International Journal of Biological Macromolecules最新文献

{"title":"Associations between microstructural features and dispersion stability: A comparative study of orange and lemon pectin.","authors":"Yi-Fan Chen, Jin-Song Liao, Jun-Ru Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between pectin structure and dispersion stability remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the differences between citrus pectin (L1: lemon pectin, degree of esterification, DE: 72%; L2:lemon pectin, DE: 68%; O1: orange pectin, DE: 72%, O2: orange pectin, DE: 68%; CP150H: standardized pectin, DE: 69%). It indicated that lemon pectin and orange pectin differed in monosaccharide composition such as arabinose content, homogalacturonan (HG)/rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) ratio, and degree of branching. The standardized pectin CP150H exhibited the highest in acetyl content (1.48% ± 0.26%) and ferulic acid content (0.88 mg/g ± 0.02 mg/g) which resulted in its strong hydrophobicity in the situation of the similar apparent molecular weight and degree of esterification. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed chain-like and entangled features for CP150H and orange pectin, which was rarely found in lemon pectin. Subsequently, L1, L2, O1, O2, CP150H were added to yogurt at a concentration of 0.4% (w/v). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) suggested that yogurt prepared with lemon pectin had larger droplet sizes than orange pectin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the morphological states of different pectin in yogurt system, which indicated that orange pectin had a smoother film structure than lemon pectin. Only through the combination of various factors like molecular structure and hydrophobic moieties, can pectin exhibit enhanced dispersion stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154895"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogels via Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder click chemistry for drug delivery: A comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation.","authors":"Urwa Shahid, Seon-Hwa Kim, Israr Ali, Ganghak Lee, Suganthy Ramamoorthy, Sung-Han Jo, Iman Janghorban Esfahani, Kai-Chiang Yang, Sang-Hyug Park, Kwon Taek Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bio-orthogonal click chemistry enables injectable hydrogels for localized drug delivery with reduced systemic exposure. The crosslinking reaction and resulting network characteristics critically influence the physicochemical and biological performance of hydrogels, necessitating comparative evaluation for rational design. This study compares two hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel systems based on furan-maleimide Diels-Alder (DA) and tetrazine-norbornene Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) click chemistry. Both hydrogels formed at 37 °C, with IEDDA showing significantly faster gelation than DA. Wet DA and IEDDA hydrogels showed lower swelling ratios than freeze-dried hydrogels. Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4), wet DA hydrogels released most of their drug payload within approximately 8 h, whereas IEDDA hydrogels provided more prolonged drug release over approximately 12 h. These differences were related to the distinct network properties of the two systems. In vitro studies demonstrated rapid doxorubicin (DOX) release from DA hydrogels, resulting in decreased cancer cell proliferation, whereas IEDDA hydrogels exhibited slower and more sustained release. In vivo, IEDDA hydrogels showed prolonged retention of indocyanine green (ICG) and slower degradation compared with DA hydrogels. Overall, DA and IEDDA based HA hydrogels showed distinct gelation, network, drug-release, and in vivo characteristics, highlighting the importance of click chemistry selection for specific biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154959"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced mechanically robust and anti-swelling anisotropic composite hydrogels for multifunctional underwater sensing.","authors":"Yu Xia, Qianqian Jia, Chunpeng Wang, Qiang Yong, Tongan Bu, Chuanwei Lu, Fuxiang Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels, as skin-mimicking soft materials, have shown promising applications in wearable flexible electronics. However, their intrinsic swelling behavior leads to mechanical degradation and unstable sensing performance in aqueous environments, severely limiting their applicability in underwater sensing. Herein, we develop a cellulose-reinforced anisotropic composite hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties and anti-swelling properties through a strategy combining mechanical pre-stretching and Al³⁺ coordination crosslinking. Specifically, the carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals/poly(acrylic acid) isotropic precursor hydrogel is mechanically pre-stretched to induce the oriented arrangement of polymer chains and cellulose nanocrystals along the stretching direction, and then the oriented structure is fixed through Al³⁺ coordination bonding, ultimately yielding a cellulose-reinforced anisotropic composite hydrogel with dense coordination bonds and multiple hydrogen-bond networks. This anisotropic and dense network structure design endows the composite hydrogel with significantly improved tensile strength of 0.72 MPa and toughness of 2.87 MJ·m^-3, realizing a 14.12-fold and 21.92-fold increase compared to the isotropic precursor hydrogel, respectively. Meanwhile, the composite hydrogel exhibits excellent conductivity of 0.64 S·m^-1 and superior anti-swelling performance with a low swelling ratio of 13.02% after immersion in seawater for 6 days. Given these features, the composite hydrogels can function as high-sensitivity (GF = 1.27) and rapid response (120 ms) wearable strain sensors for real-time motion monitoring and Morse-code communication in underwater environments. This study provides a practical strategy for the design of high-performance bio-based hydrogels for underwater sensing electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154957"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Citric acid-treated lignin as a functional regulator for PBS/PBAT biodegradable films.","authors":"Xinrui Liu, Qiqi Li, HaiXin Zhang, Yuyao Wu, Xiaoyuan Liao, Yue Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A biodegradable composite film was fabricated using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) as the main matrix, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) as the toughening component, and citric acid-treated lignin as a low-cost bio-based filler. Under fixed conditions of a PBS/PBAT mass ratio of 80/20 and a lignin loading of 1 wt%, the effects of different citric acid treatment ratios on the structure and properties of composite films were systematically investigated. SEM and rheological analyses revealed that citric acid treatment mitigated the visible aggregation of lignin and improved the melt structural stability of lignin-containing PBS/PBAT films compared with the films filled with untreated lignin. XRD results demonstrated that the fundamental crystalline structure of the composite films remained unchanged. Among all fabricated samples, the PPCL-2 composite film exhibited the best overall performance, with a tensile strength of 26.8 MPa and remarkably enhanced elongation at break. In addition, this composite film possessed well-balanced water vapor and oxygen transmission rates, exhibited a UV transmittance lower than 0.1% within the wavelength range of 230-340 nm, and displayed accelerated mass loss and structural degradation under simulated composting conditions. Preliminary seedling growth tests indicated that soil containing residual PPCL-2 degraded films exerted no obvious short-term inhibitory effects, with a 7 d germination rate of 97.33 ± 2.31%, and fresh and dry weights comparable to those of the control group. The above results confirm that the PPCL-2 composite film is a promising biodegradable material with well-balanced overall performances, which offers a low-cost and feasible technical route for fabricating high-performance biodegradable films.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154955"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring roles of chitosan, collagen, and semisynthetic polymer in optical-catalytic-electrochemical properties of hybrid opto-electronic system: multimodal sensing and electro-oxidation of Hg(II) in real solutions.","authors":"Preetam Nandy, Shrestha Roy, Nadira Hassan, Deepak Chowdhury, Saikat Sarkar, Mobasserul Islam, Mostafizur Rahaman, Mincheol Chang, Mohammad A Hasnat, Suman Kalyan Samanta, Pijush Kanti Chattopadhyay, Dilip K Maiti, Nayan Ranjan Singha","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unusual formation of Hg(III)-coordinated polymer at room temperature offers a unique electro-optical platform to explore the rare high-valent electronic properties of mercury, surpassing conventional redox boundaries. In this work, Hg(III) reduction is restricted through its encapsulation within the donor pockets of supramolecular hybrid semisynthetic polymer system composed of chitosan, collagen, synthetic 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AAMPS), and in-situ generated 2-methyl-2-(3-(N-(2-methyl-1-sulfopropan-2-yl)acrylamido)propanamido)propane-1-sulfonic acid (MMSPAPPSA). The -C(=O)N<, -C(=O)NH-, -C(=N)OH, -C(O) = N⁺<, -NH₂, -CH₂OH, >CHOH, -CH₂SH, and -SO₃H functionalities of the constituent matrices form donor pockets to coordinate and stabilize Hg(III). Therefore, semisynthetic opto-electroactive polymers (SOEPs) are synthesized through grafting of chitosan in the matrix of AAMPS and MMSPAPPSA. In SOEPs, chitosan manifests dual emission and higher conductivity compared to that of poly(AAMPS-co-MMSPAPPSA). However, to further increase the fluorescence intensity, open circuit potential, and conductivity, SOEP2 (optimized composition) is modified with different amounts of collagen to fabricate hybrid opto-electroactive polymers (HOEPs). The opto-electrochemically optimized HOEP2 shows high selectivity toward Hg(II). In the cyclic voltammetry, Hg(II) → Hg(III) oxidation by HOEP-modified Pt electrode is confirmed from the anodic signal at 0.27 V (Hg(II)/Hg(III)), supported by the spectroscopic analyses of Hg(II/ III)-HOEP2 prepared from electrolyzed product and HOEP2 at the room temperature. Indeed, chitosan-collagen-synthetic polymer system promotes Hg(II) oxidation through electron-rich functionalities and stabilizes Hg(III) through their robust coordination microenvironments, collectively generating Hg(III) within the semisynthetic polymer framework. Additionally, HOEP2 is employed for fluorometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric sensing of Hg(II) in distilled, tap, and pond water with high selectivity, reversibility, reproducibility, and low limits of detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154897"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnesium-associated persimmon polysaccharide modulates the structure, water mobility, and texture of kudzu starch gels.","authors":"Lu Lu, Tianqi Shi, Yiqing Zhu, Xiaojing Li, Caie Wu, Dandan Zhou, Tingting Li, Gongjian Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated how a magnesium-associated persimmon polysaccharide preparation (PP-Mg) affected kudzu starch (KS) gels. Persimmon polysaccharide (PP) and MgCl₂ were combined at mass ratios of 4:1, 4:2, and 4:3. PP-Mg 4:2 had the highest geometric mean apparent viscosity across the shear-rate sweep and the highest viscoelastic moduli within the common strain interval. It also ranked first in a four-criterion comparison. This preparation was then added at 0.8% or 2.0% (w/v) to dispersions containing 15%, 20%, or 25% (w/v) KS before gelatinization. The six gels were compared using utensil tests, texture profile analysis, rheology, water mobility, and deformation stability. The 2.0% PP-Mg/20% KS gel ranked first in the combined evaluation (C_i = 0.927). It showed good cohesion during handling, moderate hardness, predominantly elastic behavior, and restricted water mobility. Its mean observational texture score was 93.5/100 across six assessors. This score was developed for this study and is not an official score of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI). The same gel ranked first when the observational texture score was excluded. These results identify 2.0% PP-Mg/20% KS as the preferred formulation among the gels tested under the stated preparation conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154889"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid nitrogen ball-milled mechanochemistry prior to dry heating regulates the multiscale structure and physicochemical properties of corn starch.","authors":"Chengyi Sun, Jian Liu, Lijun Jiang, Bo Wang, Fengzhen Chen, Guihong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid nitrogen ball-milled mechanochemistry (BM), with favorable clean-label characteristics, is a novel method used industrially for starch processing. In this study, corn starch (CS) was subjected to BM for 20 min, followed by dry heating (DH) treatment at 130 °C for 2-4 h. Microstructural observations revealed that DH-treated starches maintained an integrated granular structure with slight aggregation. BM-treated starch displayed a collapsed granular structure, while starches subjected to combined BM and DH modifications exhibited a morphology similar to that of BM-treated starch. The modifications altered the starch molecular structure, as demonstrated by the observed changes in amylose content (increasing from 26.14% to 27.72%-30.45%), molecular weight (decreasing from 69,385.75 kDa to 57,000.91-68,642.37 kDa), and the average degree of polymerization (DP) of amylopectin (decreasing from 21.63 to 20.72-21.61). The results of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy revealed damaged crystalline structure and reduced short-range ordered structure in modified starches, as evidenced by the reduction in relative crystallinity (RC) from 28.76% to 12.68%-26.94%, the decline in the R_1047/1022 from 0.943 to 0.741-0.902, and the increase in FWHM₄₈₀ from 23.30 to 24.65-27.51. The modifications also facilitated the starch gelatinization and thermal degradation, while significantly altering the swelling power, solubility, and in vitro digestibility of starches. These findings demonstrated the potential of combined BM and DH modifications as an innovative approach for modulating the multiscale structure and physicochemical properties of starch, broadening its functional utility in food-related applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154893"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Ruminal microbiota-derived peptidoglycan and its primary bioactive metabolite Muramyl dipeptide as a mediator of mastitis: Novel insights into molecular mechanisms of mastitis\" [Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2026 Jan;340(Pt 1):149784].","authors":"Min Qiu, Xiaotong Zhao, Cunguo Cui, Jiaxin Xie, Jinnan Wang, Yunhe Fu, Caijun Zhao, Xiaoyu Hu, Lingling Tong, Naisheng Zhang, Yue Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154855","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154855"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation improves polycystic ovary syndrome by activating silent regulatory protein 2 mediated lactate dehydrogenase A lysine 119 deacetylation to enhance glycolytic activity.","authors":"Zhihan Zhang, Haoxuan Xue, Haoyan Tu, Xiaocan Lei, Kongwei Huang, Xiuli Yang, Qin Xie, Zhenwei Guo, Shun Zhang, Peng Huo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with impaired granulosa cell (GC) glycolytic activity. Although lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)-a key glycolytic enzyme modulated by acetylation-is involved, its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated whether nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) alleviates PCOS by promoting LDHA deacetylation to enhance glycolytic function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We established a PCOS rat model via letrozole (1 mg/kg/d) gavage combined with high-fat diet for 30 days; after successful modeling, rats were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle or NMN (500 mg/kg/d) for an additional 30 days..We then evaluated metabolic phenotypes, reproductive hormone profiles, ovarian histopathology, and estrous cycle regularity. The underlying molecular mechanism was verified in testosterone (10 μM)-treated human granulosa-like KGN cells via a series of molecular assays including qRT-PCR, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and site-directed mutagenesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NMN supplementation significantly reversed insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, estrous cycle disorder, and polycystic ovarian morphology in PCOS rats, and simultaneously increased ovarian NAD⁺ levels and glycolytic activity. We further identified SIRT2 as the specific deacetylase of LDHA, and uncovered K119 as the key functional acetylation site that regulates LDHA enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, NMN promoted SIRT2-mediated deacetylation of LDHA at K119, which enhanced glycolytic activity, promoted proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis in ovarian GCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that NMN enhances glycolytic activity in ovarian GCs via the SIRT2/LDHA-K119 regulatory axis, thereby ameliorating PCOS-related reproductive and metabolic disorders. Collectively, these findings identify the SIRT2-LDHA axis as a novel therapeutic target and provide preclinical evidence supporting NMN as a potential intervention for PCOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154894"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust polyvinyl alcohol based multifunctional films with pH-responsive via electrostatic self-assembly of TOCNF and quaternary ammonium chitosan by loading apple polyphenol.","authors":"Jie Liu, Youliang Cheng, Changqing Fang, Hanzhi Han, Mengyao Li, Xin Zhang, Zhiwei Jiang, Kun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based materials with pH-responsive colorimetric properties have attracted increasing attention for sustainable and intelligent packaging applications. Although numerous studies have reported PVA-based pH-responsive packaging films with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, further optimization is still required in achieving a balanced integration of multiple functionalities, including antioxidant performance, antimicrobial efficiency, and long-term structural stability. Thus, a new kind of multifunctional PVA based composite film was fabricated via direct solvent casting combined with ultrasonication by mixing PVA with TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TOCNF), quaternary ammonium chitosan (QCS), and apple polyphenol (APP). The effects of APP and QCS incorporation on the structural, mechanical, barrier, biological, and intelligent-responsive properties of the films were systematically investigated. The optimized PT-1.5(QA) film exhibited a balanced mechanical performance, with a tensile strength of approximately 8.1 MPa and an elongation at break of approximately 243%, attributed to the formation of intermolecularly associated polymer networks. Meanwhile, APP incorporation significantly enhanced the antioxidant and UV-shielding properties, achieving approximately 92.8% DPPH and 96.5% ABTS radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the composite film exhibited enhanced barrier properties, strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and distinct pH-responsive color changes over a broad pH range (1-12). Cytotoxicity evaluation confirmed good in vitro biocompatibility. Importantly, the composite film effectively delayed postharvest senescence and quality deterioration of litchi fruit, while maintaining favorable biodegradability. These findings highlight the potential of TOCNF/QCS/APP/PVA films as sustainable active and intelligent packaging materials for food preservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154896"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}