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Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China's Urban Labor Market 中国城市劳动力市场的性别工资差异分析
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-04-28 DOI: 10.1142/S021759081550071X
Biwei Su, A. Heshmati
{"title":"Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China's Urban Labor Market","authors":"Biwei Su, A. Heshmati","doi":"10.1142/S021759081550071X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S021759081550071X","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the gender wage gap and its composition in China's urban labor market using the 2009 survey data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies. Several estimation and decomposition methods have been used and compared. First, we examine the gender wage gap using ordinary least square regression method with a gender dummy variable. Then, we apply Oaxaca (1973) decomposition method with different weighting systems to analyze the logarithmic wage differential. To be more specific, we prove the existence of sample selection bias caused by the female's labor force participation. We eliminate it by using the Heckman's two-step procedure. Empirical results reveal that male workers generally receive a higher wage than female workers, and a great deal of this difference is unexplained. Meanwhile, this unexplained part, which is usually referred to as discrimination turns out to be higher when the adjustment is made for the selection bias. A further breakdown of the wage gap shows that among all the individual characteristics, occupations explain the largest share of the wage gap, followed by their working experience. On the other hand, education acts as a contributor for discrimination in the labor market.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133527876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
The Role of Works Councils for Severance Payments 劳资委员会在遣散费方面的角色
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3105437
C. Grund, Johannes Martin
{"title":"The Role of Works Councils for Severance Payments","authors":"C. Grund, Johannes Martin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3105437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3105437","url":null,"abstract":"Using representative German employee data, we analyse the role of works councils for the incidence of severance payments subsequent to dismissals. While there is a positive relation with severance payments after those dismissals which stem from plant closings, the incidence of a works council is negatively associated with severance pay subsequent to individual layoffs. In both cases, we find a negative moderating effect of individuals' higher reemployment chances. We also explore gender differences and differences between the types of previously held jobs.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121584651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Inequality Indices as Tests of Fairness 作为公平测试的不平等指数
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/ECOJ.12637
R. Kanbur, Andy Snell
{"title":"Inequality Indices as Tests of Fairness","authors":"R. Kanbur, Andy Snell","doi":"10.1111/ECOJ.12637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ECOJ.12637","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inequality indices are traditionally interpreted as measures of deviations from equality. This article interprets them instead as statistical tests for a null of fairness within well-defined income generating processes. We find that the likelihood ratio (LR) test for fairness versus unfairness within two such processes are proportional to Theil’s first and second inequality indices respectively. The LR values may be used either as a test statistic or to approximate a Bayes factor that measures the posterior probabilities of the fair version of the processes over that of the unfair. We also apply this perspective to measurement of inequality of opportunity.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115805148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Immigrant Labor Market Integration Across Admission Classes 跨录取班级的移民劳动力市场整合
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-02-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2911451
B. Bratsberg, Oddbjørn Raaum, K. Røed
{"title":"Immigrant Labor Market Integration Across Admission Classes","authors":"B. Bratsberg, Oddbjørn Raaum, K. Røed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2911451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2911451","url":null,"abstract":"We examine patterns of labor market integration across immigrant groups. The study draws on Norwegian longitudinal administrative data covering labor earnings and social insurance claims over a 25†year period and presents a comprehensive picture of immigrant†native employment and social insurance differentials by admission class and by years since entry. For refugees and family immigrants from low†income source countries, we uncover encouraging signs of labor market integration during an initial period upon admission, but after just 5†10 years, the integration process goes into reverse with widening immigrantnative employment differentials and rising rates of immigrant social insurance dependency. Yet, the analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity within admission class and points to an important role of host†country schooling for successful immigrant labor market integration.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124959565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 88
Lone Parents, Time-Limited In-Work Credits and the Dynamics of Work and Welfare 单身父母，限时工作积分和动态的工作和福利
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2889660
M. Brewer, Jonathan Cribb
{"title":"Lone Parents, Time-Limited In-Work Credits and the Dynamics of Work and Welfare","authors":"M. Brewer, Jonathan Cribb","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2889660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2889660","url":null,"abstract":"Time-limited in-work credits are cheaper, and more targeted, than conventional in-work credits, but are thought to have small to zero long-term impacts. We study two time-limited in-work credits introduced in the mid-2000s in the UK and find they reduced welfare participation and increased employment. Both policies increased job retention once recipients were in work and boosted employment even after the payments were stopped. Conditioning on hours of work was important. Paying a credit to those working 16+ hours a week only increased part-time work, while conditioning on full-time work reduced part-time work and increased full-time work.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122999153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Gendered Entrepreneurship Networks 性别创业网络
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-06-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2794294
S. Markussen, K. Røed
{"title":"Gendered Entrepreneurship Networks","authors":"S. Markussen, K. Røed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2794294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2794294","url":null,"abstract":"In virtually all industrialized countries, women are underrepresented in entrepreneurship, and the gender gap exhibits a remarkable persistence. We examine one particular source of persistence, namely the prevalence of gendered networks and associated peer effects. We study how early career entrepreneurship is affected by existing entrepreneurship among neighbors, family members, and recent schoolmates. Based on an instrumental variables strategy, we identify strong peer effects. While men are more influenced by other men, women are more influenced by other women. We estimate that differences between male and female peer groups explain approximately half of the gender gap in early career entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125245035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
From Dual to Unified Employment Protection: Transition and Steady State 从二元就业保护到统一就业保护:过渡与稳定状态
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2702404
J. Dolado, E. Lalé, Nawid Siassi
{"title":"From Dual to Unified Employment Protection: Transition and Steady State","authors":"J. Dolado, E. Lalé, Nawid Siassi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2702404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2702404","url":null,"abstract":"Three features of real‐life reforms of dual employment protection legislation (EPL) systems are particularly hard to study through the lens of standard labor‐market search models: (i) the excess job turnover implied by dual EPL, (ii) the nonretroactive nature of EPL reforms, and (iii) the transition dynamics from dual to a unified EPL system. In this paper, we develop a computationally tractable model addressing these issues. Our main finding is that the welfare gains of reforming a dual EPL system are sizeable and achieved mostly through a decrease in turnover at short job tenures. This conclusion continues to hold in more general settings featuring wage rigidities, heterogeneity in productivity upon matching, and human capital accumulation. We also find substantial cross‐sectional heterogeneity in welfare effects along the transition to a unified EPL scheme. Given that the model is calibrated to data from Spain, often considered as the epitome of a labor market with dual EPL, our results should provide guidance for a wide range of reforms of dual EPL systems.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116386057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Consumption Network Effects 消费网络效应
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/RESTUD/RDZ026
G. De Giorgi, Anders Frederiksen, Luigi Pistaferri
{"title":"Consumption Network Effects","authors":"G. De Giorgi, Anders Frederiksen, Luigi Pistaferri","doi":"10.1093/RESTUD/RDZ026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/RESTUD/RDZ026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this article we study consumption network effects. Does the consumption of our peers affect our own consumption? How large is such effect? What are the economic mechanisms behind it? We use administrative panel data on Danish households to construct a measure of consumption based on tax records on income and assets. We combine tax record data with matched employer–employee data to identify peer groups based on workplace, which gives us a much tighter and credible definition of networks than used in previous literature. We use the non-overlapping network structure of one’s peers group, as well as firm-level shocks, to build valid instruments for peer consumption. We estimate non-negligible and statistically significant network effects, capable of generating sizable multiplier effect at the macro-level. We also investigate what mechanisms generate such effects, distinguishing between intertemporal and intratemporal consumption effects as well as a more traditional risk sharing view.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"131 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120853218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 91
Faces of Joblessness: Characterising Employment Barriers to Inform Policy 失业的面孔：描述就业障碍，为政策提供依据
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1787/5JLWVZ47XPTJ-EN
Rodrigo Fernández, Herwig Immervoll, Daniele Pacifico, Céline Thévenot
{"title":"Faces of Joblessness: Characterising Employment Barriers to Inform Policy","authors":"Rodrigo Fernández, Herwig Immervoll, Daniele Pacifico, Céline Thévenot","doi":"10.1787/5JLWVZ47XPTJ-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/5JLWVZ47XPTJ-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel method for identifying and visualising key employment obstacles that may prevent individuals from participating fully in the labour market. The approach is intended to complement existing sources of information that governments use when designing and implementing activation and employment-support policies. In particular, it aims to provide individual and household perspectives on employment problems, which may be missed when relying on common labour-force statistics or on administrative data, but which are relevant for targeting and tailoring support programmes and related policy interventions. A first step describes a series of employment-barrier indicators at the micro level, comprising three domains: work-related capabilities, financial incentives and employment opportunities. For each domain, a selected set of concrete employment barriers are quantified using the EU-SILC multi-purpose household survey. In a second step, a statistical clustering method (latent class analysis), is used to establish profiles and patterns of employment barriers among individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment. A detailed illustration for two countries (Estonia and Spain) shows that \"short-hand\" groupings that are often highlighted in the policy debate, such as \"youth\" or \"older workers\", are in fact composed of multiple distinct sub-groups that face very different combinations of employment barriers and likely require different policy approaches. Results also indicate that individuals typically face two or more simultaneous employment obstacles suggesting that addressing one barrier at a time may not have the intended effect on employment levels. From a policy perspective, the results support calls for carefully sequencing activation and employment support measures, and for coordinating them across policy domains and institutions.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133809959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Workplace Democracy and Job Flows 工作场所民主和工作流动
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/J.JCE.2015.09.001
G. Alves, G. Burdín, Andrés Dean
{"title":"Workplace Democracy and Job Flows","authors":"G. Alves, G. Burdín, Andrés Dean","doi":"10.1016/J.JCE.2015.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCE.2015.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119215838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
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