Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Antidiabetic drugs in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Yoshajandith Aguirre-Vidal ,&nbsp;Sergio Montes ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Mota-López ,&nbsp;Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review explores the intricate connections between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), both prevalent chronic conditions that primarily affect the aging population. These diseases share common early biochemical pathways that contribute to tissue damage. This manuscript also systematically compiles potential shared cellular mechanisms between T2D and PD and discusses the literature on the utilization of antidiabetic drugs as potential therapeutic options for PD. This review encompasses studies investigating the experimental and clinical efficacy of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, along with the proposed mechanisms of action. The exploration of the benefits of antidiabetic drugs in PD presents a promising avenue for the treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000367/pdfft?md5=fd15f18a9d4c09a5e97eb3f8acd864c2&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000367-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141954737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The value of consciousness coaching in Parkinson’s disease: Experiences and possible impact of holistic coaching","authors":"Lousanne E.J. Tangelder,&nbsp;Ana L. Silva de Lima,&nbsp;Arjonne Laar,&nbsp;Nienke M. de Vries","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>People with a chronic condition such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) struggle with acceptance and finding meaning in life. Consciousness coaching could be a valuable addition in addressing these issues.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We aim to evaluate the user experiences and potential effectiveness of consciousness coaching for people with PD (PwPD).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We performed a pilot randomized controlled trial including PwPD in Hoehn &amp; Yahr stage 1–3. People with cognitive impairments, severe psychiatric disorders, or those who did not have a clear issue to address with consciousness coaching, were excluded. PwPD were randomly allocated to either receiving 6 months of consciousness coaching in addition to usual care or to usual care alone. To explore experiences we performed semi-structured qualitative interviews with all PwPD in the intervention group. Potential effects were explored using questionnaires on quality of life, activities of daily life, self-management and non-motor symptoms at baseline and after 6 months.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We included 39 PwPD, 19 participants in the intervention group and 20 in the control group. Based on the interviews, we identified a number of themes and codes. In general PwPD experienced consciousness coaching as confronting but supportive in reaching their goals and in taking more responsibility for their lives. Quantitatively, we did not find a difference between groups for any of the outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Consciousness coaching was considered valuable by most participants in this study and may be an interesting addition to PD treatment. We did not find any effects of the intervention on PD symptoms or quality of life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259011252400032X/pdfft?md5=3b993149137640428462a821492bc0c9&pid=1-s2.0-S259011252400032X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141298050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hand-foot synkinesis in a patient with phenytoin intoxication","authors":"Gohei Yamada ,&nbsp;Takanari Toyoda ,&nbsp;Eiichi Katada ,&nbsp;Noriyuki Matsukawa","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Here we report the first case of phenytoin intoxication that was closely associated with hand-foot synkinesis. This case suggests a close association between cerebellar dysfunction and hand-foot synkinesis. In patients with hand-foot synkinesis, lesions of not only the secondary motor areas but also the cerebellum should be considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000069/pdfft?md5=9415bc7ecfeb849fe6fde9caa50aa249&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000069-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-treatment of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease patients using silicone pads to apply Thai acupressure to plantar acupoints: A randomised, controlled trial","authors":"Yuka Miyahara ,&nbsp;Pattamon Panyakaew ,&nbsp;Jiradon Tinuan ,&nbsp;Onanong Phokaewvarangkul ,&nbsp;Chanawat Anan ,&nbsp;Haruki Toriumi ,&nbsp;Roongroj Bhidayasiri","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Freezing of gait (FOG) involves dysfunction of the motor and sensory systems. Peripheral sensory stimuli, including Thai acupressure, can improve proprioceptive function and decrease FOG episodes. Here, we sought to determine the efficacy of acupressure as a self-treatment to alleviate FOG in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted an open-label, controlled trial of 60 PD patients with FOG while medicated, randomised into two groups: an active-treatment group using silicone pads to apply pressure to plantar acupoints on the head of the big toe and the base of the first metatarsal bone on each foot for 6 s using patient body weight while seated, repeated four times for each acupoint bilaterally, and a sham-treatment group using a similar protocol without the silicone pads. The primary outcome was stride length. Secondary outcomes included FOG episodes, FOG duration, percent duration of FOG to total gait time (%FOG), and gait parameters. A baseline-adjusted analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes between the two groups.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared with the sham treatment, the active treatment increased stride length, gait velocity, and cadence (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and decreased FOG episodes and duration (both <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), %FOG (<em>p</em> = 0.011), and double-support time (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). No adverse effects were noted.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Acupressure using silicone pads to stimulate plantar acupoints for self-treatment is a noninvasive, simple, safe way to improve gait and alleviate FOG in patients with PD.</p></div><div><h3>Clinical Trial Registration</h3><p>We registered the study prospectively in the Thai Clinical Trial Registry No. TCTR20200317001.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000252/pdfft?md5=0c228935185d4950adb022f143ccea33&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000252-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140947188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRPD frontiers in movement disorders Therapeutics: From evidence to treatment and applications","authors":"Susan L. Perlman","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genetic ataxias have no cures and no proven ways to delay progression (no disease-modifying therapies). The acquired ataxias may have treatments that address the underlying cause and may slow or stop progression, but will not reverse damage already sustained. The idiopathic ataxias (of unknown genetic or acquired cause) also have no proven disease-modifying therapies. However, for all patients with ataxia of any cause, there is always something that can be done to improve quality of life—treat associated symptoms, provide information and resources, counsel patient and family, help with insurance and disability concerns, be available to listen and answer the many questions they will have.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000264/pdfft?md5=3ad21b5beb839dd552ad576cac487c6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000264-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140950432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel characteristics of the temporal transition to maximum tongue pressure in Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study","authors":"Sachi Hayasaka ,&nbsp;Kozo Hatori ,&nbsp;Shuko Nojiri ,&nbsp;Taku Hatano ,&nbsp;Takao Urabe ,&nbsp;Akito Hayashi ,&nbsp;Nobutaka Hattori ,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Fujiwara","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The reason why maximum tongue pressure (MTP) decreases in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unclear. Repeated measurements of isometric force and MTP may be useful for analyzing muscle wasting and force generation. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and temporal transition of MTP in PD and normal control (NC) groups.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>There were 18 participants in this study: 10 with PD and 8 NCs. The MTP was measured 20 times at regular intervals. The area under the curve of MTP temporal transitions, time to reach MTP, and total transition time of the tongue pressure (time to return to baseline) were compared between the groups.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>MTP decreased from baseline in PD subjects. Unlike NCs, PD subjects showed diverse and inconsistent temporal transitions. The decrease in MTP and delays in time to reach MTP and time to return to baseline were significantly greater in PD subjects (p &lt; 0.05), while there was no group difference in area under the curve values. According to repeated-measures ANOVA, MTP was not different over time between PD subjects and NCs.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In this study, muscle fatigue did not affect the decrease in MTP seen in PD subjects, or the diversity and inconsistency of the temporal transition in MTP in that group. These findings indicate that the motor control needed for the repeated, identical movements associated with MTP generation may be impaired in PD patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000136/pdfft?md5=520d02b1091a7e053aded5ef8be4bf79&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000136-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139985171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Too little or too much nocturnal movements in Parkinson’s disease: A practical guide to managing the unseen","authors":"Jirada Sringean ,&nbsp;Ornanong Udomsirithamrong ,&nbsp;Roongroj Bhidayasiri","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nocturnal and sleep-related motor disorders in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have a wide spectrum of manifestations and present a complex clinical picture. Problems can arise due to impaired movement ability (hypokinesias), e.g. nocturnal hypokinesia or early-morning akinesia, or to excessive movement (hyperkinesias), e.g. end-of-the-day dyskinesia, parasomnias, periodic limb movement during sleep and restless legs syndrome. These disorders can have a significant negative impact on the sleep, daytime functional ability, and overall quality of life of individuals with PD and their carers. The debilitating motor issues are often accompanied by a combination of non-motor symptoms, including pain and cramping, which add to the overall burden. Importantly, nocturnal motor disorders encompass a broader timeline than just the period of sleep, often starting in the evening, as well as occurring throughout the night and on awakening, and are not just limited to problems of insomnia or sleep fragmentation. Diagnosis can be challenging as, in many cases, the ‘gold standard’ assessment method is video polysomnography, which may not be available in all settings. Various validated questionnaires are available to support evaluation, and alternative approaches, using wearable sensors and digital technology, are now being developed to facilitate early diagnosis and monitoring. This review sets out the parameters of what can be considered normal nocturnal movement and describes the clinical manifestations, usual clinical or objective assessment methods, and evidence for optimal management strategies for the common nocturnal motor disorders that neurologists will encounter in people with PD in their clinical practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259011252400029X/pdfft?md5=ba9f73a6f4b55919183986da7b224bec&pid=1-s2.0-S259011252400029X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141241713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling neurologic music therapy with immersive virtual reality to improve executive functions in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A Quasi-Randomized Clinical Trial","authors":"Federica Impellizzeri ,&nbsp;Maria Grazia Maggio ,&nbsp;Paolo De Pasquale ,&nbsp;Mirjam Bonanno ,&nbsp;Lilla Bonanno ,&nbsp;Rosaria De Luca ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Paladina ,&nbsp;Angela Alibrandi ,&nbsp;Demetrio Milardi ,&nbsp;Michael Thaut ,&nbsp;Corene Hurt ,&nbsp;Angelo Quartarone ,&nbsp;Rocco Salvatore Calabrò","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms, including deficits in executive functions (EF), memory, visuospatial abilities, and psychomotor speed. Current treatments are primarily symptomatic, involving pharmacological, surgical strategies. Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) has gained recognition for its effectiveness in neurorehabilitation of PD patients and improving motor and cognitive domains, such as EF. This study combines NMT with the virtual reality (VR) platform Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN), offering customizable environments for rhythmic cue practice to provide an innovative approach to Parkinson’s rehabilitation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In our single-blind quasi-randomized controlled trial, forty patients were assigned to either an experimental group (EG = 20) or a control group (CG = 20). Both groups underwent two months of training with CAREN scenarios (three times a week for 24 sessions). The experimental group additionally received NMT applied to the selected scenarios. Participants were evaluated by a neuropsychologist at baseline and immediately after training.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Intra-group analysis showed significant improvements in the EG for MOCA (p = 0.007), FAB (p = 0.008), Stroop Error (p = 0.003), Stroop Time (p &lt; 0.001), and Visual Search (p &lt; 0.001). The CG showed a significant difference only in Stroop Error (p = 0.02).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This pilot study is the first to combine NMT with CAREN in PD patients. Our findings suggest that NMT, within an immersive VR environment, effectively improves cognitive and EF in PD. Music structured within NMT techniques, coupled with advanced audio-visual feedback from VR, offers an innovative and potentially more effective approach for managing cognitive and executive deficits associated with PD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practitioner perspectives on the implementation of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG® program","authors":"Leah Botkin,&nbsp;Rachel Proffitt","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG® (LSVT BIG®) intervention, originally designed for the patients with Parkinson’s disease, is a high amplitude, high repetition therapy protocol that encourages bigger, more quality movements. The purpose of this study was to understand practitioner utilization and perspectives of the LSVT BIG® intervention as there is no published work in this area.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>An electronic survey with optional debriefings was distributed to LSVT BIG® certified practitioners via the Facebook page run by parent company, LSVT Global Inc.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Forty-seven practitioners engaged in this study. Practitioners were largely in the outpatient setting. Forty-seven percent reported utilizing the LSVT BIG® intervention for patient populations outside of the Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. Sixty-one percent of respondents reported using the same assessment tools and ninety-five percent reported billing insurance for their services. Twenty-three percent reported offering the LSVT BIG® intervention via telehealth. Debriefings identified barriers to implementation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Practitioners are implementing the LSVT BIG® intervention across settings and are most likely to be in the outpatient setting, serving patients who possess a neurological diagnosis, and focus their assessment on lower extremity, gait, and balance. When billing insurance, practitioners routinely select the three CPT® codes: Neuromuscular Re-Education, Therapeutic Activity, and Therapeutic Procedure/Exercise. Practitioners identified several barriers to implementing the LSVT BIG® program, such as the high frequency of in-clinic visits. Practitioners are currently unsystematically modifying the program to meet patient and practitioner needs. Further research should continue to explore the practitioner perspectives on implementation of the LSVT BIG® intervention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000392/pdfft?md5=fa820ac7953aecc55d1946e789bb8435&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000392-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141985079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of task-specific dystonia in sports: A systematic review","authors":"B. Nijenhuis ,&nbsp;E. van Wensen ,&nbsp;M. Smit ,&nbsp;T. van Zutphen ,&nbsp;J. Zwerver ,&nbsp;M.A.J. Tijssen","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Task specific dystonia is a movement disorder only affecting a highly practiced skill and is found in a broad set of expert movements including in sports. Despite affecting many sports, there is no comprehensive review of treatment options, which is in contrast to better studied forms of task specific dystonia in musicians and writers. For this reason, studies involving an intervention to treat task specific dystonia in sports were systematically reviewed, with special attention for the quality of outcome measures.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The PICO systematic search strategy was employed on task-specific dystonia, and all synonyms. Inclusion criteria were peer reviewed published studies pertaining to sports, studies with a measurement and/or intervention in TSD, all in English. We excluded abstracts, expert opinions, narrative review articles, unpublished studies, dissertations and studies exclusively relating to choking. We included case reports, case studies and case-control studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In April 2022 Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Psychinfo were searched. Of the 7000 articles identified, 31 were included that described psychological and invasive and/or pharmacological interventions. There was a lack of formal standardized outcome measures in studies resulting in low quality evidence for the effectiveness of treatment options. A descriptive synthesis showed emotional regulation was effective, but was exclusively tried in golfers. Interventions like botulinum toxin or pharmacology had a similar effectiveness compared to studies in musicians dystonia, however there was almost no formal evidence for these treatments.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The quality of studies was low with a lack of standardized outcome measures. Future studies with larger cohorts and quantitative outcome measures are needed to improve understanding of treatments for task specific dystonia in athletes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112524000148/pdfft?md5=6174975c3990cd5aae605963e581058f&pid=1-s2.0-S2590112524000148-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140031577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}