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Does Electricity Drive Structural Transformation? Evidence from the United States 电力驱动结构转型吗?证据来自美国
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2019-10-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3478846
P. Gaggl, Rowena Gray, I. Marinescu, M. Morin
{"title":"Does Electricity Drive Structural Transformation? Evidence from the United States","authors":"P. Gaggl, Rowena Gray, I. Marinescu, M. Morin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3478846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3478846","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity is a general purpose technology and the catalyst for the second industrial revolution. Developing countries are currently making huge investments in electrification, with a view to achieving structural change. What does history say about its impact on the structure of employment? We use U.S. Census data from 1910 to 1940 and measure electrification with the length of higher-voltage electricity lines. Instrumenting for electrification using hydroelectric potential, we find that the average expansion of high-voltage transmission lines between 1910 and 1940 increased the share of operatives in a county by 3.3 percentage points and decreased the share of farmers by 2.1 percentage points. Electrification can explain 50.5% of the total increase in operatives, and 18.1% of the total decrease in farmers between 1910 and 1940. At the industry level, electrification drove 15.7% of the decline in the share of agricultural employment and 28.4% of the increase in the share of manufacturing employment between 1910 and 1940. Electrification was thus a key driver of structural transformation in the U.S. economy.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134501268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Beyond Birthweight: The Origins of Human Capital 超越出生体重:人力资本的起源
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2018-11-19 DOI: 10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.3018
K. Godfrey, C. Cooper, S. Crozier, H. Inskip, M. Hanson, G. Conti
{"title":"Beyond Birthweight: The Origins of Human Capital","authors":"K. Godfrey, C. Cooper, S. Crozier, H. Inskip, M. Hanson, G. Conti","doi":"10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.3018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.3018","url":null,"abstract":"Birth weight is the most widely used indicator of neonatal health. It has been consistently shown to relate to a variety of outcomes throughout the life cycle. Lower birth weight babies have worse health and cognition from childhood, lower educational attainment, wages, and longevity. But what's in birth weight? What are the aspects of the prenatal environment that birth weight actually reflect? In this paper we address this fundamental, yet currently unanswered, question, using unique data with fetal ultrasound measurements from two UK sources. We show that birth weight provides a distinctly limited picture of the uterine environment, capturing both positive and negative aspects of fetal health. Other newborn measures are more informative about different dimensions of the prenatal environment and more predictive of child growth and cognitive development, beyond birth weight. Additionally, patterns of fetal growth are predictive of child physical and mental health conditions, beyond health at birth. Our results are robust to correcting for measurement error, and to accounting for child- and mother-specific unobserved heterogeneity. Our analysis rationalizes a common finding in the early origins literature, that prenatal events can influence postnatal development without affecting birth outcomes. It further clarifies the role of birth weight and height as markers of early health, and suggests caution in adopting birth weight as the main target of prenatal interventions.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123087318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Broadband Internet and Social Capital 宽带互联网与社会资本
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2018-10-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3261714
A. Geraci, Mattia Nardotto, T. Reggiani, F. Sabatini
{"title":"Broadband Internet and Social Capital","authors":"A. Geraci, Mattia Nardotto, T. Reggiani, F. Sabatini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3261714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3261714","url":null,"abstract":"We study how the diffusion of broadband Internet affects social capital using two data sets from the UK. Our empirical strategy exploits the fact that broadband access has long depended on customers’ position in the voice telecommunication infrastructure that was designed in the 1930s. The actual speed of an Internet connection, in fact, rapidly decays with the distance of the dwelling from the specific node of the network serving its area. Merging unique information about the topology of the voice network with geocoded longitudinal data about individual social capital, we show that access to broadband Internet caused a significant decline in forms of offline interaction and civic engagement. Overall, our results suggest that broadband penetration substantially crowded out several aspects of social capital.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129585704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 57
Globalization, Structural Change and Innovation in Emerging Economies: The Impact on Employment and Skills 新兴经济体的全球化、结构变化和创新:对就业和技能的影响
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2018-09-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3261708
M. Vivarelli
{"title":"Globalization, Structural Change and Innovation in Emerging Economies: The Impact on Employment and Skills","authors":"M. Vivarelli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3261708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3261708","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to provide a critical overview of the drivers that the relevant theoretical and empirical literature suggests being crucial in dealing with the challenges an emerging country may encounter in its attempts to further catch-up a higher income status, with a particular focus devoted to the implications for the domestic labor market. In the first part of the paper, attention will be focused on structural change, capability building and technological progress, trying to map - using different taxonomies put forward by the innovation literature - the concrete ways through which an emerging country can engage a successful catching-up, having in mind that developing countries are deeply involved into globalized markets where domestic innovation has to be complemented by the role played by international technology transfer. In the second part of the paper, the focus will be moved to the possible consequences of this road to catching-up in terms of employment and skills. In particular, the prescriptions by the conventional trade theory will be contrasted with a view taking into account technology transfer, labor-saving technological progress and skill-enhancing trade.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122591597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Betrayed Generation? Intra-Household Transfers and Retirement Behavior in South Korea 被背叛的一代?韩国家庭内部转移与退休行为
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2018-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3261705
K. Kim, Sang-Hyop Lee, T. Halliday
{"title":"The Betrayed Generation? Intra-Household Transfers and Retirement Behavior in South Korea","authors":"K. Kim, Sang-Hyop Lee, T. Halliday","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3261705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3261705","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the nexus of intra-household transfers, the sex composition of the sibship, and parental retirement behavior in Korea. We provide evidence that the cost of raising sons is higher than it is for daughters in Korea. In the absence of sufficient transfers from adult sons to parents, this implies that parents will increase their labor supply to fund earlier investments in their sons. Consistent with this, we show that parents with more adult sons delay their retirements. In particular, an elderly parent with all sons has a retirement probability that is 7-10 percentage points lower than a comparable parent with all daughters. Elderly parents also work between 1.8-2.7 hours more per week when their sibship consists of all sons. These effects are the most pronounced when the first born is a son as well as for poorer households.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"480 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126999478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polarization and Rising Wage Inequality: Comparing the U.S. And Germany 两极分化和工资不平等加剧:比较美国和德国
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2018-04-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1589537
Dirk Antonczyk, T. DeLeire, Bernd Fitzenberger
{"title":"Polarization and Rising Wage Inequality: Comparing the U.S. And Germany","authors":"Dirk Antonczyk, T. DeLeire, Bernd Fitzenberger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1589537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1589537","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares trends in wage inequality in the U.S. and Germany using an approach developed by MaCurdy and Mroz (1995) to separate age, time, and cohort effects. Between 1979 and 2004, wage inequality increased strongly in both the U.S. and Germany but there were various country specific aspects of this increase. For the U.S., we find faster wage growth since the 1990s at the top (80% quantile) and the bottom (20% quantile) compared to the median of the wage distribution, which is evidence for polarization in the U.S. labor market. In contrast, we find little evidence for wage polarization in Germany. Moreover, we see a large role played by cohort effects in Germany, while we find only small cohort effects in the U.S. Employment trends in both countries are consistent with polarization since the 1990s. We conclude that although there is evidence in both the U.S. and Germany which is consistent with a technology-driven polarization of the labor market, the patterns of trends in wage inequality differ strongly enough that technology effects alone cannot explain the empirical findings.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124967229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 150
Birth and Employment Transitions of Women in Turkey: Conflicting or Compatible Roles? 土耳其妇女的出生和就业转变:冲突或兼容的角色?
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3091241
A. Ozgoren, B. Ergöçmen, A. Tansel
{"title":"Birth and Employment Transitions of Women in Turkey: Conflicting or Compatible Roles?","authors":"A. Ozgoren, B. Ergöçmen, A. Tansel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3091241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3091241","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between fertility and employment among women is a challenging topic that requires further exploration, especially for developing countries where the micro and macro evidence fails to paint a clear picture. This study analyzes the two-way relationship between women’s employment and fertility in Turkey using a hazard approach with piece-wise constant exponential modelling, using data from the 2008 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that makes use of an event history analysis to analyze this relationship within a developing country context. Specifically, a separate analysis is made of the association between the employment statuses of women in their first, second, third, and fourth and higher order conceptions, and the association of fertility and its various dimensions with entry and exit from employment. The findings suggest that a two-way negative association exists between fertility and employment among women in Turkey, with increasing intensities identified among some groups of women. Our findings also cast light on how contextual changes related to the incompatibility of the roles of worker and mother have transformed the fertility-employment relationship in Turkey, in line with propositions of the role incompatibility hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114124977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Growing Together: Assessing Equity and Efficiency in an Early-Life Health Program in Chile 共同成长:评估智利早期生命健康项目的公平性和效率
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-11-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3261706
D. Clarke, Gustavo Cortés Méndez, Diego Vergara Sepúlveda
{"title":"Growing Together: Assessing Equity and Efficiency in an Early-Life Health Program in Chile","authors":"D. Clarke, Gustavo Cortés Méndez, Diego Vergara Sepúlveda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3261706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3261706","url":null,"abstract":"We study the mechanism of action of an early-life social safety net program, and quantify its impact on child health outcomes at birth. We consider both the equity and efficiency implications of program impacts, and provide a metric to compare various such programs around the world. In particular, we estimate the impact of participation in Chile Crece Contigo (ChCC), Chile's flagship early-life health and social welfare program, using administrative birth data matched to social benefits usage. We find that this targeted social program had significant effects on birth weight (approximately 10 grams) and other early life human capital measures. These benefits are largest among the most socially vulnerable groups, however shift outcomes toward the middle of the distribution of health at birth. We show that the program is efficient when compared to other successful neonatal health programs around the world, and find some evidence to suggest that maternal nutrition components and increased links to the social safety net are important mechanisms of action.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133525143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Worries Across Time and Age in Germany: Bringing Together Open- and Close-Ended Questions 德国跨越时间和年龄的担忧:将开放式和封闭式问题结合在一起
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3051631
J. Rohrer, Martin Bruemmer, J. Schupp, G. Wagner
{"title":"Worries Across Time and Age in Germany: Bringing Together Open- and Close-Ended Questions","authors":"J. Rohrer, Martin Bruemmer, J. Schupp, G. Wagner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3051631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3051631","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate how worries in Germany change across time and age, drawing on both closed-ended questions (which typically list a number of worry items) and open-ended questions answered in text format. We find that relevant world events influence worries. For example, worries about peace peaked in 2003, the year of the Iraq War, with a considerable number of respondents also referring to the Iraq war in their text responses. Furthermore, we found that – controlling for these historical effects – worries about various topics such as health and the general economic situation increase with age. With increasing age, respondents also became more likely to answer the open-ended question. This suggests that the age increases in worries we found are not merely a result of an age-biased choice of worry items, but instead also hold for worries self-generated by the respondents.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129726759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Foreign Peer Effects and Stem Major Choice 外国同伴效应与Stem专业选择
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-05-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2983684
M. Anelli, Kevin Shih, K. Williams
{"title":"Foreign Peer Effects and Stem Major Choice","authors":"M. Anelli, Kevin Shih, K. Williams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2983684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2983684","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1980s the United States has faced growing disinterest and high attrition from STEM majors. Over the same period, foreign-born enrollment in U.S. higher education has increased steadily. This paper examines whether foreign-born peers affect the likelihood American college students graduate with a STEM major. Using administrative student records from a large public university in California, we exploit idiosyncratic variation in the share of foreign peers across introductory math courses taught by the same professor over time. Results indicate that a 1 standard deviation increase in foreign peers reduces the likelihood native-born students graduate with STEM majors by 3 percentage points–equivalent to 3.7 native students displaced for 9 additional foreign students in an average course. STEM displacement is offset by an increased likelihood of choosing Social Science majors. However, the earnings prospects of displaced students are minimally affected as they appear to be choosing Social Science majors with equally high earning power. We demonstrate that comparative advantage and linguistic dissonance may operate as underlying mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127324848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
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