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The Incapacitation Effect of Incarceration: Evidence from Several Italian Collective Pardons 监禁的丧失行为能力效应:来自几个意大利集体赦免的证据
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2014-02-21 DOI: 10.1257/POL.6.1.1
A. Barbarino, G. Mastrobuoni
{"title":"The Incapacitation Effect of Incarceration: Evidence from Several Italian Collective Pardons","authors":"A. Barbarino, G. Mastrobuoni","doi":"10.1257/POL.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/POL.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the \"incapacitation effect\" on crime using variation in Italian prison population driven by eight collective pardons passed between 1962 and 1995. The prison releases are sudden – within one day –, very large – up to 35 percent of the entire prison population – and happen nationwide. Exploiting this quasi-natural experiment we break the simultaneity of crime and prisoners as in Levitt (1996) and, in addition, use the national character of the pardons to separately identify incapacitation from changes in deterrence. The elasticity of total crime with respect to incapacitation is between -20 and -35 percent. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that Italy's prison population is below its optimal level.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124214594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Should Value-Added Models Control for Student Absences? 增值模式应该控制学生缺勤吗?
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2014-02-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2562962
S. Gershenson
{"title":"Should Value-Added Models Control for Student Absences?","authors":"S. Gershenson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2562962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2562962","url":null,"abstract":"Whether or not value-added models should control for contemporaneous student absences is theoretically ambiguous, as such absences are only partly outside of teachers' control. Teachers often feel strongly that value-added models should account for student attendance, and many districts' value-added models condition on lagged student absences as a result. Using matched teacher-student administrative data from a state-wide longitudinal data system, this note investigates the practical importance of this modeling decision for value-added measures of teacher effectiveness (VAMs). This is done by comparing VAM-based rankings of teacher effectiveness generated by value-added models that either control for current absences, control for lagged absences, or exclude student absences altogether. Regardless of how between-school differences are accounted for, VAM-based rankings of teacher effectiveness are insensitive to how, and whether, student absences enter the value-added model's conditioning set. Spearman Rank Correlations are always larger than 0.99 for both math and reading VAMs, suggesting that whether or not value-added models control for annual student absences is a relatively unimportant modeling decision, at least in the context of self-contained primary school classroom teachers. These results are consistent with recent research suggesting that simply conditioning on lagged achievement yields approximately unbiased VAMs. Moreover, these findings suggest that controlling for student absences in teacher evaluation systems' value-added models is a relatively inexpensive way to increase teacher buy-in.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"443 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131401386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Re-Defining Informal Employment and Measuring its Determinants: Evidence from Russia 重新定义非正式就业并衡量其决定因素:来自俄罗斯的证据
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2014-01-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2374625
H. Lehmann, A. Zaiceva
{"title":"Re-Defining Informal Employment and Measuring its Determinants: Evidence from Russia","authors":"H. Lehmann, A. Zaiceva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2374625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2374625","url":null,"abstract":"Informal activities impact countries' economic development and overall growth. However, studying informal employment is not easy and it is crucial to provide a valid definition of it. This paper contributes to the recent discussion of the measures of informality by taking advantage of a rich dataset on Russia over the period 2003 - 2011, that is before and after the economic downturn, together with a special supplement on informality that allows to construct different measures of informal employment and to analyze its determinants. We demonstrate that the incidence of informal employment varies across the different definitions. However, the determinants of informal employment are roughly stable across the different measures as long as we exclude firm size as a criterion. We also show that risk-averse individuals, as expected, are less likely to select themselves into informal employment.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134304193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap 差距中有差距吗?性别薪酬差距的地区差异
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/sjpe.12017
Boris Hirsch, Marion König, J. Möller
{"title":"Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap","authors":"Boris Hirsch, Marion König, J. Möller","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12017","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"2973 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127456632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 48
The Rise of the East and the Far East: German Labor Markets and Trade Integration 东方和远东的崛起:德国劳动力市场和贸易一体化
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2323663
W. Dauth, S. Findeisen, Jens Suedekum
{"title":"The Rise of the East and the Far East: German Labor Markets and Trade Integration","authors":"W. Dauth, S. Findeisen, Jens Suedekum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2323663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2323663","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the effects of the unprecedented rise in trade between Germany and “the East” (China and Eastern Europe) in the period 1988–2008 on German local labor markets. Using detailed administrative data, we exploit the cross-regional variation in initial industry structures and use trade flows of other high-income countries as instruments for regional import and export exposure. We find that the rise of the East in the world economy caused substantial job losses in German regions specialized in import-competing industries, both in manufacturing and beyond. Regions specialized in export-oriented industries, however, experienced even stronger employment gains and lower unemployment. In the aggregate, we estimate that this trade integration has caused some 442,000 additional jobs in the economy and contributed to retaining the manufacturing sector in Germany. This is almost exclusively driven by the rise of Eastern Europe, not by China. We also conduct an analysis at the individual worker level, and find that trade had a stabilizing overall effect on employment relationships.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132432551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 500
Overeducation and Local Labour Markets in Spain 西班牙的过度教育与当地劳动力市场
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-9663.2012.00752.X
Raúl Ramos, Esteban Sanromá
{"title":"Overeducation and Local Labour Markets in Spain","authors":"Raúl Ramos, Esteban Sanromá","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-9663.2012.00752.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9663.2012.00752.X","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of individual variables and some characteristics related to spatial mobility in regional labour markets on overeducation in Spain. With this aim, we use microdata from the Spanish Budget Family Survey to estimate a logit model for overeducation probability taking into account the problem of selection bias and the presence of data of different levels (individuals and territory). The obtained results permit us to conclude that the size of local labour markets and the possibility of extending the job search to other labour markets through commuting are relevant factors to explain overeducation in the Spanish labour market. In spite of the differences in terms of labour market institutions, our results are very similar to the ones obtained for other countries.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128243248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 51
Why Do Bls Hours Series Tell Different Stories About Trends in Hours Worked? 为什么Bls工作时间系列讲述了不同的工作时间趋势?
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-01-18 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226001463.003.0010
Harley Frazis, Jay Stewart
{"title":"Why Do Bls Hours Series Tell Different Stories About Trends in Hours Worked?","authors":"Harley Frazis, Jay Stewart","doi":"10.7208/chicago/9780226001463.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226001463.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Hours worked is an important economic indicator. In addition to being a measure of labor utilization, average weekly hours are inputs into measures of productivity and hourly wages, which are two key economic indicators. However, the Bureau of Labor Statistics' two hours series tell very different stories. Between 1973 and 2007 average weekly hours estimated from the BLS's household survey (the Current Population Survey or CPS) indicate that average weekly hours of nonagricultural wage and salary workers decreased slightly from 39.5 to 39.3. In contrast, average hours estimated from the establishment survey (the Current Employment Statistics survey or CES) indicate that hours fell from 36.9 to 33.8 hours per week. Thus the discrepancy between the two surveys increased from about two-and-a-half hours per week to about five-and-a-half hours. Our goal in the current study is to reconcile the differences between the CPS and CES estimates of hours worked and to better understand what these surveys are measuring. We examine a number of possible explanations for the divergence of the two series: differences in workers covered, multiple jobholding, differences in the hours concept (hours worked vs. hours paid), possible overreporting of hours in CPS, and changes in the length of CES pay periods. We can explain most of the difference in levels, but cannot explain the divergent trends.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130218418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
What Effects Do Macroeconomic Conditions Have on Families' Time Together? 宏观经济条件对家庭团聚时间有什么影响?
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-01-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2046818
M. Morrill, S. Pabilonia
{"title":"What Effects Do Macroeconomic Conditions Have on Families' Time Together?","authors":"M. Morrill, S. Pabilonia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2046818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2046818","url":null,"abstract":"We examine family time together using data from the 2003-2010 American Time Use Survey combined with Bureau of Labor Statistics data on state-level unemployment rates. Couple time together is U-shaped; while fathers spend more time engaging in enriching childcare activities without a spouse present as the unemployment rate rises. Patterns are similar for dual-earner couples, but appear concentrated among demographic groups most affected by recessions. We also find that mothers are less likely to work standard hours and more likely to work on weekends as employment crises deepen, which is consistent with both sets of results for family time together.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"701 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115396395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Heterogeneity in Union Status and Employee Well-Being 工会地位与员工幸福感的异质性
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-01-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2192771
G. Haile, A. Bryson, M. White
{"title":"Heterogeneity in Union Status and Employee Well-Being","authors":"G. Haile, A. Bryson, M. White","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2192771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2192771","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines if workplace and co-worker union status affect employee wellbeing. In contrast to the literature focusing on links between one’s own membership status and wellbeing, we focus principally on non-union employees. We find that being in a union workplace and having union co-workers affect the job satisfaction of non-union employees negatively. No such a link is found with respect to job-related anxiety.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126948795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Human Capital Investments in Children: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Parent-Child Shared Time in Selected Countries 儿童人力资本投资:部分国家亲子共享时间作用的比较分析
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2012-11-30 DOI: 10.13085/EIJTUR.9.1.120-143
Eva Osterbacka, J. Merz, C. Zick
{"title":"Human Capital Investments in Children: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Parent-Child Shared Time in Selected Countries","authors":"Eva Osterbacka, J. Merz, C. Zick","doi":"10.13085/EIJTUR.9.1.120-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13085/EIJTUR.9.1.120-143","url":null,"abstract":"Parents invest in their children's human capital in several ways. We investigate the extent to which the levels and composition of parent-child time varies across countries with different welfare regimes: Finland, Germany and the United States. We test the hypothesis of parent-child time as a form of human capital investment in children using a propensity score treatment effects approach that accounts for the possible endogenous nature of time use and human capital investment. Result: There is considerable evidence of welfare regime effects on parent-child shared time. Our results provide mixed support for the hypothesis that non-care related parent-child time is human capital enriching. The strongest support is found in the case of leisure time and eating time.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116038977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
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