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Disentangling the Wage Impacts of Offshoring on a Developing Country: Theory and Policy 分析离岸外包对发展中国家的工资影响:理论与政策
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2798174
S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Devashish Mitra
{"title":"Disentangling the Wage Impacts of Offshoring on a Developing Country: Theory and Policy","authors":"S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Devashish Mitra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2798174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798174","url":null,"abstract":"The various channels through which a reduction in the cost of offshoring can improve wages in a developed country are by now well understood. But does a similar reduction in the offshoring cost also benefit workers in the world's factories in developing countries? Using a parsimonious two-country model of offshoring we find very nuanced results. These include cases where wages monotonically improve or worsen as well as those where wages exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship in response to parametric reductions in the cost of offshoring. We identify qualitative conditions under which wages and welfare increase or decrease in the developing world as a result of a reduction in offshoring costs. Since global welfare always rises with an improvement in offshoring technology, we find that there is a role for a wage tax or a minimum wage in the developing country. We derive the optimal levels of such policies.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133180101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Image Versus Information: Changing Societal Norms and Optimal Privacy 形象与信息:不断变化的社会规范和最优隐私
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-04-01 DOI: 10.1257/MIC.20180052
S. N. Ali, R. Bénabou
{"title":"Image Versus Information: Changing Societal Norms and Optimal Privacy","authors":"S. N. Ali, R. Bénabou","doi":"10.1257/MIC.20180052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/MIC.20180052","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the costs and benefits of using social image to foster desirable behaviors. Each agent acts based on his intrinsic motivation, private assessment of the public good, and reputational concern for appearing prosocial. A Principal sets the general degree of privacy, observes the social outcome, and implements a policy: investment, subsidy, law, etc. Individual visibility reduces free riding but makes aggregate behavior (“descriptive norm”) less informative about societal preferences (“prescriptive norm”). We derive the level of privacy (and material incentives) that optimally trades off social enforcement and learning, and we characterize its variations with the economy’s stochastic and informational structure. (JEL D82, D83, D91, Z13)","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134570474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 58
Structural Reform in Germany 德国的结构性改革
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-03-21 DOI: 10.5089/9781484339688.001.A001
T. Krebs, Martin Scheffel
{"title":"Structural Reform in Germany","authors":"T. Krebs, Martin Scheffel","doi":"10.5089/9781484339688.001.A001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484339688.001.A001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a quantitative evaluation of the macroeconomic, distributional, and fiscal effects of three reform proposals for Germany: i) a reduction in the social security tax in the low-wage sector, ii) a publicly financed expansion of full-day child care and full-day schooling, and iii) the further deregulation of the professional service sector. The analysis is based on a macroeconomic model with physical capital, human capital, job search, and household heterogeneity. All three reforms have positive short-run and long-run effects on employment, wages, and output. The quantitative effects of the deregulation reform are relatively small due to the small size of the professional services in Germany. Policy reforms i) and ii) have substantial macroeconomic effects and positive distributional consequences. Ten years after implementation, reforms i) and ii) taken together increase employment by 1.6 percent, potential output by 1.5 percent, real hourly pre-tax wages in the low-wage sector by 3 percent, and real hourly pre-tax wages of women with children by 2.7 percent. The two reforms create fiscal deficits in the short-run, but they also generate substantial fiscal surpluses in the long-run. They are fiscally efficient in the sense that the present value of short-term fiscal deficits and long-term fiscal surpluses is positive for any interest (discount) rate less than 9 percent.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114727128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Public Expenditure, Demography and Growth: Theory and Evidence from India 公共支出、人口与增长:来自印度的理论与证据
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-02-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2731984
P. Das, S. Kar
{"title":"Public Expenditure, Demography and Growth: Theory and Evidence from India","authors":"P. Das, S. Kar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2731984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2731984","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries in the developed world are ageing in terms of their distribution of population. Conversely, a number of countries in the south have younger population. India for example, has 60% of its population in the age group of 15-59, with the mean age close to 27 years as of present times. The lower share of population in the higher and lower age brackets make the dependency ratio lower than that of the ageing countries. The economic growth such a large share of working age population can usher in lies at the core of the demographic dividends. However, low human capital, poor health and inadequate physical infrastructure seems to create significant hurdles in the potential growth path such countries can achieve. We investigate through an endogenous growth model applied to the Indian macroeconomic data, as to whether public expenditures in education, health and physical infrastructure are conducive to rapid economic growth commensurate with the projected demographic dividends for India. We deploy a Structural Vector Autoregressive Model on data for shares of public expenditure on education and health as the main pillars of growth of human capital in the country, on the per capita GDP growth rate, the working age population, etc. Importantly, we find that a rise in expenditure on health imparts a positive impact on the working age population through greater participation. However, higher allocations for education and training draws workers away from the labor market in a country with large share of unskilled workers and employment opportunities in the large informal sector.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131523708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
The Dynamic Effect of Disability on Work and Subjective Wellbeing in Australia 澳大利亚残疾对工作和主观幸福感的动态影响
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-01-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2713030
Melanie K. Jones, K. Mavromaras, P. Sloane, Zhang Wei
{"title":"The Dynamic Effect of Disability on Work and Subjective Wellbeing in Australia","authors":"Melanie K. Jones, K. Mavromaras, P. Sloane, Zhang Wei","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2713030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2713030","url":null,"abstract":"Using longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey (2001-2013) we examine the relationship between the dynamics of work-limiting disability and employment, hours of work, earnings and life satisfaction. We employ two alternative classifications of the dynamic trajectories of disability and, in doing so, are able to explicitly consider the influence of disability exit in addition to examining onset by chronicity and severity. After controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity, we find that the positive impact of disability exit is smaller in magnitude and shorter-lived than the negative impact of onset. Further, while individuals are found to recover from a one period disability within three years, there is no sign of adaptation even after ten years for those whose disability is chronic, defined as evident for three or more years post-onset, and severe.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"34 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131992746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Lower Bounds and the Linearity Assumption in Parametric Estimations of Inequality of Opportunity 机会不等式参数估计的下界和线性假设
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-01-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2713026
P. Hufe, A. Peichl
{"title":"Lower Bounds and the Linearity Assumption in Parametric Estimations of Inequality of Opportunity","authors":"P. Hufe, A. Peichl","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2713026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2713026","url":null,"abstract":"The consistent underestimation of inequality of opportunity has led some scholars to call into question the usefulness of such estimates. In this paper we argue that neglecting heterogeneity in the influence of circumstances across types as well as neglecting heterogeneity in type-specific effort distributions are two important sources of the downward bias in inequality of opportunity measures. Compared to the standard parametric approach of ex ante measurement of inequality of opportunity, we calculate a 50% upwards correction when accounting for both sources of heterogeneity. Therefore, taking heterogeneity across types seriously is an important step towards strengthening the policy relevance of this concept.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134559447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Quitting and Peer Effects at Work 辞职和工作中的同伴效应
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2015-12-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2033653
Julie Rosaz, R. Slonim, M. Villeval
{"title":"Quitting and Peer Effects at Work","authors":"Julie Rosaz, R. Slonim, M. Villeval","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2033653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2033653","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the influence of peers on the extensive margin of effort at work by means of a real-effort experiment in which subjects have to decide on the intensity of effort and when to stop working. Participants perform a task alone or in the presence of a peer. The feedback on the co-worker's output is manipulated and we vary whether the two workers can communicate. We find that when communication is allowed, the average productivity per unit of time and the quitting time are not increased but the presence of a peer causes workers to stay longer and to quit at more similar times. Peer effects on the extensive margin of effort derive more from a sociability effect, i.e. a reduction of the social distance between co-workers that could make the other's presence more valuable, than from performance or quitting time comparisons.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133767969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
New Evidence on Linear Regression and Treatment Effect Heterogeneity 线性回归和治疗效果异质性的新证据
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2015-11-16 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2524808
Tymon Słoczyński
{"title":"New Evidence on Linear Regression and Treatment Effect Heterogeneity","authors":"Tymon Słoczyński","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2524808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2524808","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I provide new evidence on the implications of treatment effect heterogeneity for least squares estimation when the effects are inappropriately assumed to be homogenous. I prove that under a set of benchmark assumptions linear regression provides a consistent estimator of the population average treatment effect on the treated times the population proportion of the nontreated individuals plus the population average treatment effect on the nontreated times the population proportion of the treated individuals. Consequently, in many empirical applications the linear regression estimates might not be close to any of the standard average treatment effects of interest.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134516037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
The French Productivity Puzzle 法国生产率之谜
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2015-09-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2655137
Philippe Askenazy, C. Erhel
{"title":"The French Productivity Puzzle","authors":"Philippe Askenazy, C. Erhel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2655137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2655137","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2008, France experiences a sharp productivity slowdown. Both output per hour and total factor productivity are particularly deceptive in the market economy. This recent trend contrasts with the acceleration of productivity during the previous crisis in the 1990's and the continuous increase during the following decade. This text provides the first comprehensive exploration of this puzzling break. The direct impacts of the Great Recession on industry composition or reallocation of capital are not significant suspects for a slowdown occurring across business activities. Labour market mechanisms are better candidates. On the one hand, the French labour market policy has massively boosted the creation of low-productive jobs including very-short term employees and self-employed workers. On the other hand, firms, which benefit from massive tax cuts, have hoarded their high-skilled workforce. In addition, the spread of innovative HRM incentives, e.g. employee shareholding, seems to have turned productivity more sensitive to the business cycle (and especially to the fall of stock markets).","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116733069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Parental Time Investments in Children: The Role of Competition for University Places in the UK 父母在孩子身上投入的时间:英国大学入学竞争的作用
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series Pub Date : 2015-09-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2655117
Almudena Sevilla Sanz, Cristina Borra
{"title":"Parental Time Investments in Children: The Role of Competition for University Places in the UK","authors":"Almudena Sevilla Sanz, Cristina Borra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2655117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2655117","url":null,"abstract":"We use novel diary surveys coupled with universities' administrative student data for the last three decades to document that increased competition for university places at elite institutions in the United Kingdom contributes to explain growing gaps in time investments between college and non-college educated parents. Competition for university places in the UK grew significantly during the 1980s and early 1990s, and gradually diminished afterwards. We find that the gap in time investments by college and non-college educated parents and their children widened up precisely during this first period, especially in terms of human capital enhancing activities.","PeriodicalId":331900,"journal":{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121505480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
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