Iraqi National journal of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Correlation between Body Mass Index and Serum Calcium levels in Adults Sudanese People, Gezira State","authors":"Nesreen Alrayah, Ahmed Mak, O. Saeed, G. Modawe","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium is necessary nutrient for normal growth and development. The study aimed to document the normal values of serum calcium levels in healthy Sudanese adults in gezira state and its relation to the body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018 to 2021 in Gezira state on 534 adults,42.3% (226) were males and 57.7% (308) were females, age ranged from 20 and 60 years. A questionnaire was used for data collection to assess the essential demographic data. Three ml of blood was collected in heparin vacuum tubes and serum calcium was measured by Calcium-O-Cresolphthalein Complex one colorimetric method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version (23). BMI was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). The participants were further grouped into four groups based on BMI as follows: underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Results: The mean serum calcium levels of participants with overweight and obese were (9.58± 0.68, 9.75 ± 0.64) respectively, for females (9.42 ± 0.63, 9.47 ± 0.62) respectively, for males as compared to (9.43 ± 0.72,9.52 ± 0.79) for females (9.26 ± 0.67, 9.35 ± 0.72) for males with underweight and normal BMI, respectively. BMI correlated positively and significantly with serum calcium levels in obese individuals (r = 0.72, P = 0.00). Conclusion: Our study revealed that, serum calcium is positively associated with BMI in both sexes. Micronutrients such as calcium should be considered in the management of obesity/overweight.","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115622550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Duodenal Biopsy Be Omitted in Patient With Positive Serum tTGA Antibody in The Diagnosis of Celiac Disease?","authors":"Jasim M. A. Al-Diab, Rasha Manual, Hameed Aljabery, H. Jarullah","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.2","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000Background: Celiac disease (CD) is caused by a reaction to the dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Measuring of serum IgA antibodies to human tissue transglutaminase (tTGA) can be used alone for the diagnosis of celiac disease. However, it is recommended that individuals with positive tTGA antibodies should have a duodenal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of CD.\u0000Objectives: This study aims to clarify the extent to which the anti tTGA serological assay can replace the need for performing duodenal biopsy in the diagnosis of CD.\u0000Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the Basrah University Teaching Hospital laboratory, Jasim Aldiab laboratory, and Al-Moosawi private hospital in the period of 1st January 2019 to 1st October 2021. The cases included in this study are 190 individuals subjected to tTGA serological test and duodenal biopsy. Marsh I and Marsh II categories were not considered diagnostic of CD, while Marsh III category was considered diagnostic of CD. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the tTGA test were calculated.\u0000Results: The sensitivity of the tTGA was 57.1%, the specificity was 92%, the PPV was 95.2%, and the NPV was 43.4%.\u0000Conclusions: The study concludes that the duodenal biopsy can be omitted in patients with negative serum tTGA antibody because of high specificity but cannot be used as a sole tool for the diagnosis of CD because of low sensitivity. Thus, depending on the serological test could lead to missed diagnosis of some CD cases.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114913593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Liver Enzymes Activities among Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Attending Alribat University Hospital, Khartoum State","authors":"G. Modawe","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease known by chronic hyperglycemia which results from defective insulin action and secretion. Various studies have documented liver disease as a major cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is well known that the liver plays an important role in the maintenance of normal glucose levels during fasting as well as in the postprandial period Aim: To evaluate the levels of liver markers in type 2 diabetes patients in Khartoum state.  Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Alribat University hospital, Sudan during the period from January 2018 to April 2019. Hundred subjects were included in the study, fifty patients previously diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and similar number of age- andgender-matchedhealthy control subjects. The design of the study was cross-sectional, with a retrospective historical review through apersonal interview of all subjects.Blood was collected in a heparinized tube at room temperature and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500rpm, Serum liver markers concentrations were estimated by an enzymatic method in a fully Automated Biochemistry Analyzer (Cobas 3546). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: The majority of patients were > 55 years. serum level of AST in type 2 diabetic patients and control group respectively were (31.26±10.34, 20.35±6.48) p value= 0.00), serum levels of ALT in type 2diabetic patients and control group respectively were (33.74±6.48, 19.70±6.23) p value= 0.00, serum level of ALP in Type 2 Diabetes patients and control group respectively were (125.20±49.61, 87.90±24.35) p value= 0.00,Serum level of GGT in Type 2 Diabetes patients and control group respectively were (47.72±9.01, 43.48±8.63) p value= 0.026. The mean BMI in type 2 diabetic patients and the control group respectively were (26.36±5.94,19.19±2.67), p value= 0.00, the correlation between duration of disease and liver enzymes GGT,ALT,AST and ALP respectively were (0.47,0.34,0.57,0.93). The current study showed in significant correlation between serum (GGT and ALT) and BMI of patients among type 2 diabetic patients (p value= 0.83,0.863) but significant correlation between serum (AST, ALT) and BMI of patients ( p value= 0.002,0.032).Conclusion: In the present study, a significant increase in the level of liver enzymes, ALT, AST, GGT ALP was observed in type 2 diabetic patients when compared to the normal group. Hence, we found an association between the level of liver enzymes, ALT, AST, and GGT in type 2 diabetic patients. Thus, these liver enzymes can be used as biomarkers for the assessment of type 2 diabetes, and we found no association between the level of liver enzymes, ALT, AST, and GGT in type 2 diabetic patients and duration of disease.","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128497163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SUPERIOMEDIAL PEDICALE SEPTUM BASED REDUCTION MAMMOPLASTY FOR BREAST HYPERTROPHY","authors":"Hiba Alkharasan, J. Hameed","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reduction mammoplasty is a technique used for treating women with breast hypertrophy, in addition to improving the appearance of these breasts. Hence, the corrections under this mammoplasty include functional and aesthetic outcomes, while preserving the vascularity and sensibility of the breasts. Aim : To evaluate superomedial septal-based reduction mammoplasty in patients with breast hypertrophy on Nipple Areola Complex (NAC) vascularity, sensibility and overall complications. Patients and Methods: A total of 29 patients with bilateral breast hypertrophy underwent reduction mammoplasty with the superomedial pedicle and septal perforated technique. The mean distance of SN-N was 36.9 cm on the right side and 37.4 cm on the left side. The mean distance transfer of nipple–areola was 18.2 cm for the right side and 18 cm for the left side. The mean excised tissue was 1283 g from the right side and 1240 g from the left side. Results: Postoperatively, the mean of SN-N was 21.5 cm for both the right and left side. A limited wound dehiscence occurred in four patients (13.8%), impaired nipple sensation occurred in three patients (10.1%), while infection was found in one patient (3.4%). Conclusions: In our study, using the superomedial pedicle and septal perforator provided a safe and reliable technique for treating patients with breast hypertrophy, including macromastia and gigantomastia. It minimized the risk of vascular compromise of the NAC. this technique was found to show minor complications and provide good aesthetic outcomes.","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124435311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of family physicians toward osteoporosis in Babylon governorate.","authors":"Esraa Yasien, Q. Kadhem","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone illness that occurs in males and females and is widely disturbed around the world. Research shows that females are more affected after menopause than males due to decreased estrogen secretion. The aim of this research is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of family physicians concerning osteoporosis. Method: A cross-sectional study started from May to July 2020 in Babylon region. Almost all family physicians work in rural and urban areas in Babylon governorate have been included in the current study. A self-administered questionnaire was collected after taking verbal consent from all participants, with no exclusion criteria. The first part focused on demographic and specialized practice information data, while the second part contained a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) survey. Results: Out of 97 family physicians, 59% scored moderate, 34% poor, and 6% good in awareness response. Regarding attitude response, 76% were good, 22% moderate, and 2% poor. In practice response, 53% were moderate, 33% good, and 13% poor. There was a significant association between place of work and attitude, source of experience and practice, practice and osteoporosis-training course, practice and use of guidelines, and the years of work and practice. Conclusion: Most family physicians in Babylon province had moderate awareness, good attitude, and moderate practice towards osteoporosis. Family doctors working in hospitals had poor attitude towards osteoporosis. Therefore, all family doctors can benefit from training courses, especially family doctors who work in a hospital. Further, the current osteoporosis guidelines must be revised for any mistakes. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Family Physicians, Osteoporosis, Babylon City.","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132205528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effect of Using an Electro-Thermal Bipolar Sealing Device and Conventional Ligation on the Incidence of Post-Renal Transplant Lymphoceles in Recipients","authors":"Safa Mezban, A. Almayyahi, Radhwan Mahdi, M. Al-Badran, H. Al-Khammas, Hayder Aledan","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Lymphocele development is a well-established complication following kidney transplant. Some devices, such as electrothermal bipolar sealing devices, have been found to reduce lymphatic drain following kidney transplantation.\u0000The aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to compare the usage of conventional lymphatic ligation with the electrothermal bipolar sealing device and its influence on the formation of lymphoceles after kidney transplantation surgery.\u0000Patients and methods: A cohort retrospective and prospective study was conducted from May 2015 to November 2020 at the Basrah renal transplantation center in Al-Sader Teaching Hospital, Basrah. One hundred and thirty anonymized patients with end-stage renal diseases were involved in the present study. They were categorized into two groups: group 1 (conventional ligation group) with 70 patients and group 2 (electrothermal bipolar sealing device group) with 60 patients. The groups were compared and matched for possible risk factors. Patients were followed up for six weeks with full laboratory investigation (complet blood count, renal function tests, and liver function tests) and medical and surgical assessments. Statistical package of social siences version 25 was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Confidence intervals of 95% were applied as the dependent interval in statistics, and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant.\u0000Results: The mean age of the patients was parallel for both conventional ligation and electrothermal bipolar sealing device groups (34.69 ± 10.28 vs. 33.68 ± 10.35). The operative time (155.57 ± 17.9 vs. 140.33 ± 17.07), lymphocele development (12 (17.1%) vs. 4 (6.7%)), lymphatic drainage volume (974.57 ± 178.39 vs. 493.83 ± 163.65), and the days of drainage (8.28 ± 3.3 vs. 4.6 ± 1.4) showed statistically significant differences between the conventional ligation technique and the electrothermal bipolar sealing device technique (p < 0.05).\u0000Conclusion: The cautery of bipolar vessels is advantageous when compared to conventional ligation in kidney transplant lymphatic dissection, reducing the risk of lymphocele occurrence, in addition to its feasibility, safety, and easy performance","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116403222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Using Dermis-Fat Graft in Oro-Nasal Fistula Repair","authors":"Hayder Jaleel, Marwan Al-Qasem","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000Background One of the most devastating complication that follows cleft palate surgery is oro- nasal fistula. It can lead to many problems like fluid and food regurgitation, poor oral hygiene and retropharyngeal incompetence. The repair of palatal fistula had long presented a remarkable challenge to the plastic surgeon. Repair of these fistulae required the use of more than the usual two-layered closure procedures; demanding the introduction of a ‘Third layer’ of tissue to enhance smooth healing, and thereby reduce the chance of closure failure which predispose to fistulization. In this study we used an autogenous graft of ‘’ dermis and fat (dermis-fat) graft ‘’ to serve as the third protective, supportive and enhancive layer.\u0000Aim of the study: To evaluate the use of dermis-fat graft as autogenous tissue to achieve three layers closure of the palatal fistula.\u0000PATIENT AND METHOD The study included 22 patients ( 13 males, 9 females ), ranging in the ages between 2  to 40 years (13 males versus 9 females). The fistula size varies from 4 mm to 25 mm in diameter. Timing of fistula repair ranged between 6 months up to more than 4 years, Fistula assessment was done focusing on size, site, number and shape. Then assessment of surrounding tissue viability and pliability\u0000Results, operated upon, having 30 oro-nasal, We used minimal thickness of the graft ( 4-6 mm ) in 23 fistulae, and 7-8 mm thick graft in 7 ones. 24 cases was having full healing while in 2 fistulae partial wound dehiscence occurred. In another 2 fistulae there was obliteration of the buccal sulcus. While partial graft exposure in 2 other fistulae. We experienced no hematoma, or infection or airway obstruction.\u0000 conclusion Using of interpositional dermis-fat graft had shown to have promising result in closure of oro-nasal fistula that followed cleft palate surgery. It provided durable, stable, and flexible coverage with minimal donor site morbidity. It can be used for fistula of less than 1.5 cm of various locations.\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"IA-21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126561342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Glutathione as a Bleaching Agent in Whitening Skin: A Review","authors":"Zainab Abdul- Nabi, N. Mohammed-Jawad","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To review and compare the efficacy of glutathione formulations as skin-whitening agents in adults participating in several clinical studies.\u0000Methods: Using a MEDLINE search with the time frame specified up to March 2020 , seven clinical studies involving GSH use for lightening the skin were recognized and assessed for significance and validity.\u0000Results: Four controlled clinical trials (GSH capsules: 60 healthy volunteers; 250 mg oral GSH capsules:60; 2% glutathione lotion: 30s healthy volunteers; GSH as wash:74 healthy volunteers) and a case series(GSH lozenges: 30 patients) showed a significant reduction in melanin index. A case series (GSH soap: 15 patients) revealed a skin-lightening effect based on photography. Only one placebo-controlled study on IV GSH (1200 mg) in 60 healthy volunteers demonstrated a poor effect of glutathione as a whitening agent.\u0000Conclusion: The literature search revealed that glutathione is not useful enough as a skin-whitening agent, as it is only effective on some parts of the skin and did not present any long-lasting effect. Although the safety profile of topical and oral glutathione seemed to be good, long-term research studies employing better study design are required in order to evaluate the efficacy of this antioxidant.","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"81 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131303702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrast Enhanced Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Versus Contrast Enhanced T1-Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Infectious Meningitis","authors":"Husham H Abdul-Ra'aoof, Mohammed Al-Khalissi","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background                                                                                                                                        \u0000Infectious meningitis is an infection of the subarachnoid space causing inflammation of the leptomeninges. Early diagnosis is crucial to initiate appropriate therapy, avoid complications, and improve prognosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is important in the diagnosis and is done by performing lumbar puncture with some limitations and complications. MRI plays a role in the diagnosis by depicting abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement.\u0000Aim of the study \u0000To evaluate the efficiency of contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery compared with contrast-enhanced T1 spin echo in the diagnosis of infectious meningitis.\u0000Patients and Methods \u0000A prospective analytical study of diagnostic tests was conducted. Brain MRI was done using a 3-Tesla system. Gadolinium was used as contrast material. The final diagnosis of meningitis was made based on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Validity parameters, predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy for both sequences were calculated and compared to each other. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed.\u0000Results\u0000Fifty-six patients were involved (31 males and 25 females) in this study, and they ranged from 15 to 68 years in age. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was positive in 41 patients and negative in 15. Contrast enhanced–fluid attenuated inversion recovery has higher sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy compared with contrast enhanced–T1 spin echo. The mean net meningeal enhancement is significantly higher in contrast enhanced–fluid attenuated inversion recovery. Substantial interobserver agreement between the two sequences was observed.\u0000Conclusion\u0000Contrast enhanced–fluid attenuated inversion recovery is superior to contrast enhanced–T1 spin echo in the diagnosis of infectious meningitis.\u0000.\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132462288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment Among Patients with Schizophrenia","authors":"Makwan Abdul Kareem, Hezha Mahmood","doi":"10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37319/iqnjm.4.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000  \u0000Adherence to medication is the range to which an individual corresponds with the prescribed medication dosing regimen. Medication non-adherence among patients with schizophrenia is extremely common issue, broadly ranging from 4% to 72%. Medication non-adherence among schizophrenic patients has serious consequences for individuals as well as the health system such as relapse of symptoms, re-hospitalization, aggression, suicide, cognitive deterioration, loss of job and arrest, victimization, and overall unfavorable outcome. Factors determining adherence are divided into medication-related as side effects, patient-related as lack of insight, illness-related as persecutory delusions, sociocultural-related such as stigma, and clinician-related factors like poor therapeutic alliance. Improving adherence is best achieved by exploring the reasons for non-adherence with appropriate management plans to deal with them. Adherence can be improved by providing basic strategies that must routinely accompany every prescription, and specific interventions like psycho-social ones, antipsychotic long acting injections, reminders, service interven­tions, and may be even financial incentives. \u0000  \u0000  \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":333401,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National journal of Medicine","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123488374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}