International Journal of Hydrogen Energy最新文献

{"title":"A direct seawater electrolysis (DSWEL) for hydrogen production: A review of system design components and advancements","authors":"Muhammad Fauzan Aminuddin ,&nbsp;Rizwan Ullah ,&nbsp;Mohd Shahbudin Masdar ,&nbsp;Rozan Mohamad Yunus ,&nbsp;Edy Herianto Majlan ,&nbsp;Nurul Akidah Baharudin ,&nbsp;Nik Mohd Radi Nik Mohamed Daud ,&nbsp;T. Husaini","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for green hydrogen has intensified interest in direct seawater electrolysis (DSWEL), particularly in water-scarce regions However, seawater's complex composition, with high chloride levels and impurities, poses significant challenges, including corrosion, system instability, and reduced efficiency, raising concerns about its long-term viability. Despite these obstacles, recent advancements in DSWEL have been remarkable, particularly in developing advanced electrocatalysts and system designs that mitigate these issues. This review examines these innovations, focusing on how they suppress undesirable side reactions, such as chloride-induced corrosion and precipitation, while enhancing DSWEL systems' performance, stability and efficiency. This review begins by addressing the key challenges associated with seawater electrolysis and the underlying electrochemical principles. Advanced design strategies for electrolyzer components are evaluated, along with novel system architectures that enhance durability and efficiency. Future research directions essential for the practical deployment of direct seawater electrolysis (DSWEL) are also outlined, highlighting pathways toward sustainable hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"144 ","pages":"Pages 336-358"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reduced Ammonia/China Stage-VI diesel mechanism for dual-fuel engine simulations: Development, validation and CFD implementation","authors":"Liping Yang ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Feng Jiang ,&nbsp;Liang Guo ,&nbsp;Sifan Li ,&nbsp;Jiqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃) is a hydrogen energy carrier, and NH₃/diesel dual-fuel engines enhance NH₃ flame propagation and combustion stability while reducing emissions. A reduced NH₃/diesel mechanism is crucial for dual-fuel engine combustion simulation. However, previous studies using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) with manual selection were affected by decision-maker subjectivity. In this study, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to improve decision consistency, repeatability, and explain-ability. A novel NSGA-II/TOPSIS hybrid method was first used to develop a reduced mechanism for China Stage-VI diesel under wide engine conditions. Sensitivity analysis was used to identify the key NH₃/diesel auto-ignition reactions. Validated against experimental data, the optimized mechanism (90 species, 400 reactions) achieved an average of 12 % higher accuracy in predicting NH₃/China Stage-VI diesel blends ignition delay times across all tested ammonia energy ratios (10–90 %) compared to detailed mechanisms, and successfully simulated real engine combustion conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"144 ","pages":"Pages 359-373"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of green financing on development of renewable energy resources factoring geopolitical risks","authors":"Junming He ,&nbsp;Liying Tang ,&nbsp;Yang Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the complex interrelationships between green financing mechanisms, geopolitical risks, and renewable energy development in China during 2010–2021. Employing a comprehensive dataset integrating province-level micro and macro data, we analyze how green bonds, oil price volatility (OVX), and geopolitical risk (GPR) influence renewable energy investments under varying regulatory environments. Using panel regression techniques with fixed effects, System GMM, and instrumental variable approaches, we address potential endogeneity concerns while accounting for regional heterogeneity across China's provinces. Our results yield four principal findings. First, green bonds demonstrate a significant positive relationship with renewable energy investments, with coefficients ranging from 7.148 to 9.124 across model specifications. Second, contrary to theoretical expectations, geopolitical risks show positive associations with renewable energy investments, suggesting that energy security considerations may accelerate rather than impede renewable transitions. Third, oil price volatility positively influences renewable energy investments, indicating possible risk-hedging motivations. Fourth, we find substantial temporal and regional variations in these relationships, with diminishing influence of financial inclusion over time and stronger green finance effects in more developed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"144 ","pages":"Pages 386-399"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the magnetic-mechanical response and multi-field coupled magnetic signal characterization of hydrogen-induced damage in pipelines based on weak magnetic internal detection technology","authors":"Bin Liu ,&nbsp;Zihan Wu ,&nbsp;Zheng Lian ,&nbsp;Hui Yu ,&nbsp;Luyao He ,&nbsp;Lijian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen-induced damage (HID) in long-distance pipelines, as a highly dangerous and covert early-stage metal defect, has been difficult to effectively characterize using conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. This has posed a significant challenge to the safety maintenance of energy transportation systems. Weak magnetic internal detection (WMID) technology, which exhibits high sensitivity to localized stress concentrations, fatigue-induced microcracks, and early-stage embrittlement in metallic materials, has demonstrated strong potential for HID identification. In this study, based on this technology and incorporating spin electronics theory as a magnetic-mechanical relationship link, a novel multi-scale magnetic signal analysis method for hydrogen-induced stress concentration (HISC) was proposed. We systematically investigated the evolution dynamics of HID-magnetic signal relationships in pipelines under multi-physics fields-including applied stress, excitation strength, hydrogen concentration and validated through controlled experiments. The results showed that the WMID technology achieved superior sensitivity for HID detection, with signal characteristic variations being 113 % higher than those under geomagnetic fields. The pipeline’s inner wall, being less affected by environmental interference and scattering effects, displayed more significant and uniformly distributed characteristic changes in magnetic signals compared to the outer wall. The introduced stress evaluation index (<em>S</em>_{<em>total</em>}) sfollowed a nonlinear trend with increasing stress (10–50 MPa), showing a pronounced change (31 %) in magnetic signals between 40 and 50 MPa. Both the excitation metric (<em>E</em>_{<em>total</em>}) and hydrogen concentration metric (<em>C</em>_{<em>total</em>}) scaled near-linearly with rising excitation strength (3000–7000 A/m) and hydrogen concentration (α-Fe₇₂-H- α-Fe₁₆-H). At an excitation strength of 7000 A/m and hydrogen concentration of α-Fe₁₆-H, the changes in <em>E</em>_{<em>total</em>} and <em>C</em>_{<em>total</em>} were significant, with variations of 35 % and 38 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"144 ","pages":"Pages 400-416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXenes for hydrogen energy systems: Advances in production, storage, fuel cells, and safety applications","authors":"Solomon Evro ,&nbsp;I.P. Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXenes, the new family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have shown great potential as materials for hydrogen energy systems. Their conductivity, surface tunability, large surface area, and structural stability render them ideal for hydrogen production, storage, fuel cells, and safety. This article discusses the contribution of MXenes towards the development of hydrogen technologies in surmounting efficiency, scalability, and cost limitations. MXenes electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with enhanced catalytic activity and stability compared to conventional materials. The use of MXenes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is efficient in increasing electrode stability while reducing reliance on platinum catalysts. Beyond PEMFCs, the potential of MXenes is also being explored in other fuel cell platforms such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), and microbial fuel cells (MFCs), highlighting their broader versatility in hydrogen conversion technologies. MXenes possess better hydrogen storage capabilities via physisorption and chemisorption, enabling reversible hydrogen adsorption with high capacity. Besides, MXenes hybrids with metal hydrides and porous materials improve storage kinetics and temperatures and address major challenges in hydrogen storage. Besides production and storage, MXenes-based sensors for detecting hydrogen provide real-time leak detection with high selectivity and sensitivity, enhancing safety in hydrogen infrastructure. Despite their many advantages, stability under operational conditions, scalability of synthesis, and production costs are present obstacles to commercialization. Future research should focus on optimizing their electrochemical performance, functionalization pathways, and mass production synthesis. MXenes hold great promises to revolutionize hydrogen energy systems and facilitate the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon energy future by improving hydrogen efficiency, safety, and affordability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Pages 147-168"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and ultra-stable Zr-MOF membranes for photocatalysis: Synergistic influence of Pt and lattice defects","authors":"Shihan Liu ,&nbsp;Yifan Huang ,&nbsp;Shuaichuan Cui ,&nbsp;Xingxing Wang ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengyang Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we first designed and synthesized a lattice defect-rich and large-sized trace Pt-modified Zr-based water-stable MOF membrane (Pt@UNPM/Pt). The presence of defects lowers the energy of the unoccupied d orbitals of Zr atoms, which aids in the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges. The trace Pt in and on the defect-rich framework shortened the electron transfer distance, thereby enhancing electron transfer efficiency and effectively suppressing electron-hole recombination. As a result, the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of this membrane was 36.46 times that of the unmodified MOF membrane (UNPM). Furthermore, the Pt@UNPM/Pt membrane structure overcomes the collapse of defective MOFs and exhibited ultra-stable hydrogen production activity over a total of 600 h of photocatalytic hydrogen production testing and outstanding cycling performance during five cycles of stability testing, totaling 500 h. Its hydrogen production lifetime represents the highest level reported for MOF-based photocatalysts to date. This design not only addresses the effective integration of defect engineering but also demonstrates promising application potential in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production, laying a solid foundation for future research in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Pages 129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifunctional Nd2Se3–Mn2O3 heterostructure nanospheres for enhanced alkaline water splitting via interface engineering","authors":"M. Abdul ,&nbsp;Chingmai Ko ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Tang ,&nbsp;Mostafa A. Ismail ,&nbsp;Sana Ben Khalifa ,&nbsp;Taoufik Saidani ,&nbsp;Saleh Chebaane ,&nbsp;Jehan Akbar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement of high-efficiency, durable, and inexpensive catalysts is essential for electrocatalytic water electrolysis to gain sustainable hydrogen energy. Catalysts based on noble metals (Pt, Pd for HER and Ir, Ru for OER) are efficient and benchmark towards water electrolysis, but high cost, scarcity, and lower stability prevent their applicability for industrial application. Up to now, rare earth/transition metal catalysts are still not more efficient and durable for water electrolysis. Herein, we report a Nd₂Se₃–Mn₂O₃ heterojunction assembled on stainless steel (SS) using a hydrothermal method to ameliorate the properties of electrocatalysts via interface engineering for HER, OER, and overall water splitting. Under comparison with two pure electrocatalysts (Nd₂Se₃ and Mn₂O₃), the full water splitting performance is checked in 3 and 2-electrolysis systems using the alkaline medium. Here, different physical characterization like XRD and TEM/EDX showed that the strong combination of two materials (Nd₂Se₃ and Mn₂O₃) leads to the structural reconstruction of precursor and spherical formation with an increasing number of disordered pores and active sites. Besides, XPS confirmed the strong electronic coupling, which enhances the adsorption of hydrogen atoms on the catalyst surface compared to pure ones. At 10 mA cm⁻², Nd₂Se₃–Mn₂O₃ delivers the smallest overpotential of 260 and 121 mV for OER and HER, indicating that coupling effects of Nd₂Se₃ and Mn₂O₃ are responsible for boosting the catalytic performances. The effect of small charge transfer resistance and large surface area for HER-OER about bifunctional electrocatalysts is confirmed using EIS and C_dl. Furthermore, an assembled Nd₂Se₃–Mn₂O₃//Nd₂Se₃–Mn₂O₃ device in a 2-electrode electrolyzer exhibited a cell voltage of 1.47 V along with excellent stability of 96 h at 10 mA cm⁻² for overall water splitting. This work paves the way for regulating the interface effect of bifunctional catalysts through heterojunctions to develop efficient and durable electrocatalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"144 ","pages":"Pages 303-314"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hetero-interface triggering dynamic Ni(3+) active species in reduced Ru-doped NiCo-MOF to boost urea-assisted overall water splitting","authors":"Gang Huang ,&nbsp;Chenggong Wang ,&nbsp;Danil Bukhvalov ,&nbsp;Yingchun Yang ,&nbsp;Jialu Gao ,&nbsp;Fengyan Han ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Yang ,&nbsp;Caiqin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urea-assisted water electrolysis is a significant and sustainable strategy to optimize electrolyte system to promote the efficiency of hydrogen producing in overall water splitting. Here we construct excellent catalysts (NiCoRu-X) by introducing Ru into reduced dual metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via a mild chemical reduction method, which preserves multi hetero-interfaces that are spontaneously formed. Interestingly, excellent performances in urea oxidation reaction (UOR) can be observed on all NiCoRu-X samples but without obvious difference in the activity, while the optimal catalyst can be distinguished by testing their catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations are applied to identify the potential activity sites of different heterostructure in NiCoRu-X, and reveal that the hetero-interface promotes the formation of dynamic Ni³⁺ actives like NiOOH, which benefit for UOR. In the urea-assisted electrolytes, the reaction potential difference by coupling the LSV curves of HER and UOR is 155 mV lower than that in the electrolyte without urea at 20 mA cm⁻², and 70 mV lower than that in overall water splitting. It reaches a high faraday efficiency (FE) of 98.5 % at 2.0 V in urea-assistant water electrolysers, higher than that without urea assistant (92.9 %). This work highlights the possibility of using urea oxidation to decrease the reaction overpotential and to further improve the efficiency of producing hydrogen in overall water splitting by introducing urea in electrolyte system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Pages 84-94"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal organic framework composite anion exchange membranes sandwiched with graphitic phase carbon nitride for enhanced stability","authors":"Yunfei Lin ,&nbsp;Huimin Gao ,&nbsp;Qi Zhou,&nbsp;Qianting Huang,&nbsp;Meiling Zhao,&nbsp;Shaokun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The anti-swelling performance of ion exchange membrane in water is of importance in guaranteeing stable operation of the fuel cell. In this work, the purpose is to inhibit the swelling of anion-exchange membranes to further improve the dimensional stability of the membranes. IL@MOF-801 is first introduced into imidazole-functionalized poly-ether-ether-ketone (Im-PEEK) to obtain IL@MOF-801/Im-PEEK membranes. Sulfonated g-C₃N₄ (SGCN) is synthesized with the reaction of graphite-like phase carbon nitride g-C₃N₄ (GCN) and sulfamic acid. Then, the sandwiched composite membranes are obtained by encapsulating SGCN on the surface of 4 % IL@MOF/Im-PEEK membranes. The encapsulation of SGCN inhibits the movement of the Im-PEEK polymer backbone and the free volume of the membrane decreases. What's more, it results in the water uptake and swelling ratio of the composite membrane SGCN2-IL@MOF/Im-PEEK decreasing from 24.05 % to 9.55%, 16.91 % to 9.21 % after encapsulation respectively, which greatly limits the swelling of the membrane. The ionic conductivity of the membrane also increases to 126.77 mS/cm with the aid of the interaction between the sulfonic acid group of SGCN and the imidazole group of Im-PEEK, and the residual ionic conductivity is as high as 91.3 % after 14 days of immersion in alkaline environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Pages 75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Augmenting dark fermentation with carbonaceous material for enhanced biohydrogen yield and substrate conversion in whey wastewater treatment","authors":"Priya Dharshini Palanivel,&nbsp;Samsudeen Naina Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a promising renewable energy source, available as a substitute for fossil fuels since it has the potential to support sustainable development goals significantly. Dark fermentation (DF) offers several benefits and considerable potential for producing biohydrogen over other methods. However, the biohydrogen yield in DF remains relatively modest. Therefore, this work investigates the carbon felt (CF) bioelectrode amended dark fermentative biohydrogen production from whey wastewater. Employment of different-sized CF (CF–S, CF-M, CF-L) at optimum conditions showed an improved biohydrogen production of 385.7 ± 19 mL for CF-M, 3-fold greater than the control (125.8 ± 6 mL). The highest chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 65 % was achieved for CF-M, indicating its effectiveness in converting whey wastewater into biohydrogen. Metabolite analysis revealed that the CF-amended systems followed a butyrate-type metabolic pathway. Further, CF-M has the highest protein (1172.6 ± 58.6 μg/mL), polysaccharide concentration (198.5 ± 9.9 μg/mL), and electron transport system activity (394.08 ± 19.7 μg/mg.h) than other systems, suggesting better enzymatic stability and enhanced electron transfer. Thus, incorporating CF in DF represents an environmentally sustainable approach to enhance biohydrogen production efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Pages 45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}