Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders最新文献

{"title":"A four-year trajectory of Alexithymia in Parkinson’s disease patients","authors":"Lea Krey,&nbsp;Annika Heike Ritzrau,&nbsp;Theresa Schnur,&nbsp;Stephan Greten,&nbsp;Florian Wegner,&nbsp;Martin Klietz","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Alexithymia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients compared to their caregivers (CG) and to investigate whether Alexithymia progressed over a 4-year observational period. Alexithymia in PD is a cognitive affective disturbance resulting in difficulty to identify, distinguish and describe feelings and it is known to be strongly associated with health-related quality of life and other cognitive/ neuropsychiatric symptoms. So far, there have been no longitudinal investigations of Alexithymia in PD. We recruited 34 moderately progressed PD patients (mean disease duration of 8.9 ± 5.3 years) and their caregivers in our neurological department and did a baseline and follow-up assessment using the validated Toronto Alexithymia Scale-26 (TAS-26). Our data show that Alexithymia is more abundant in the PD cohort compared to their caregivers (p = 0.007, PD 21 %, CG 6 % at follow-up). In the 4-year observational period, Alexithymia did not increase significantly in PD patients or caregivers. However, there was a high variance in Alexithymia scores in both groups. It remains unclear when Alexithymia appears during the disease course and whether there is a dynamic in Alexithymia scores later in PD progression. This should be the objective for future studies of Alexithymia in advanced PD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Assessment of Parkinson’s Motor Symptoms and Dopaminergic Dysfunction Patterns Using DaTSCAN","authors":"Amir Hossein Najmi ,&nbsp;Armin Ariaei ,&nbsp;Mahboobeh Khezri ,&nbsp;Masoud Noroozi ,&nbsp;Melika Arab Bafrani ,&nbsp;Avesta Gheysari ,&nbsp;Farideh Sabetghadam ,&nbsp;Mehdi Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Mahsa Mayeli ,&nbsp;The Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Determining Parkinson’s disease (PD) stage and severity are among the factors affecting treatment strategy. Dopamine transporter scan (DaTSCAN) has high efficiency in the diagnosis of PD, while its role in predicting motor function, dyskinesia, and symptoms severity trajectory remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between motor symptoms patterns in PD with DaTscan findings.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 196 patients were included and grouped based on tremor score, postural instability and gait difficulty score, and the presentation of dyskinesia. Multivariate and ordinal logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between two-year follow-up of the PD patients’ motor symptoms assessment scores and DaTSCAN finding patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients with dyskinesia exhibited significantly lower DaTSCAN uptake across all measured regions, with the most pronounced reductions observed in the right caudate and left putamen (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, DaTSCAN values were strongly associated with overall disease severity (p &lt; 0.001). A notable positive correlation was found between DaTSCAN uptake and Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores, whereas significant negative correlations were observed between DaTSCAN measures (including the caudate, putamen, and anterior putamen) and clinical motor scores, such as MDS-UPDRS III, MDS-UPDRS II, and PIGD. In contrast, DaTSCAN parameters did not significantly predict tremor-dominant (TD) scores.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Beyond its diagnostic utility, DaTSCAN provides meaningful insights into disease severity and motor dysfunction in PD, with particular relevance to postural instability and gait disturbance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memantine-induced delayed sleep phase in Huntington’s disease: A case report","authors":"Youshi Fujita ,&nbsp;Toshio Hamada ,&nbsp;Satoshi Kubota ,&nbsp;Tomomi Sakoh-Goshima ,&nbsp;Hirotaka Shirasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circadian rhythm sleep disorders may occur after memantine administration. We describe a 49-year-old woman with Huntington’s disease, who complained of sleep onset insomnia following the administration of memantine. Memantine reduced hyperkinetic movements but led to delayed sleep phases, that were dose-dependent and reversible, confirmed by sleep logs and actigraphy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of clinical measures of motor function with a Holter monitor in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Carlos Pérez-López ,&nbsp;Nuria Caballol ,&nbsp;Mariateresa Buongiorno ,&nbsp;María Asunción Ávila Rivera ,&nbsp;Núria López Ariztegui ,&nbsp;Lydia López-Manzanares ,&nbsp;Jorge Hernández-Vara ,&nbsp;Àngels Bayes Rusiñol ,&nbsp;Alexandre Gironell Carreró ,&nbsp;María Álvarez Saúco ,&nbsp;Elisabet Franquet Gomez ,&nbsp;David A Pérez-Martínez ,&nbsp;Sonia Escalante Arroyo ,&nbsp;Silvia Martí Martínez ,&nbsp;Pablo Mir ,&nbsp;José Mª Salom Juan ,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Martínez-Castrillo ,&nbsp;Alejandro Rodríguez-Molinero","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a significant global health challenge, affecting millions worldwide. This sub-study aims to explore the potential of ambulatory monitoring devices in identifying disease severity and progression in patients. As part of the MOMOPA-EC clinical trial, 156 patients with moderate to severe PD underwent 435 assessments using clinical scales and ambulatory monitoring devices (Parkinson’s Holter). This sub-study seeks to establish relations between parameters derived from Holter monitors and clinical severity measures to enhance personalized disease management strategies. Methods: In the MOMOPA-EC trial, 435 patient monitoring sessions were conducted, during which patients wore Parkinson’s Holter monitors for a week before completing clinical assessments, including the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), and Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FoG-Q). Results: The reports obtained during the monitoring of the patients were classified into three groups based on the greater or lesser gait fluidity (according to the measurements from the Parkinson’s Holter). All clinical scales were significantly different in each of these groups, indicating that patients with lower stride fluidity had poorer outcomes across the different clinical scales. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the potential of Parkinson’s Holters in providing objective data for personalized disease management in PD patients. Integrating such technologies into routine clinical practice could enhance patient care and treatment strategies by offering clinicians objective insights into both disease progression and therapeutic response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective database analysis on the demographics and resource utilization of patients with Parkinson’s disease in Quebec, Canada","authors":"Véronique Baribeau ,&nbsp;Shawn Mohammed ,&nbsp;Amnah Awan ,&nbsp;Diana Parison ,&nbsp;Jean Lachaine","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder. Despite its recognized significance, there remains a paucity of recent studies reporting treatment utilization and the economic impact of PD in a real-world setting, especially in Canada. This study aimed to analyze real-world treatment patterns and health care resource utilization (HCRU) of patients with PD in Quebec, Canada.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a retrospective observational study using data between 2010–2019 from the Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) databases. Patients with PD were compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Treatment adherence and persistence were measured over 24 months. All-cause and PD-related HCRU and costs were characterized on an annual basis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 303 PD patients and 909 age- and sex-matched controls were selected. Adherence rates were high (≥85 %) among all drug classes, but lower with dopamine agonists. Persistence to PD treatment declined over time, with nearly 50 % discontinuation rates at 24 months in all PD drug classes, except the levodopa class (discontinuation rate: 20.4 %). PD patients had a significantly higher total costs per year than the matched control group ($17,405 vs. $6,431), mainly driven by higher inpatient costs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Many pharmacological options exist for PD patients and, though patients are adherent while on therapy, treatment discontinuation rates are high. This suggests potential long-term challenges in PD management, especially since PD continues to place a substantial burden on the health care system. This study underscores the need for enhanced therapeutic strategies, particularly for patients inadequately controlled with standard therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to treat orthostatic tremor – Cohort study and systematic review","authors":"W.A. Babeliowsky ,&nbsp;M.A. Meulepas ,&nbsp;A.W.G. Buijink ,&nbsp;R.M.A. de Bie ,&nbsp;A.F. van Rootselaar","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Orthostatic tremor (OT) is a highly disabling condition. Effectiveness of treatments is largely unverified and no treatment guideline exists. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of treatments used for OT.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients from our online OT-registry were compared to findings from a systematic search in PUBMED. The search included original articles describing clinical features in human primary OT (electromyography peak frequency ≥ 13 Hz), in English or Dutch, and published after 1985. Outcome measures were prescribed treatments and their efficacy (percentage of patients per treatment with a reduction of tremor symptoms) and adverse effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 78 primary OT patients in the Netherlands and 613 OT patients from 74 articles, mostly case reports and cohort studies, were included. In the cohort from the Netherlands, perampanel showed both the highest efficacy and adverse effects. In the literature, clonazepam showed the highest efficacy, while data on adverse effects was lacking. Overall, pharmacological treatments were reported often to be insufficient. Bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) was reported to be effective in the majority of patients, without a higher prevalence of adverse effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pharmacological treatment is sufficient in some patients, although overall efficacy is limited and often accompanied by adverse effects. Perampanel and clonazepam are first choice treatments. Surgical interventions seem suitable alternatives for medication resistant patients, although this is based on small studies. Future studies should use diagnostic criteria, standardized outcome scales and good study designs, to increase reliability of findings and comparability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving to a non-dopaminergic approach for the treatment of OFF fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Stuart H. Isaacson ,&nbsp;Peter Jenner","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In levodopa treated patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), the standard approach to managing motor fluctuations is to adjust dopaminergic therapy. However, despite the availability of a wide armamentarium of dopaminergic medications, most patients treated with levodopa will still experience significant OFF time, and it is increasingly clear that motor fluctuations have a significant non-dopaminergic component. In this narrative review, we compare and contrast the therapeutic profiles of the only two non-dopaminergic medications approved in the US for the management of OFF time, namely amantadine and istradefylline. When compared against each other the two agents exemplify two different pharmacological approaches to treatment. Whereas amantadine has a multimodal pharmacology, istradefylline has highly specific actions at A_2A receptors which are highly expressed in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. We discuss how both offer an important alternative approach to treatment, without increasing total dopaminergic load. Clinicians can also consider that amantadine and istradefylline each have overlapping indications with classic dopaminergic medications, but with distinct mechanisms of action that can complement each other to reduce motor complications in patients already being treated with other dopaminergic agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct sensorimotor cough features in a cohort of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","authors":"Michela J. Mir ,&nbsp;Justin Childers ,&nbsp;Yuhan Mou ,&nbsp;Bryn Taylor ,&nbsp;Karen Wheeler-Hegland","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) similarly affect many neural substrates; however, some brain regions may be more impacted by PSP vs PD, giving rise to distinct cough features that could facilitate earlier differential diagnosis and inform airway protection therapies to prevent fatal lung infections, since patients may not effectively sense and clear irritants from their airways.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirteen individuals with PSP participated and were age- and sex-matched to persons with PD and healthy, unaffected adults. Using a cross-sectional study design this study aimed to 1) compare cough function in PSP using voluntary and induced reflex cough testing, and 2) compare cough airflow and sensation metrics to PD and healthy adult groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Voluntary cough function, particularly cough effectiveness during the expiratory phase, was most impaired in the PSP group (P = 0.047), while expiratory phase timing outcomes only differed between PSP and healthy controls (P = 0.03) during reflex cough. There were no significant differences between groups regarding cough sensation to a cough-inducing stimulus (capsaicin), yet there were more cough responders in PSP vs. PD group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Degeneration of distinct neural substrates in PSP versus PD may give rise to differentiating sensorimotor cough deficits. Future directions should focus on cough interventions that maintain respiratory health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100305"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of patellar reflex in Parkinson disease patients after an acupuncture treatment protocol – Case series study","authors":"Catarina Ramos Pereira ,&nbsp;Jorge Machado ,&nbsp;Begoña Criado ,&nbsp;Rubim Santos ,&nbsp;Ana Mafalda Reis ,&nbsp;Bruno Ramos ,&nbsp;Maria João Santos ,&nbsp;Henry Johannes Greten","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The investigation of rigidity physiology in Parkinson’s Disease involves the examination of reflexes. Parkinsonian patients often demonstrate reduced sensitivity in polysynaptic reflexes within the leg extensor muscles, which is correlated with their postural instability. The compensatory mechanisms for impaired proprioceptive reflex function may involve alterations in intrinsic muscle stiffness. The interplay between gait and reflexes is intricately linked to the nervous system’s functioning and motor control. Certain reflexes, such as patellar reflex, play a pivotal role in maintaining walking and posture. Ensuring the integrity of these reflexes is essential for facilitating smooth and efficient walking.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To analyze the behavior of patellar reflex in four Parkinson’s Disease patients undergoing an acupuncture treatment protocol.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study adopts a case series design. Reflex outcomes based on amplitude and velocity were assessed at six different time moments throughout a month-long treatment protocol using the MP 36, Biopac Systems.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over the long term, a tendency for an improvement in range of movement and velocity of the patellar reflex, was observed. Nevertheless, in specific cases, a reduction in the amplitude during acute effects was also found.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings suggest that the acupuncture protocol used may lead to a cumulative improvement in efficacy of patellar reflex in patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, further in-depth research, including a statistical evaluation with a larger participant pool, is necessary to validate and confirm these promising preliminary results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limb-Kinetic apraxia of legs in Parkinson’s disease: Prospective clinical investigation","authors":"Yacov Balash ,&nbsp;Evelin D. Mate ,&nbsp;Riyad Idries ,&nbsp;Anda Eilam ,&nbsp;Amos D. Korczyn","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The study of dynamic organization of motor acts is important for investigation of motor impairment, and a possible sign of a disorder of fronto-parietal areas of the brain in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We aimed to prospectively investigate whether limb-kinetic apraxia in legs (LKA-L) is a heretofore unrecognized manifestation of PD independent of bradykinesia and rigidity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients with PD and healthy controls (HC) performed bipedal reciprocal coordination (BRC) and monopedal reciprocal coordination (MRC) tests as a foot modification of the Oseretzky exam (originally alternate antiphase clenching and unclenching of the fists of the right and left hands). While MRC allowed for alternating movements of one leg per unit of time, BRC required synchronous movements of both legs in antiphase. Leg movement rates and their quality were measured by video recording and compared statistically between the groups of PD and HC.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The cohort consisted of 31 PD patients (mean age 69.3 ± 7.1 years,16 males) and 12 HC (mean age 69 ± 6.2 years, 6 males). No differences between PD and HC groups were identified in MRC rate of performance, which were used as a measure of legs movement speed, although the quality of MRC movements was poorer in PD patients (<em>p</em> = 0.022). BRC rate and its performance quality were significantly flawed in PD compared to controls (<em>P</em> = 0.002 and <em>P</em> = 0.003, respectively).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Testing for dynamic organization of LKA-L revealed disorder in individuals with PD. LKA-L analyses should be considered in the diagnosis of leg movements and gait disorders in PD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}