Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Long term (TEN YEARS) follow-up in a trembling patient with parkinsonian signs without dopaminergic denervation","authors":"Luca Angelini ,&nbsp;Giulia Paparella ,&nbsp;Petra Schwingenschuh ,&nbsp;Rick C.G. Helmich ,&nbsp;Matteo Bologna","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Some patients presenting with Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like features do not exhibit dopaminergic denervation, complicating clinical categorization. This case report describes a patient with a long-standing upper limb action tremor accompanied by parkinsonian signs, but without evidence of dopaminergic denervation, followed over an extended period of ten years. The case highlights the diagnostic challenges and underscores the importance of longitudinal observation in such atypical presentations.</div><div>A 76-year-old man with tremor and parkinsonian features was followed for ten years with clinical observation, video recordings, kinematic movement analysis, and structural and functional neuroimaging, including DaT-SPECT.</div><div>Clinical and kinematic evaluations revealed asymmetric upper limb action tremor, inconstant rest tremor, bradykinesia with sequence effect, re-emergent tremor, and progressive motor symptoms. Over time, tremor extended to cranial regions, and mild dystonic postures emerged. Structural neuroimaging ruled out secondary causes, and DaT-SPECT remained negative despite symptom progression. Dopaminergic therapy was ineffective, while propranolol and clonazepam provided partial relief.</div><div>This case highlights that parkinsonian motor features − such as re-emergent tremor and bradykinesia with sequence effect − can manifest and progress over time in patients with tremor, even in the absence of dopaminergic denervation. These findings underscore the need for further research into the role of the dopaminergic system in trembling patients. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of long-term follow-up and the integration of biomarkers to enhance the characterization and diagnostic accuracy of tremor syndromes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel NOTCH3 mutation c.1564 T > A (p.Cys522Ser) presenting with early-onset Parkinsonism and white matter lesions","authors":"Nicola Rifino ,&nbsp;Silvia Baratta ,&nbsp;Esteban Zacarias ,&nbsp;Isabella Canavero ,&nbsp;Benedetta Storti ,&nbsp;Mario Stanziano ,&nbsp;Emanuela Maderna ,&nbsp;Gianluca Marucci ,&nbsp;Franco Taroni ,&nbsp;Anna Bersano","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is a hereditary small vessel disease caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, characterized by recurrent strokes, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. This report presents a novel NOTCH3 c.1564 T &gt; A (p.Cys522Ser) mutation associated with early-onset parkinsonism and significant white matter lesions. We describe a patient who presented with early-onset parkinsonism, characterized by bradykinesia and rigidity, alongside extensive white matter lesions observed through neuroimaging. Genetic testing revealed a novel c.1564 T &gt; A (p.Cys522Ser) mutation in the NOTCH3 gene, contributing to the clinical diagnosis of CADASIL. This case underscores the phenotypic variability of CADASIL and the potential for atypical presentations, including parkinsonism. Early identification of genetic mutations can facilitate appropriate management and counseling for affected individuals and their families. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying the association between NOTCH3 mutations and parkinsonism. Our findings contribute to the understanding of CADASIL, suggesting that clinicians should consider CADASIL in differential diagnoses of early-onset parkinsonism, especially in patients with concurrent white matter lesions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of virtual reality-based cognitive behavioral group therapy in enhancing emotional well-being and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Gooya Tayyebi ,&nbsp;Farnaz Asadiof ,&nbsp;Bahar Hashempour ,&nbsp;Mohsen Lotfi ,&nbsp;Mostafa Taheri ,&nbsp;Mahdi Naeim","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study evaluates the effectiveness of virtual reality-based cognitive behavioral group therapy (VR-CBGT) in improving emotional well-being and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2023 at Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, with 90 Parkinson’s patients. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving 12 VR-CBGT sessions over three months with a control group receiving standard medical care without psychological intervention. Emotional well-being was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and quality of life was measured with the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-25.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The intervention group demonstrated a significant improvement in emotional well-being (HADS-total score reduction of 7.2 points, P &lt; 0.001) and quality of life (PDQ-39 total score improvement of 12.5 %, P = 0.002) compared to the control group. VR-CBGT explained 18 % of the variance in emotional well-being and 26 % in quality of life.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight VR-CBGT as an effective complementary intervention for enhancing psychological health and overall quality of life in Parkinson’s patients. The immersive nature of VR fosters engagement and facilitates cognitive and emotional processing, supporting its integration into multidisciplinary treatment approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations among blood biomarkers, clinical subtypes, and prognosis in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Hideki Oizumi ,&nbsp;Takafumi Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Ichiro Kawahata ,&nbsp;Tomoki Sekimori ,&nbsp;Tomoko Totsune ,&nbsp;Yoko Sugimura ,&nbsp;Toru Baba ,&nbsp;Kohji Fukunaga ,&nbsp;Atsushi Takeda","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Early identification of the poor prognosis subtype by surrogate markers would be advantageous for selecting treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to test whether plasma neurofilament light chain (NF-L), total tau (t-tau), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) can be used as prognostic biomarkers in PD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the present study, both retrospective and prospective studies were performed. Plasma samples at baseline from 81 PD patients were included in the prospective study. Plasma samples at baseline from 60 patients who underwent cognitive assessment were subjected to the hierarchical cluster analysis for a retrospective study.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>On the basis of the results of the cluster analysis, patients were classified into three groups: groups (G)1, G2 and G3. Individuals in the G1 cluster, who had an older age at onset and were prone to early progression with dementia, had significantly greater plasma NF-L levels than those in the G3 cluster, who did not present with dementia at an early stage. A Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age and sex revealed that high NF-L and UCH-L1 levels at baseline predicted the four future milestones (i.e., nursing care, dysphagia, wheelchair use, and repeated falls), and high plasma t-tau at baseline predicted future dysphagia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although further studies with a larger number of patients will be required, plasma NF-L may be a useful biomarker for identifying the rapidly progressive subtype of PD, and plasma NF-L and UCH-L1 may serve as biomarkers of overall PD prognosis, whereas plasma t-tau could be a biomarker for future dysphagia in PD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The comparison of gait disorders among different motor subtypes in Parkinson’s disease patients during the early and middle stages","authors":"Jianing Mei ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Dongyu Zhu ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Kan Gu ,&nbsp;Zijun Wei ,&nbsp;Xueyi Han ,&nbsp;Qianqian Li ,&nbsp;Shuyun Jiang ,&nbsp;Yunyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Purpose</h3><div>There is a scarcity of quantitative research on gait differences among patients with different motor subtypes of Parkinson’s disease (PD), especially during the early and middle stages of the condition. The purpose of this study is to describe the gait characteristics of PD with different motor subtypes in the early and middle stages and to identify the most sensitive indicators of gait impairment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>General information, including age, gender, disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), and falls, was collected. Motor and non-motor symptoms of PD were assessed using multiple scales. Patients’ walking function and lower limb joint movement ability were analyzed using a 3D gait analysis system.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 64 patients with early and middle-stage PD, of whom 33 were classified as the TD subtype, 24 were classified as the PIGD subtype, and 7 were classified as the Mixed subtype. In addition, 5 healthy subjects were included in the evaluation as healthy controls. The PIGD patients have significantly higher LEDD (431.08 ± 250.90 mg vs. 302.08 ± 164.64 mg, p = 0.034) and a higher number of falls (0.29 vs. 0.00, p = 0.018) than the TD patients. The overall gait disturbances and motor and non-motor symptoms did not exhibit significant differences between TD and PIGD patients. However, the decrease in GDI (β = −0.730 vs. β = −0.235, p = 0.043) and hip flexion and extension range (β = −0.533 vs. β = −0.470, p &lt; 0.001) was more pronounced in PIGD patients compared to TD patients as the MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ score increased.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is no significant difference in gait severity between patients with TD and PIGD subtypes during the early and middle stages of PD. However, PIGD patients exhibit a more rapid progression of gait impairment than TD, particularly affecting hip mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi-pallidal deep brain stimulation as an effective therapy in atypical two-stage evolution adult-onset KMT2B-related dystonia","authors":"Georges-Junior Kahwagi ,&nbsp;Cécile Hubsch ,&nbsp;Lydie Burglen ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Brandel ,&nbsp;Sophie Sangla ,&nbsp;Clément Desjardins","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report an adult-onset KMT2B-related dystonia with a two-stage evolution: focal cervical onset followed by rapid generalization. Whole genome sequencing identified a likely pathogenic KMT2B variant. Bi-pallidal deep brain stimulation led to an 83% motor improvement, highlighting its therapeutic potential in late-onset atypical two-stage evolution<!--> <!-->KMT2B-dystonia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autophagy related genes polymorphisms in Parkinson’s Disease; A systematic review of literature","authors":"Parastoo Yousefi ,&nbsp;Shahrzad Ghadirian ,&nbsp;Maryam Mobedi ,&nbsp;Mehrzad Jafarzadeh ,&nbsp;Adib Alirezaei ,&nbsp;Ali Gholami ,&nbsp;Alireza Tabibzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neurodegenerative diseases are mainly a consequence of degenerated proteins in neurons. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by Lewy body deposition. Autophagy is known as one of the cell maintenance mechanisms. Autophagy targets are damaged or degenerated macromolecules and organelles for lysosomal degradation. The role of disrupted autophagy in PD was established earlier. In this regard, the current study aimed to evaluate the frequency and status of the autophagy gene polymorphisms in PD by a systematic review approach.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>In the current study, electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were used for the search. The search was performed by using Parkinson’s disease, autophagy, autophagy-related gene, ATG, Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, variant, Sequence variants, and with a date limitation of 2010 to 2023. All original research papers in the English language that evaluate the ATG polymorphisms in PD were included in the study.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The conducted search leads to 2626 primary studies screened based on the inclusion criteria. After the screening stage, 8 studies were included. ATG7 rs1375206 and ATG5 rs510432, rs573775 and rs17587319 were associated with PD. However, some other polymorphisms in ATGs that were not associated with PD were listed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, regardless of the critical role of autophagy in PD pathogenesis, it seems that ATG16 and ATG7 polymorphisms are not associated with PD; however, ATG7 rs1375206 needs more evaluation for a clearer conclusion in future studies. ATG5 and ATG12 polymorphisms seem to be more important in PD. More comprehensive studies about all ATG5, 7, 12, and 16 seem to be urgently required for a conclusive judgment about their role in PD or even other neurodegenerative disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopa-responsive parkinsonism without cerebellar ataxia in spinocerebellar ataxia 6","authors":"Shun Yoshida ,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Takahashi ,&nbsp;Naoki Suzuki ,&nbsp;Muneshige Tobita","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital utilization and telemedicine preferences in patients with late-stage Parkinson’s disease and caregivers","authors":"Seo Hyun Hong ,&nbsp;Seoyeon Kim ,&nbsp;Seungmin Lee ,&nbsp;Bora Jin ,&nbsp;Jung Hwan Shin ,&nbsp;Kyung Ah Woo ,&nbsp;Han-Joon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There remains a significant gap in systematic research on healthcare utilization behaviors and the influencing factors for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), particularly those in late stages.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PD patients in late stage (Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stages 4 and 5) and their caregivers from Seoul National University Hospital Movement Disorders Clinic participated. A total of 103 respondents completed a questionnaire covering medical utilization behaviors, perceptions of face-to-face and telemedicine consultations, and additional medical service needs. Descriptive analysis was conducted based on HY stage, age, and travel time to the hospital.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>82.1% of patients in HY4 make more than 50% of in-person visits by themselves or with caregivers, compared with only 38.9% of patients in HY5. Despite proxy visits by caregivers were common, audiovisual or written materials about the patient’s condition were underused (63% answered ‘never’). Over three-quarters of patients did not receive rehabilitation therapy, mainly due to mobility issues and the lack of nearby facilities. One third of respondents were open to telemedicine, with differing preferences between age groups. 22% of HY5 patients or their caregivers were willing to pay more for telemedicine than in-person visit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study seeks to understand hospital use patterns and needs in late-stage PD patients and their caregivers. Current treatment framework for PD has areas that, if improved, could significantly enhance the quality of care. Telemedicine offers an opportunity to enhance PD education and assessment, introducing new methods for remotely measuring symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11754006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocyte counts in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Shinsuke Omata,&nbsp;Hiroaki Fujita,&nbsp;Hirotaka Sakuramoto,&nbsp;Keitaro Ogaki,&nbsp;Keisuke Suzuki","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to explore whether peripheral blood markers are associated with subsequent disease outcomes in patients with PD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a follow-up study among consecutive patients with PD and investigated the association between outcomes and baseline blood markers, including neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts; the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; motor/nonmotor symptoms; and radionuclide scanning findings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 112 patients, 97 (87%) met the eligible criteria. Over the average 1800-day follow-up period, 33 patients completed the full follow-up, 30 patients reached an endpoint (death, 3; hospitalization, 12; and placement in a nursing home, 6; home medical care 9), and 34 patients were censored. At the baseline assessment, patients who reached an endpoint were older and had higher Hoehn and Yahr stages and motor symptom scores, larger reductions in cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy accumulation and lower peripheral lymphocyte counts than patients who completed follow-up or were censored. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis revealed that patients who had low peripheral lymphocyte counts had a shorter time to reach an endpoint than those with preserved lymphocyte counts. According to the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, motor symptoms and peripheral lymphocyte count were associated with reaching an endpoint.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Among the blood biomarkers, a lower lymphocyte count was associated with worse outcomes in patients with PD. Low peripheral lymphocyte counts may be predictive of subsequent worse PD outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}