IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series最新文献_第5页

An Economic Model of the Covid-19 Epidemic: The Importance of Testing and Age-Specific Policies Covid-19流行病的经济模型:检测和针对年龄的政策的重要性

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3618840

Luiz Brotherhood, P. Kircher, Cezar Santos, M. Tertilt

引用次数: 162

Social Security, Labor Supply and Health of Older Workers: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from a Large Reform 社会保障、劳动力供给与老年劳动者健康:来自一次大改革的准实验证据

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1093/JEEA/JVAA053

Itay Saporta Eksten, Ity Shurtz, Sarit Weisburd

引用次数: 3

Combining Microsimulation and Optimization to Identify Optimal Flexible Tax-Transfer Rules 结合微观模拟与优化识别最优柔性税收转移规则

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3614256

U. Colombino, N. Islam

{"title":"Combining Microsimulation and Optimization to Identify Optimal Flexible Tax-Transfer Rules","authors":"U. Colombino, N. Islam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3614256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3614256","url":null,"abstract":"We use a behavioural microsimulation model embedded in a numerical optimization procedure in order to identify optimal (social welfare maximizing) tax-transfer rules. We consider the class of tax-transfer rules consisting of a universal basic income and a tax defined by a 4th degree polynomial. The rule is applied to total taxable household income. A microeconometric model of household, which simulates household labour supply decisions, is embedded into a numerical routine in order to identify – within the class defined above – the tax-transfer rule that maximizes a social welfare function. We present the results for five European countries: France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain and United Kingdom. For most values of the inequality aversion parameter, the optimized rules provide a higher social welfare than the current rule, with the exception of Luxembourg. In France, Italy and Luxembourg the optimized rules are significantly different from the current ones and are close to a Negative Income Tax or a Universal basic income with a flat tax rate. In Spain and the UK, the optimized rules are instead close to the current rule. With the exception of Spain, the optimal rules are slightly disequalizing and the social welfare gains are due to efficiency gains. Nonetheless, the poverty gap index tends to be lower under the optimized regime.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129241627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Recruitment Policies, Job-Filling Rates and Matching Efficiency 招聘政策、职位填补率及配对效率

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3602416

Carlos Carrillo-Tudela, Hermann Gartner, L. Kaas

引用次数: 19

Cigarette Taxes and Smoking in the Long Run 烟草税和长期吸烟

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27204

Andrew Friedson, D. Rees

引用次数: 3

Hit by the Silk Road: How Wage Coordination in Europe Mitigates the China Shock 丝绸之路的冲击:欧洲工资协调如何缓解中国冲击

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3602435

Erling Barth, Henning Finseraas, Anders Kjelsrud, K. Moene

引用次数: 5

Institutions, Opportunism and Prosocial Behavior: Some Experimental Evidence 制度、机会主义与亲社会行为:一些实验证据

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3618848

Antonio Cabrales, Irma Clots-Figueras, Roberto Hernán González, P. Kujal

{"title":"Institutions, Opportunism and Prosocial Behavior: Some Experimental Evidence","authors":"Antonio Cabrales, Irma Clots-Figueras, Roberto Hernán González, P. Kujal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3618848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3618848","url":null,"abstract":"Formal or informal institutions have long been adopted by societies to protect against opportunistic behavior. However, we know very little about how these institutions are chosen and their impact on behavior. We experimentally investigate the demand for different levels of institutions that provide low to high levels of insurance and its subsequent impact on prosocial behavior. We conduct a large-scale online experiment where we add the possibility of purchasing insurance to safeguard against low reciprocity to the standard trust game. We compare two different mechanisms, the private (purchase) and the social (voting) choice of institutions. Whether voted or purchased, we find that there is demand for institutions in low trustworthiness groups, while high trustworthiness groups always demand lower levels of institutions. Lower levels of institutions are demanded when those who can benefit from opportunistic behavior, i.e. low trustworthiness individuals, can also vote for them. Importantly, the presence of insurance crowds out civic spirit even when subjects can choose the no insurance option: trustworthiness when formal institutions are available is lower than in their absence.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115146207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 59

Exponential-Growth Prediction Bias and Compliance with Safety Measures in the Times of Covid-19 新冠肺炎时期指数增长预测偏差与安全措施依从性

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-04-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3602433

R. Banerjee, Joydeep Bhattacharya, Priyama Majumdar

{"title":"Exponential-Growth Prediction Bias and Compliance with Safety Measures in the Times of Covid-19","authors":"R. Banerjee, Joydeep Bhattacharya, Priyama Majumdar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3602433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3602433","url":null,"abstract":"We conduct a unique, Amazon MTurk-based global experiment to investigate the importance of an exponential-growth prediction bias (EGPB) in understanding why the COVID-19 outbreak has exploded. The scientific basis for our inquiry is the received wisdom that infectious disease spread, especially in the initial stages, follows an exponential function meaning few positive cases can explode into a widespread pandemic if the disease is sufficiently transmittable. We define prediction bias as the systematic error arising from faulty prediction of the number of cases x-weeks hence when presented with y-weeks of prior, actual data on the same. Our design permits us to identify the root of this under-prediction as an EGPB arising from the general tendency to underestimate the speed at which exponential processes unfold. Our data reveals that the “degree of convexity” reflected in the predicted path of the disease is significantly and substantially lower than the actual path. The bias is significantly higher for respondents from countries at a later stage relative to those at an early stage of disease progression. We find that individuals who exhibit EGPB are also more likely to reveal markedly reduced compliance with the WHO-recommended safety measures, find general violations of safety protocols less alarming, and show greater faith in their government's actions. A simple behavioral nudge which shows prior data in terms of raw numbers, as opposed to a graph, causally reduces EGPB. Clear communication of risk via raw numbers could increase accuracy of risk perception, in turn facilitating compliance with suggested protective behaviors.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123001640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Can Social Protection Reduce Environmental Damages? 社会保护能减少环境破坏吗?

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-04-29 DOI: 10.26085/C35K5K

Teevrat Garg, G. McCord, Aleister Montfort

引用次数: 7

Estimating Poverty Among Refugee Populations: A Cross-Survey Imputation Exercise for Chad 估计难民人口中的贫困:乍得的交叉调查归算工作

IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9222

Theresa Beltram, Hai-Anh H. Dang, I. Sarr, P. Verme

引用次数: 4