Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders最新文献

{"title":"An unusual case of Pisa syndrome secondary to anti-IgLon 5 disease","authors":"Sindhu V. Nambiar ,&nbsp;Thomas Mathew ,&nbsp;Vishal Chandra Sharma ,&nbsp;Arjun Jayaprakash ,&nbsp;Shagun Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Anita Mahadevanan","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pisa syndrome, characterized by lateral flexion of the trunk, is most often associated with neuroleptic use or neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease. Anti-IgLON5 disease is a rare neuroimmunological condition with overlapping features of autoimmunity and tauopathy, manifesting with sleep and cognitive disturbances, bulbar symptoms, and movement disorders. We report a 50-year-old man who presented with progressive lateral trunk flexion, head drop, dysarthria, and choreiform movements. The classic features of antiIgLon 5 disease including sleep and cognitive disturbances were absent. Serum testing confirmed strong positivity for anti-IgLON5 antibodies. Treatment with rituximab led to marked clinical improvement, with amelioration of symptoms at 24 months. This case illustrates an uncommon presentation of anti-IgLON5 disease as Pisa syndrome. Recognition of this association is important, as early immunotherapy can significantly improve outcomes in an otherwise progressive and disabling condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysomnographic characteristics in patients with idiopathic dystonia","authors":"Lejla Paracka ,&nbsp;Lan Ye ,&nbsp;Jann Lübke ,&nbsp;Assel Saryyeva ,&nbsp;Martin Klietz ,&nbsp;Florian Wegner ,&nbsp;Joachim K. Krauss","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Several aspects of the occurrence of sleep disturbances in dystonia remain unclear. Here, we assessed sleep architecture with polysomnography (PSG) and investigated the association of specific findings with mood, quality of life and severity of disease.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve patients with idiopathic dystonia underwent overnight PSG and findings were compared to those of a normative collective. Subjective sleep quality was evaluated with the Pittsburgh-Sleep-Quality-Index (PSQI) and the Epworth-Sleepiness-Scale (ESS). PSG findings, PSQI and ESS were correlated to motor scores of the Burke-Fahn-Marsden-Dystonia-Rating-Scale and the Torticollis-Western-Spasmodic-Rating-Scale. Further correlations were investigated between sleep assessment and mood (Beck-Depression-Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton-Depression-Rating-Scale (HDRS)), and quality of life (SF-36 subscales).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients with dystonia had impairments in REM sleep, increased N2 and arousal index. Impaired REM sleep was positively correlated with the SF-36 subscore mental health, the N1 sleep stage was associated with the HDRS score, the arousal index was negatively correlated with the SF-36 subscores social functioning and bodily pain, but positively correlated with the BDI, and daytime sleepiness according to ESS was correlated with the SF-36 subscale vitality. There were no significant correlations with motor scores.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study demonstrates that sleep impairment is a fundamental characteristic in patients with idiopathic dystonia affecting both mood and quality of life. Sleep disturbances are not merely a secondary consequence of the motor disorder, but appear to be an integral and primary feature of dystonia itself.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in movement disorders: From Parkinson's disease to the broader spectrum — Mechanisms, evidence, and future directions","authors":"Ahmed Dahshan ,&nbsp;Marwa Ibrahim Mahfouz Khalil ,&nbsp;Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary ,&nbsp;Ahmed Al Yamani","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), originally developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative disorders. GLP-1 signaling modulates key pathogenic pathways relevant to movement disorders, including neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired proteostasis, with receptors widely expressed in motor-related brain regions. This narrative review</div><div>aimed to summarize current mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical evidence regarding the role of GLP-1RAs across the spectrum of movement disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A narrative review of the literature was conducted, including preclinical studies, randomized clinical trials, observational data, and pharmacovigilance analyses evaluating GLP-1RAs in movement disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Preclinical studies consistently demonstrate neuroprotective effects of GLP-1RAs, including preservation of dopaminergic neurons, reduction of α-synuclein aggregation, and improvement in motor function. Clinical evidence is most advanced in Parkinson's disease, where early randomized trials of exenatide and lixisenatide suggested modest motor benefits and possible disease-modifying effects. However, subsequent larger studies, including the phase III Exenatide-PD3 trial, failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit. Preliminary signals have been reported in multiple system atrophy, whereas evidence in Huntington's disease, essential tremor, and other movement disorders remains largely preclinical.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>GLP-1RAs represents a biologically plausible but as yet unproven disease-modifying strategy in movement disorders. Translational challenges, including pharmacologic heterogeneity, variability in central nervous system exposure, and clinical trial design limitations—must be addressed. Future research should focus on biomarker-guided patient selection, optimized CNS-penetrant agents, and rigorously designed clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and autonomic correlates of chronic Sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease: a questionnaire-based study with cluster analysis of autonomic and dysphagia burden","authors":"Shohei Okusa,&nbsp;Tomonori Nukariya,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Nihei,&nbsp;Jin Nakahara,&nbsp;Morinobu Seki","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Introduction:</strong> Chronic sialorrhea is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but its clinical correlates and patient awareness of treatment options remain unclear. We examined factors associated with drooling, focusing on autonomic dysfunction and dysphagia, and assessed perceptions of botulinum toxin therapy.</div><div><strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a questionnaire-based study of consecutive PD outpatients at Keio University Hospital from October to December 2025. Drooling was defined using MDS-UPDRS Part II item 2. Autonomic symptoms were assessed with SCOPA-AUT and swallowing with the Swallowing Disturbances Questionnaire (SDQ). Clinical variables and ¹²³I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy indices were extracted from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with drooling. K-means clustering (k = 3) was also performed among droolers using standardized SCOPA-AUT and SDQ scores.</div><div><strong>Results:</strong> Among 208 patients, 116 (55.8%) were classified as droolers. Droolers were more often male and had longer disease and treatment duration, higher Hoehn and Yahr stage, higher levodopa equivalent daily dose, higher SDQ scores, more severe autonomic symptoms, and lower MIBG heart-to-mediastinum ratios. In multivariable analysis, higher SCOPA-AUT and SDQ scores remained independently associated with drooling. Only 34.5% of droolers perceived drooling as problematic, 14.7% were aware of botulinum toxin therapy, and 21.6% were willing to receive injections. Clustering identified three phenotypes: low autonomic/low dysphagia, high autonomic/high dysphagia, and high autonomic/low dysphagia.</div><div><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Chronic sialorrhea in PD is associated with dysphagia burden and broader autonomic dysfunction, suggesting heterogeneous mechanisms. Limited awareness highlights the need for systematic screening and patient education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13320329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data mining revealed no other trinucleotide repeat expansion associated with the Huntington's disease biomarker (CAG)","authors":"Omar Alaqeeli","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion is believed to be the only expansion associated with Huntington's Disease and other phenotypically similar genetic diseases. Here, we mine a large set of data that contains samples from patients of Huntington's disease as well as control to find associated trinucleotide repeat expansions of CAG. The total number of pathological and control datasets is 83 and 74, respectively. The total number of DNA base pairs in these samples is 210 and 162 Gigabases (1 <em>×</em> 10⁹ bases). Predicated on association rules, most of the trinucleotide repeats found in these datasets have no significant expansions, although some trinucleotides, such as AAA, GAA, and TGC, showed higher presence in pathological samples than controls, but not to the point of being viewed as significant. Evidently, the expansions of CAG trinucleotide are the only expansions that can act as a biomarker for Huntington's disease and other related genetic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13330689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multitype hand writing as a digital marker for Parkinson's disease","authors":"Hao Liu,&nbsp;Huishan Deng,&nbsp;Lan Wang,&nbsp;Xinlu Wang,&nbsp;Mingshu Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Handwriting impairment is a distinctive symptom of movement disorders (MDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinsonian syndrome (PDS).</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Custom-designed digital handwriting (DHW) tools were developed to strengthen the diagnosis of MDs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants with MDs from the Neurology and PET departments at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University were recruited to perform digital handwriting (DHW) tasks, which included drawing a line and a cube, and writing a sentence in Chinese (Ch), English (E), and Korean (K). AV133 PET-CT/MRI was used to detect the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in the brain. An attention-based one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model was developed to evaluate DHW indicators for PD diagnosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 197 participants with MDs and 160 matched controls were included, among whom 55 MD patients underwent AV133 PET-CT/MR for VMAT2 quantification. The machine learning model demonstrated that the DHW scores showed excellent discrimination between MDs and controls, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.982. In subgroup analyses, the L + E + K and L + E + K + Cu task combinations effectively distinguished PD from PDS, with AUC values of 0.727 and 0.717, respectively. The diagnostic agreement between the DHW and PET-VMAT2 results reached 85.45%. PET-AV133 imaging revealed a significant 33.7% downregulation of VMAT2 expression throughout the putamen in PD patients compared with PDS patients, with dramatic reductions in the posterior putamen. DHW scores from the L + E + K + Cu task combination were significantly correlated with VMAT2 expression in the caudate nucleus (q = 0.0005), specifically within the bilateral caudate heads and bodies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Custom-designed DHW tasks can serve as effective digital markers for PD diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148556846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in advanced Parkinson's disease: A clinical workflow from 50 consecutive patients at a single U.S. center","authors":"Saar Anis,&nbsp;Shannon Shaffer","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa (LDp/CDp) infusion is a new device-aided therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but real-world implementation experience, particularly in patients with prior deep brain stimulation (DBS), remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To describe a clinical workflow for LDp/CDp implementation and report outcomes from the first 50 consecutive patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Quality improvement report based on retrospective chart review at a tertiary movement disorders center between January 2025 and April 2026. Clinical management lessons were synthesized into an implementation workflow, and clinical response was assessed using the Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGI-C).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Median age was 68 years, disease duration 14 years, and baseline levodopa equivalent daily dose 1108 mg; 37 patients (74%) were male, 25 (50%) had prior DBS, and six (12%) had transitioned from levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel. Patients required a median of 4 visits to reach stable dosing. Manufacturer-predicted and final optimized median base infusion rates were similar (medians 0.38 vs 0.39 mL/h), although individualized titration was required in most patients. Clinician-assigned CGI-C ratings were in the improved range in 78% (38/49) of patients for motor fluctuations and 63% (31/49) for dyskinesia. Over a median follow-up of 7.2 months, 41 patients (82%) remained on therapy; skin reactions occurred in 46%, six patients (12%) discontinued, and three patients (6%) died. Among patients with DBS, median total stimulation current was 4.4 mA before and 4.0 mA after optimization; 7/25 (28%) had reductions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We describe a local clinical workflow used to implement LDp/CDp in routine care, including among patients with existing DBS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148737626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal characterization of biomechanical alterations in a Parkinson's disease mouse model using three-dimensional ground reaction forces","authors":"Mengyao Ning,&nbsp;Jinpeng Li,&nbsp;Sheng Yang,&nbsp;Min Ye,&nbsp;Yi Fan,&nbsp;Zhendong Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To longitudinally characterize locomotor biomechanical changes following unilateral intrastriatal α-Syn PFF inoculation in a Parkinson's disease mouse model and explore candidate the ground reaction force (GRF) based measures for their quantitative assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Based on biomechanical principles, this study analyzed the GRF of mice following α-Synuclein preformed fibril (PFF) inoculation to investigate longitudinal biomechanical indicators of changes in motor function after inoculation. A unilateral intrastriatal PFF injection mouse model was established, and a three-dimensional force sensor array was developed to measure GRF in control and PFF-injected mice at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months post-modeling. Independent-samples <em>t</em>-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression analysis were used to evaluate GRF and gait parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 0-months post-modeling, no significant differences in GRF or gait parameters were observed between the control and PFF groups. At 1-month post-inoculation, a significant difference in the maximum force-vector angle of the left hindlimb was observed, together with a separate difference in right forelimb GRF. At 3-months post-modeling, the PFF group exhibited prolonged gait-cycle and stance-phase durations, accompanied by reduced left-side GRF and pronounced bilateral asymmetry. At 6-months post-modeling, interlimb asymmetry further increased, particularly in the hindlimbs, whereas some between-group differences in gait parameters became less pronounced.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Three-dimensional GRF analysis revealed time-dependent changes in locomotor biomechanics following unilateral intrastriatal PFF inoculation. Parameters including GRF magnitude, force-vector angles, gait-cycle duration, stance-phase duration, and inter-limb asymmetry serve as candidate biomechanical markers for longitudinally characterizing motor dysfunction in mouse models of Parkinson's disease, though further validation in larger animal cohorts is required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13636442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing of device-aided therapy initiation in Parkinson's disease: reference estimates for healthcare planning and biological heterogeneity","authors":"David Ledingham ,&nbsp;Charlotte B. Stewart ,&nbsp;Sahana Sathyanarayana ,&nbsp;Victoria Foster ,&nbsp;Robyn Iredale ,&nbsp;Debra Galley ,&nbsp;Mark R. Baker ,&nbsp;Nicola Pavese","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Device-aided therapies including deep brain stimulation and continuous infusion therapies are effective for medication-refractory Parkinson's disease, yet longitudinal data on when patients undergo these interventions remain limited. We aimed to estimate cumulative incidence and identify predictors of device-aided therapy timing using survival analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analysed 1454 participants with Parkinson's disease from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), including 1079 with sporadic disease. Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated cumulative incidence of device-aided therapy from diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models identified baseline predictors in sporadic Parkinson's disease, with a separate model examining genetic and biomarker effects across cohorts.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During follow-up (median 3.0 years), 144 participants (9.9%) underwent device-aided therapy, predominantly deep brain stimulation (87.5%). In sporadic Parkinson's disease, cumulative incidence was 2.6% at 5 years and 15.3% at 10 years, with 10% reaching device-aided therapy by 8.6 years. Younger age at diagnosis (HR 0.92 per year, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), higher tremor subscore (HR 1.16, p &lt; 0.001), and higher postural instability/gait difficulty subscore (HR 1.68, <em>p</em> = 0.016) independently predicted earlier initiation. <em>LRRK2</em> (HR 3.41) and <em>GBA</em> (HR 2.73) carriers had significantly earlier device-aided therapy compared to sporadic disease. Notably, no sporadic participant with negative CSF alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay (SAA) underwent device-aided therapy during follow-up. Site-level variation was not significant after adjusting for patient characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides Kaplan-Meier-derived reference estimates for device-aided therapy in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Younger age, motor phenotype and genetic status were associated with earlier therapy initiation. The absence of device-aided therapy among SAA-negative sporadic participants warrants further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148230711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic-guided Management of Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa infusion in PINK1-related Parkinson's disease with neuropsychiatric vulnerability","authors":"Shohei Okusa,&nbsp;Yuki Shimazu,&nbsp;Risano Sakai,&nbsp;Takeshi Akiyoshi,&nbsp;Tomonori Nukariya,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Nihei,&nbsp;Jin Nakahara,&nbsp;Hisakazu Ohtani,&nbsp;Morinobu Seki","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100487","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148642653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}