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EU Jobs at Highest Risk of Covid-19 Social Distancing: Will the Pandemic Exacerbate Labour Market Divide? 保持社交距离风险最高的欧盟工作:新冠疫情会加剧劳动力市场分化吗?
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3608530
K. Pouliakas, Jiří Braňka
{"title":"EU Jobs at Highest Risk of Covid-19 Social Distancing: Will the Pandemic Exacerbate Labour Market Divide?","authors":"K. Pouliakas, Jiří Braňka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3608530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3608530","url":null,"abstract":"This paper employs a skills-based approach to identify individual and jofactors most likely to be impacted by social distancing measures and practices due to","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114424496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 50
Covid-19, Stay-at-Home Orders and Employment: Evidence from CPS Data Covid-19、居家令和就业:来自CPS数据的证据
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3608531
Louis-Philippe Beland, A. Brodeur, Taylor Wright
{"title":"Covid-19, Stay-at-Home Orders and Employment: Evidence from CPS Data","authors":"Louis-Philippe Beland, A. Brodeur, Taylor Wright","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3608531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3608531","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine the short-term consequences of COVID-19 and evaluate the impacts of stay-at-home orders on employment and wages in the United States","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126127563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 75
Hospital Resources: Persistent Reallocation Under Price Changes 医院资源:价格变化下的持续再分配
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3602432
Florian Wozny
{"title":"Hospital Resources: Persistent Reallocation Under Price Changes","authors":"Florian Wozny","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3602432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3602432","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in medical expenses may force hospitals to reallocate their resources, which potentially come at the detriment of healthcare quality. Using data on the universe of German hospitals, I investigate resource reallocations between capital stock, human resources, services and the organizational structure in case of reform-induced treatment price shocks at the hospital level. To identify a causal effect, I develop a unique identification strategy where I exploit hospitals' exposure to snowfall. A particularity of the reform led to exogenous treatment price shocks at hospital level in response to weather-induced excess of patients. The results show that higher prices induce hospitals to hire more physicians and nurses and encourage fewer mergers and privatization and less closures while not affecting the capital stock. In addition, hospitals become less specialized and reduce their treatment volume. These effects persist long after the treatment price shocks have vanished.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127473208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Integrating Social Insurance and Social Assistance Programs for the Future World of Labor 为未来的劳动世界整合社会保险和社会援助计划
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3602434
R. Palacios, D. Robalino
{"title":"Integrating Social Insurance and Social Assistance Programs for the Future World of Labor","authors":"R. Palacios, D. Robalino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3602434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3602434","url":null,"abstract":"Given the prevalence of informal labor, most countries have combined contributory social insurance programs (pensions, unemployment benefits, and health insurance), with non-contributory insurance programs and several types of \"safety nets.\" All of these programs involve different types of subsidies and taxes, sometimes implicit. Because of design problems and the lack of coordination/integration between programs, these subsidies/taxes tend to cause four problems: 1) they can reduce incentives to contribute to mandatory insurance programs and to create formal jobs; 2) they can be regressive since redistribution often benefits middle/high income workers more than low income workers 3) they do not provide continuous protection as workers change occupations and constrain rather than facilitate, labor mobility; and 4) coverage tends to exclude many informal sector workers in the middle of the income distribution. As such, existing programs are not well prepared to deal with a world of labor characterized by persistent low productivity jobs, more frequent labor market transitions including across sectors and geographic regions and higher equilibrium unemployment rates for some groups of workers. This paper develops a policy framework to integrate, in a transparent way, the insurance function (actuarially-fair risk pooling or savings) and the redistributive function (transfers) of the social protection system in order to expand coverage, improve equity, and reduce labor market distortions. We illustrate this type of integration with the case of old-age pensions which is typically the most important intervention, at least from a fiscal perspective.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134033201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Towards Economic Democracy and Social Justice: Profit Sharing, Co-Determination, and Employee Ownership 走向经济民主和社会公正:利润分享、共同决策和员工所有制
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3602414
F. FitzRoy, Michael A. Nolan
{"title":"Towards Economic Democracy and Social Justice: Profit Sharing, Co-Determination, and Employee Ownership","authors":"F. FitzRoy, Michael A. Nolan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3602414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3602414","url":null,"abstract":"Modern economies deprive workers of natural democratic rights and any share of the surplus they produce, with most of the benefits of growth appropriated by capital owners. Worker wellbeing and job satisfaction are ignored unless they contribute directly to profitability, while precarious employment and underemployment, with stagnant or declining real wages, have persisted over four decades, despite recent low official unemployment. For economic democracy and social justice, we propose redistributive tax and welfare reform, extended codetermination, subsidised profit sharing and employee buyouts.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126504962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Influence of Hidden Researcher Decisions in Applied Microeconomics 应用微观经济学中隐性研究者决策的影响
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.1111/ECIN.12992
Nick Huntington-Klein, Andreu Arenas, Emily A. Beam, Marco Bertoni, J. Bloem, Pralhad Burli, Naibin Chen, P. Grieco, Godwin Ekpe, Todd Pugatch, Martin Saavedra, Yaniv Stopnitzky
{"title":"The Influence of Hidden Researcher Decisions in Applied Microeconomics","authors":"Nick Huntington-Klein, Andreu Arenas, Emily A. Beam, Marco Bertoni, J. Bloem, Pralhad Burli, Naibin Chen, P. Grieco, Godwin Ekpe, Todd Pugatch, Martin Saavedra, Yaniv Stopnitzky","doi":"10.1111/ECIN.12992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ECIN.12992","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers make hundreds of decisions about data collection, preparation, and analysis in their research. We use a many-analysts approach to measure the extent and impact of these decisions. Two published causal empirical results are replicated by seven replicators each. We find large differences in data preparation and analysis decisions, many of which would not likely be reported in a publication. No two replicators reported the same sample size. Statistical significance varied across replications, and for one of the studies the effect's sign varied as well. The standard deviation of estimates across replications was 3-4 times the typical reported standard error.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132842694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 43
Unemployment Paths in a Pandemic Economy 流行病经济中的失业路径
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-05 DOI: 10.24148/wp2020-18
Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau, Robert G. Valletta
{"title":"Unemployment Paths in a Pandemic Economy","authors":"Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau, Robert G. Valletta","doi":"10.24148/wp2020-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2020-18","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has upended the U.S. economy and labor market. We assess the initial spike in unemployment due to the virus response and possible paths for the official unemployment rate through 2021. Substantial uncertainty surrounds the path for measured unemployment, depending on the path of the virus and containment measures and their impact on reported job search activity. We assess potential unemployment paths based on historical patterns of monthly flows in and out of unemployment, adjusted for unique features of the virus economy. The possible paths vary widely, but absent hiring activity on an unprecedented scale, unemployment could remain in double-digits into 2021. We also find that the increase in measured unemployment could be meaningfully tempered by a substantial reduction in labor force participation.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121197228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Do Generous Parental Leave Policies Help Top Female Earners? 慷慨的产假政策对高收入女性有帮助吗?
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3609883
Gozde Corekcioglu, Astrid Kunze, Marco Francesconi
{"title":"Do Generous Parental Leave Policies Help Top Female Earners?","authors":"Gozde Corekcioglu, Astrid Kunze, Marco Francesconi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3609883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609883","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Generous government-mandated parental leave is generally viewed as an effective policy to support women’s careers around childbirth. But does it help women to reach top positions in the upper pay echelon of their firms? Using longitudinal employer–employee matched data for the entire Norwegian population, we address this question exploiting a series of reforms that expanded paid leave from 30 weeks in 1989 to 52 weeks in 1993. The representation of women in top positions has only moderately increased over time, and career profiles of female top earners within firms are significantly different from those of their male counterparts. The reforms did not affect, and possibly decreased, the probability for women to be at the top over their life cycle. We discuss some implications of this result to put into perspective the design of new family-friendly policy interventions.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127939505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The Accumulation of Human and Market Capital in the United States: The Long View, 1948–2013 美国人力资本和市场资本的积累:1948-2013年的长期视角
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27170
B. Fraumeni, Michal Christian, Jon D. Samuels
{"title":"The Accumulation of Human and Market Capital in the United States: The Long View, 1948–2013","authors":"B. Fraumeni, Michal Christian, Jon D. Samuels","doi":"10.3386/w27170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27170","url":null,"abstract":"Over the 1948–2013 period, many factors significantly impacted on human capital, which in turn affected economic growth in the United States. This chapter analyzes these factors within a complete national income accounting system which integrates Jorgenson-Fraumeni human capital into the accounts. By including human capital, a fresh perspective on economic growth across time and within specific subperiods is revealed, notably regarding the 1995–2000 and 2007–2009 periods. During the 1995–2000 period, the reduction in human capital investment significantly reduced apparent economic growth. In the 2007–2009 period, the increase in human capital investment tempered the negative impact of the Great Recession. Over the longer time period, first the post-World War baby boom and then the substantial increase in education led to higher economic growth than otherwise expected. As the pace of increase in education slowed and the workforce aged toward the end of the period, human capital induced growth was reduced.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126815497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Covid-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility Against Foreigners Covid-19危机加剧了对外国人的敌意
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3593411
Vojtěch Bartoš, Michal Bauer, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová
{"title":"Covid-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility Against Foreigners","authors":"Vojtěch Bartoš, Michal Bauer, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3593411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593411","url":null,"abstract":"Intergrouconflicts represent one of the most pressing problems facing human society Sudden spikes in aggressive behavior, including pogroms, often take place","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131511453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
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