Proceedings OCEANS最新文献

{"title":"SAIC Quiet Cable","authors":"T. Cummings","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587098","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126102132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Of Tributyltin In The Marine Environment","authors":"J. Grovhoug, P. Seligman, A. Valkirs, R. Fransham","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586815","url":null,"abstract":"Field investigations by our laboratory were designed to measure and compare regional differences in tributyttin loading for three major use categories: regions Of ecological importance such as fishing or nursery areas, regions containing commercial or recreational vessels such as marinas or vessel repair f a c i k s and regions near u-sNavy v e ~ ~ e l s ~ ~ t h o d s for WratOrY analysis during the^ studies have been described Previously (13)initial baseline studies and subsequent harbor monitoring investigations have consistently ShOwn that the highest tributybn loading Occurs near marinas and vessel repair facilities (2,4,5)In comparison, data from \"far-field\" regions, well-flushed areas away from b w w n sources, have shown low background TBT levels in the range Of 2-10 ng/L in most harbors studied. Tributyttin ~ B T ) compounds have been used as biocides in marine antifouling paint formulations since the late 1 ~ s . Recent concern about deleterious effects on non-target -ne organisms has resutted in legislation and regulation to reduce inputs of TBT into the aquatic environment. Accurate and welldesigned monitoring programs are required to determine both the necessity and efficacy of TBT environmental regulation. There have been numerous TBT baseline studies performed in France, the U K , Canada and the U.S., however, very few comprehensive monitoring programs have been conducted. From our work, which encompasses baseline measurements in fifteen U.S. harbors and intensive monitoring in three regions (Pearl Harbor, San Diego Bay and Norfolk), we have found the following: The principal sources and highest concentrations of TBT are in marinas, small boat harbors and in the vicinity of vessel repair facilies and berthing areas, with concentrations ranging from 10-1000 ng/L; regions of harbors and estuaries are generally below 10 ng/L; High variability in TBT concentrations can be caused by tidal effects, seasonal changes (e.g. intensity of pleasure vessel use, temperature, fresh-water input), vertical stratification of the water column, and intermittent point source discharges such as drydocks; Knowledge of TBT sources and degree of variability are important in designing and interpreting monitoring programs; and In general, sediment TBT concentrations are about three orders of magnitude greater than water concentrations while TBT levels in bivalve tissue (mussels and oysters) show bioconcentration factors ranging from 5,000 to 50.000. DISCUSSION Variable environmental factors such as tidal circulation patterns, vertical stratification of the water column and intermittent butyttin source discharges have been shown to affect Tributyttin concentrations in well-flushed open butyttin sampling results in certain harbors (1,7). In some estuaries such as Pearl Harbor, tidal effects and stratification have been shown to be less important to monitoring design considerations (5). The seasonal abundance of pleasure craft, especially in temperate regions, h","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115288338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Wind Stress From Global Atmospheric Analyses","authors":"K. Trenberth","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592879","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluations and comparisons of global analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the U.S. National Meteorological Center (NMC) have allowed an appreciation to be gained of the characteristics, problems and errors in these data sets. For surface wind, the ECMWF 1000 mb analyses are regarded as most suitable for computing surface wind stresses over the global oceans because ship data were applied directly at 1000 mb prior to September 1986. The global analyses use a four-dimensional data assimilation system and have the advantage of high spatial and temporal (twice daily) resolution. New climatologies of surface wind stress, the curl of the wind stress, and the Sverdrup transport streamfunctions have been computed based on 1980-1986 analyses. The wind stress was computed using a wind speed and surface atmospheric stability dependent drag coefficient from Large and Pond, and the effective mean drag coefficient required to convert a pseudostress into a stress has been evaluated as a function of location and time of year. Comparisons with the Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress climatology reveal surprising similarities overall in view of the different drag coefficients used, but there are also huge differences, especially over the entire southern oceans, where the new results are believed to be the best available. As well as the long-term annual and monthly means, interannual variations have also been analyzed.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121446135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-Human: A \"Garage-Built\" Approach To A Competitive Human-Powered Submarine","authors":"Mark T. Keane","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587278","url":null,"abstract":"What started out as fanciful talk during work, tumed into a concerted effort to design, build, and race a human-powered submarine in the First Annual htemational Submarine Races held in West Palm Beach, Florida in June of 1989. The SubHuman Project began as a couple of engineers discussing their own ideas of how to design a human-powered submarine after leaming of the contest in May of 1988. With little money and no facilities, the project evolved into a dedicated group of engineers and others working on their own time without corporate, govemment, or industry backing to design arid build the human-powered submarine Sub-Human. Some of the overriding factors influencing the design included a very minimal budget, and that much of the fabrication be done in the family garage by the group members themselves. Throughout the design process the TLAR (That Looks About Right) method was used extensively due to the limited amount of time available for research, detail designing, and testing.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122426296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Autonomous Submersible Designed for Software Development","authors":"J. Bellingham, R. Beaton, M. Triantafyllou, L. Shupe","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586684","url":null,"abstract":"'Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 292 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Vharles Stark Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 3Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 41nternationaI Submarine Engineering, I734 Broadway Street, Port Coquitlum, British Columbia, Canada V3C 2M8","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122779929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discharges Of Concern In Estuarine And Coastal Environments","authors":"D. Rosenblatt, G. Townsend","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586843","url":null,"abstract":"In the last ten years water quality permitting programs carried out under the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program have made great strides in controlling the discharge of \"conventional~l pollutants into fresh water. However, research is still finding that coastal and estuarine waters are being dangerously impacted. In an effort to determine the magnitude and source of these impacts a list of \"pollutants of concernll (POC) was compiled by determining what pollutants were pervasive in the estuarine and coastal environment.. A list of major dischargers to estuarine and coastal areas was amassed using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory (NCPDI). The effluents of these major industries were examined in an attempt to ascertain where pollutants of concern coincided with major estuarine and coastal dischargers. Particular attention was devoted to those pollutants that were found in sediments, as it appears that there are many pollutants impacting sediments and biota that are not sufficiently addressed using water quality standards.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122911541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Measurement Of Oceanic Biogeochemical Compounds Using Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors","authors":"J. M. Tokar, W. Woodward, K. Goswami","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587081","url":null,"abstract":"Recent trends in global warming due to the concentration of 'Igreenhouse\" gases have prompted the need for the applicaticln of new sensor technologies for real-time, in situ measurements of the compounds (e.g. , CO,, 0,, CH,) that are responsible for the c:hemical, physical and biological processes controlling biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and its interaction with the atmosphere. Fiber optic chemical sensor:; (FOCS) have shown great promise as a viable new approach to measuring specific chemical species in the oceans. Ocean water measurements could be accomplished through a network of biogeochemical buoys equipped with multi-analysis FOCS packages for long term unattended monitoring. This network of buoys could be linked via satellite to provide real-time information that would be invaluable and provide a unique remote sensing capability to determine spatial and temporal trends of biogeochemically important compounds in the oceans on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131144356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Evaluation Of Real-Time XBT Systems","authors":"D. Wright, M. Szabados","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587130","url":null,"abstract":"The use of XBT's to measure the ocean's subsurface temperature has significantly increased over the past decade. NOAA is actively participating in an international effort to increase the number of subsurface temperature observations in support of global oceanographic and climate studies. NOAA's XBT program currently supports more than one hundred voluntary observing ships (VOS) . These vessels are responsible for more than 1 2 , 0 0 0 XBT observations each year. Determining the field performance of XBT data systems is an importance step in the quality control of these data. The purpose of this field test was to evaluate the performance of four XBT systems under field conditions. The systems evaluated were a SEAS I11 (Sippican's MK-9), a Bathy Systems' 810 XBT Controller, an ARGOS XBT system, and Oregon State University's (OSU) XBT Data Box.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131416872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal And Lethal Effects In Two Marine Organisms, A Juvenile Echinoderm And A Larval Fish, Exposed To Contaminated Sediments","authors":"E. Casillas, D.A. Misitano, P. Plesha, D. Weber, C. Haley, S. Demuth, M. Schiewe, S. Chan, U. Varanasi","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586748","url":null,"abstract":"A number of federal and state agencies are concerned with assessing the toxicity of sediment-derived xenobiotics to marine organisms. Toxicity is one of the major factors considered when, for example, disposal of dredged sediments from urban waterways is desired. To measure toxic effects of sediments, bioassays that use the marine amphipod, Rhepoxinius abronius (1, 2), the oyster larva, Crassostrea gigas (3), and the luminescent bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum (MicrotoxB) (4) have been commonly employed. However, only a limited number of organisms representing few phyla are currently available in bioassays. Mortaliity of organisms is often used to assess the effects of talxicants, but reliance on mortality as the sole measure of toxicity can seriously underestimate deleterious effects of xenobiotics. Sublethal indicators, such as poor growth, may provide more sensitive measures of the effects of toxicants, yet sublethal effects of toxicants on marine: organisms have not generally been well established, and sublethal indicators have rarely been employed in sediment bioassays. Neither has the relative sensitivity of sublethal and lethal effects been rigorously compared.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131094435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biospar, A Buoy System For Acoustic Monitoring Of Biological Populations","authors":"J. Ehrenberg, P.H. Wiebel, W.H. Hanot, H. G. McMichael, R. Miyamoto","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587474","url":null,"abstract":"BIOSPAR is a free floating spar buoy that will use acoustic backscattering in collecting long term data on plankton populations. The system, which is being jointly developed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington, will make acoustic measurements at 120 kHz and 420 kHz. The backscatter data will be processed to produce estimates of the plankton density and acoustic size distribution as a function of depth. The processed acoustic data are stored aboard the buoy on an optical disk. Subsets of the data can be transmittcd to shore using a satellite telemetry link.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121738437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}