua) are used to encounter the established artificial neural network in practice to unknown data. The setup of the application, as well as the optimisation of the network architecture and its hyperparameters, are stepwise introduced. As a result, the solute ANN geothermometer, AnnRG (Artificial neural network Regression Geothermometer), provides precise reservoir temperature predictions (RMSE of 10.442 K) with a high prediction accuracy of R² = 0.978. In conclusion, the implementation and verification of the first adequate ANN geothermometer is an advancement in solute geothermometry. Our approach is also a basis for further broadening and refining applications in geochemistry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590197423000332/pdfft?md5=44b6e2e297c5c6c3291a38dab912498a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590197423000332-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136696934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of super-resolution techniques for enhancing micro-CT images of carbonate rocks","authors":"Ramin Soltanmohammadi,&nbsp;Salah A. Faroughi","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-resolution digital rock micro-CT images captured from a wide field of view are essential for various geosystem engineering and geoscience applications. However, the resolution of these images is often constrained by the capabilities of scanners. To overcome this limitation and achieve superior image quality, advanced deep learning techniques have been used. This study compares four different super-resolution techniques, including super-resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN), efficient sub-pixel convolutional neural networks (ESPCN), enhanced deep residual neural networks (EDRN), and super-resolution generative adversarial networks (SRGAN) to enhance the resolution of micro-CT images obtained from heterogeneous porous media. Our investigation employs a dataset consisting of 5000 micro-CT images acquired from a highly heterogeneous carbonate rock. The performance of each algorithm is evaluated based on its accuracy to reconstruct the pore geometry and connectivity, grain-pore edge sharpness, and preservation of petrophysical properties, such as porosity. Our findings indicate that EDRN outperforms other techniques in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) index, increased by nearly 4 dB and 17%, respectively, compared to bicubic interpolation. Furthermore, SRGAN exhibits superior performance compared to other techniques in terms of the learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) index and porosity preservation error. SRGAN shows a nearly 30% reduction in LPIPS compared to bicubic interpolation. Our results provide deeper insights into the practical applications of these techniques in the domain of porous media characterizations, facilitating the selection of optimal super-resolution CNN-based methodologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590197423000320/pdfft?md5=ccbbe7617370fecf380cd2b36778bb1c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590197423000320-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135763903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cultural-social nucleus of an open community: A multi-level community knowledge graph and NASA application","authors":"Ryan M. McGranaghan ,&nbsp;Ellie Young ,&nbsp;Cameron Powers ,&nbsp;Swapnali Yadav ,&nbsp;Edlira Vakaj","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2023.100142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The challenges faced by science, engineering, and society are increasingly complex, requiring broad, cross-disciplinary teams to contribute to collective knowledge, cooperation, and sensemaking efforts. However, existing approaches to collaboration and knowledge sharing are largely manual, inadequate to meet the needs of teams that are not closely connected through personal ties or which lack the time to respond to dynamic requests for contextual information sharing. Nonetheless, in the current remote-first, complexity-driven, time-constrained workplace, such teams are both more common and more necessary. For example, the NASA Center for HelioAnalytics (CfHA) is a growing and cross-disciplinary community that is dedicated to aiding the application of emerging data science techniques and technologies, including AI/ML, to increase the speed, rigor, and depth of space physics scientific discovery. The members of that community possess innumerable skills and competencies and are involved in hundreds of projects, including proposals, committees, papers, presentations, conferences, groups, and missions. Traditional structures for information and knowledge representation do not permit the community to search and discover activities that are ongoing across the Center, nor to understand where skills and knowledge exist. The approaches that do exist are burdensome and result in inefficient use of resources, reinvention of solutions, and missed important connections. The challenge faced by the CfHA is a common one across modern groups and one that must be solved if we are to respond to the grand challenges that face our society, such as complex scientific phenomena, global pandemics and climate change. We present a solution to the problem: a community knowledge graph (KG) that aids an organization to better understand the resources (people, capabilities, affiliations, assets, content, data, models) available across its membership base, and thus supports a more cohesive community and more capable teams, enables robust and responsible application of new technologies, and provides the foundation for all members of the community to co-evolve the shared information space. We call this the Community Action and Understanding via Semantic Enrichment (CAUSE) ontology. We demonstrate the efficacy of KGs that can be instantiated from the ontology together with data from a given community (shown here for the CfHA). Finally, we discuss the implications, including the importance of the community KG for open science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590197423000319/pdfft?md5=4019b0e03e4f84f5bfcd8583a36134a7&pid=1-s2.0-S2590197423000319-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92043917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The British Geological Survey Rock Classification Scheme, its representation as linked data, and a comparison with some other lithology vocabularies","authors":"Tim McCormick,&nbsp;Rachel E. Heaven","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2023.100140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Controlled vocabularies are critical to constructing FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, re-useable) data. One of the most widely required, yet complex, vocabularies in earth science is for rock and sediment type, or ‘lithology’. Since 1999 the British Geological Survey has used its own Rock Classification Scheme in many of its workflows and products including the national digital geological map. This scheme pre-dates others that have been published, and is deeply embedded in BGS’ processes. By publishing this classification scheme now as a Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) machine-readable informal ontology, we make it available for ourselves and third parties to use in modern semantic applications, and we open the future possibility of using the tools SKOS provides to align our scheme with other published schemes. These include the IUGS-CGI Simple Lithology Scheme, the European Commission INSPIRE Lithology Code List, the Queensland Geological Survey Lithotype Scheme, the USGS Lithologic Classification of Geologic Map Units, and <span>Mindat.org</span><svg><path></path></svg>. The BGS lithology classification was initially based on four narrative reports that can be downloaded from the BGS website, although it has been added to subsequently. The classification is almost entirely mono-hierarchical in nature and includes 3454 currently valid concepts in a classification 11 levels deep. It includes igneous rocks and sediments, metamorphic rocks, sediments and sedimentary rocks, and superficial deposits including anthropogenic deposits. The SKOS informal ontology built on it is stored in a triplestore and the triples are updated nightly by extracting from a relational database where the ontology is maintained. Bulk downloads and version history are available on github. The RCS concepts themselves are used in other BGS linked data, namely the Lexicon of Named Rock Units and the linked data representation of the 1:625 000 scale geological map of the UK. Comparing the RCS with the other published lithology schemes, all are broadly similar but show characteristics that reveal the interests and requirements of the groups that developed them, in terms of their level of detail both overall and in constituent parts. It should be possible to align the RCS with the other classifications, and future work will focus on automated mechanisms to do this, and possibly on constructing a formal ontology for the RCS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49758675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-simulation of hydrofacies and piezometric data in the West Thessaly basin, Greece: A geostatistical application using the GeoSim R package","authors":"George Valakas,&nbsp;Matina Seferli,&nbsp;Konstantinos Modis","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2023.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, we co-simulate hydrofacies and piezometric data in order to construct geostatistical realizations of underground geology in an area of the West Thessaly basin. This basin is of great importance in terms of sustainable water management and environmental perspective in Greece. Through Plurigaussian modeling, the hydrofacies are first transformed into Gaussian Random Fields. Then, a Linear Coregionalization Model is established to account for the dependencies between hydrofacies and the Normal scores of piezometric data. The effect of co-simulation shows an improvement of the facies transition probabilities in comparison with those of Plurigaussian simulation. For the purpose of this study, we use the GeoSim package in R developed by our team for the implementation of Plurigaussian simulation and co-simulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49749114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Tool – SUnHyT","authors":"Camyla Innocente dos Santos ,&nbsp;Tomas Carlotto ,&nbsp;Leonardo Vilela Steiner ,&nbsp;Pedro Luiz Borges Chaffe","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2023.100138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Unit hydrographs (UH) are widely used in scientific research and engineering projects to simulate rainfall-runoff processes. There are four main approaches for calculating UH: the traditional, the conceptual, the probabilistic, and the geomorphological approaches. Most software designed to facilitate the estimation of UH is usually based on only one UH approach, limiting its applicability for scientific hypotheses testing. This paper presents the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Tool (SUnHyT), which provides nine different UH models from the four main approaches used in UH applications. SUnHyT is an open-source application that can be used intuitively through a graphical user interface. We tested the model in a case study that highlights the need for alternative approaches of UH when the traditional approach does not perform well. SUnHyT allows the estimation of design hydrographs in gauged and ungauged catchments and can be useful for hydrologists, water managers and decision-makers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100138"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49749115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parallel investigations of remote sensing and ground-truth Lake Chad's level data using statistical and machine learning methods","authors":"Kim-Ndor Djimadoumngar","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lake Chad is facing critical situations since the 1960s due to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities. The statistical analyses of remote sensing climate variables (i.e., evapotranspiration, specific humidity, soil temperature, air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture) and remote sensing and ground-truth lake level applied to the period 1993–2012 reveal that remote sensing data has a skewed distribution; ground-truth data has a symmetrical distribution. Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Regression Tree (RT), Random Forest Regression (RF), and Deep Learning (DL) methods show that (i) RF and LR, with the highest R² and EVS and least MAE, MSE, <span><math><mtext>RMSE</mtext></math></span> and, <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CV</mtext><mtext>MSE</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> values seem the best models to further investigate remote sensing and ground-truth lake level data and (ii) the remote sensing data based models outperform the ground-truth data based models based on their <span><math><mtext>MAE</mtext></math></span>, <span><math><mtext>MSE</mtext></math></span>, <span><math><mtext>RMSE</mtext></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>CV</mtext><mtext>MSE</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> values. The most useful variables to predict lake level are precipitation and air temperature. The data analysis methodology reported here is of fundamental importance for the perspectives of an integrated and forward-looking water management system for connecting climate change, vulnerability, and human activities in the Lake Chad human-environment system. Corroboration studies are needed when more ground-truth data eventually are obtainable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43420767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and application of a multilevel geohazard domain ontology: A case study of landslide geohazards","authors":"Min Wen ,&nbsp;Qinjun Qiu ,&nbsp;Shiyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Kai Ma ,&nbsp;Shuai Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhong Xie ,&nbsp;Liufeng Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.acags.2023.100134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The occurrence of geohazards entails sudden, unpredictable, and cascading effects, with numerous conceptual frameworks and intricate spatiotemporal relationships existing between hazard events. Presently, the absence of a unified mechanism for describing and expressing geohazard knowledge poses substantial challenges in terms of sharing and reusing domain-specific knowledge pertaining to geohazards. Therefore, it is imperative to address the issue of constructing a cohesive descriptive model that facilitates the sharing and reuse of geohazard knowledge. In this study, we propose a multilayered ontology construction method tailored specifically for the domain of landslide geological hazards. By comparing existing methods, we establish a hierarchical structure and expression framework for the geological hazard ontology. Notably, our approach seamlessly integrates the conceptual and semantic layers in the relationship description at each level, enabling association representation of hazard data across multiple tiers. We define essential concepts and attributes related to landslide geological hazards, along with their respective interrelationships. To achieve effective knowledge sharing and reuse, we model the ontology of the landslide geological disaster domain using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). This modeling approach serves as a powerful tool that facilitates the sharing and reuse of disaster-related knowledge. Finally, we verify the method's validity and reliability by employing illustrative case studies. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach imposes an affordable workload on human resources. Additionally, the foundational domain ontology significantly enhances information retrieval performance, thereby yielding satisfactory outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33804,"journal":{"name":"Applied Computing and Geosciences","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48064538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}