Proceedings OCEANS最新文献

{"title":"Determination Of Elastic Moduli Of Sea Ice","authors":"K. Williams, R. Stein, T. Wen, R. Francois","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587514","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : For applications of elastic moduli to acoustic prediction models, moduli derived from acoustic measurements are much more appropriate than those derived from mechanical tests. Several researchers have measured sound velocity in ice and some have used these measurements to deduce ice moduli. Velocity measurement techniques include resonance vibration of ice rods, seismic and flexural wave measurement, and propagation of high frequency pulses in core samples. Differences and uncertainties in conclusions to be drawn from these studies are in part related to temperature and salinity properties of the ice and measurement and core handling procedures that have altered the structure of ice from its in-situ condition. These issues indicate the advantages of a pulse type experiment designed to allow measurement of velocities and related ice properties in the field. We present details of one such design including the equipment used and the resulting moduli uncertainties inherent in the method. The theory to be used in interpreting the experimental results will be that derived by Biot for a porous solid. Expressions for the longitudinal and shear velocities in ice were derived assuming a sealed-pore structure, which generally applies to sea ice away from the growing ice/water interface. A pilot experiment is underway at the present time to perfect the procedure and will allow preliminary implementation of the theory. The results from the type of analysis presented here ultimately lead to prediction of the acoustic impedance layers in sea ice, a crucial factor in understanding and predicting acoustic propagation processes involving sea ice. Reprints.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122907634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Thoughtful\" CTD Profiling System","authors":"J. Irish, M. Martini, G. Needell","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587133","url":null,"abstract":"Global and local observational programs rely heavily on vertical profiles of oceanographic parameters. There is a need for a simple, reliable profiling instrument which any scientist can use to obtain quality data. To satisfy this need, a prototype, selfcontained, ttthoughtful,tl CTD profiling system is being developed and studied at UNH. A microprocessor provides the \"thought fullt component which not only digitizes and stores the data but also evaluates and controls system performance. RAM is used fox temporary data storage during a profile to eliminate the complications added by a conducting cable and slip rings in the winch. After a profile is completed, the data are dumped to a shipboard, desktop computer system for normalization, display arid permanent storage. Rapid data access is important for directing survey operations during a cruise.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114977323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea Level Rise In Washington State: Technical Issues And Preliminary Policy Responses","authors":"D. Canning","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121003075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Geochemistry Of Coprostanol In Waters, Surface Sediments And Sediment Cores From Narragansett Bay","authors":"L. A. Leblanc","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586858","url":null,"abstract":"A geochemical study of coprostanol (Sa-Cholestan-36-01) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was undertaken to examine the fate and transport of a compound of moderate polarity and reactivity in an estuarine environment, and because of interest in this fecal sterol. as a sewage tracer. Four times during 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 discharges from five river mouths and eleven point sources were sampled, as well as four bay stations at three water depths. In addition, surface sediments from twenty-six stations throughout the bay were collected. In conjunction with this study, samples were also analyzed for a suite of organic compounds, including petroleum hydrocarbons, PCBs, PAHs, substituted bensotriazoles and phthalates. Analysis was by fused silica capillary column gas chromatography, using flame ionization and electron capture detectors, as well as verification of selected samples by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. Coprostanol concentrations in thewaters (0 .02 0.22 ug/l),andsurface sediments (0 .22 33 ug/g) from the bay were as high or higher than any values reported in the literature, indicating that the bay is severely impacted by sewage. Effluent concentrations of coprostanol from secondary sewage treatment plants were consistently lower than primary treatment plant effluents, demonstrating the usefulness of coprostanol as a indicator of treatment plant efficiency. The survey of point sources and rivers revealed that 50% of the total particulate coprostanol was discharged into the Providence River, primarily due to the discharge from the sewage treatment facility at Fields Point, which is the largest plant in the state. The Newport Sewage treatment Facility, a primary treatment plant in the lower bay, was the largest single source of particulate coprostanol to the entire bay. The distribution of coprostanol in waters and surface sediments, showed a gradient of decreasing concentration downbay, suggesting that the Providence River concentrations of substituted bensotriazoles and the PCB congener 209 in surface sediments indicated the importance of riverine input as a source of anthropogenic pollutants, including coprostanol, which originates from sewage treatment plants discharging into the rivers.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121308372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multibeam Doppler Sonar : Performances in a Oceanic Environment","authors":"C. Gulli, J. Le Gall, J. Levrey","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586710","url":null,"abstract":"In a first part, we compte the error due to the geometry (error positionning and mtion of beams). In the experimental work, we perform the correction due to the roll and pitch of vehicle. The problem of \"Lever arm\" is treated with the subject too. The main parameters for the computation of Dijppler frequency are the beam aperture and the signal to noise ratio. After the experiment, we conclude abaut the error power due to the frequency estimator.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125008750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparisons Between Sediment Bioassays And Alterations Of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages As Measures Of Sediment Toxicity","authors":"D. Becker, T. Ginn, G. Bilyard","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586769","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123252092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On The Importance Of Weather Routing To Towing Platforms","authors":"Yanyan Song, Huang Yu","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125526342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect Of Polluted Sediment On Water Quality In The Seto Inland Sea","authors":"T. Tanimoto, K. Kawana, A. Hoshika","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586854","url":null,"abstract":"The Seto Inland Sea, which is surrounded by three major islands of Japan, has about 400 km in width and the average depth of about 30 meters. An exchange of the inland sea water with the outside ocean water occurs only through two channels (the Kii and Bungo) and Kanmon Strait. This sea is typical of the large semiclosed inland sea in the world. The surrounding land has attracted large population and enormous build-up of industrial, resulting in large increase in effluent of pollutant into the sea. Most of pollutants derived from the surrounding land deposit on the bottom floor in the inland sea for lack of flushing tidal power which brings them to the outside ocean. The deposited pollutants decompose in the bottom sediment and consequently a large amount of nutrients and heavy metals such as Mn and Fe are released from the bottom sediment. The nutrients and heavy metals-rich bottom water has brought about serious water pollution problems such as the outbreaks of red tide. In order to know the extent of pollution caused by the bottom sediment, the vertical distributions of water quality (nutrients, dissolved oxygen, etc. ) and their seasonal variation were investigated at points of more than 200 sampling stations in the Seto Inland Sea (Fig. 1). In summer, it is found that all stations show a similar behavior on the vertical distributions of water quality. The representative example of the vertical distributions of the POL+-P, TIN, dissolved manganese, dissolved oxygen and water temperature are shown in Fig. 2. A thermocline is found to cause at a depth around 10-15 m. The thermocline inhibits the vertical mixing between surface and bottom water, and as a result leads to the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer. The nutrients released from the bottom sediment are early constant above the thermocline, whereas these concentrations below the thermocline increase with depth. It is also found that Mn has the same behavior as the nutrients. From the results obtained, as a rough approximation the net concentrations of POL+-P and TIN can be obtained by subtracting the constant concentrations above the thermocline from each measured value. The fluxes of POL+-P and TIN released from the bottom sediment were calculated by using the net concentrations at each station, respectively. In winter, on the other hand, the thermocline disappears over the whole area of the Seto Inland Sea, by which the strong vertical mixing occurs. The nutrients are distributed homogeneously from the surface to the bottom, which implies that a nutrient-rich water layer disappears, though the nutrients continue to be released from the bottom sediment during this season. Here it should be noted that their vertical distributions are much different between in winter and summer. Then we cannot apply the same procedure described above to getting the fluxes of the nutrients released from the bottom sediment using the obtained distributions. Hence another experiment was conduct","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114890937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey Of Sediment Quality, Contaminants In Fish Tissue, And Incidence Of Fish Disease In Four Non-Urban Bays Of Puget Sound","authors":"E. Crecelius, D. Woodruff, M. Myers","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586842","url":null,"abstract":"Four non-urban bays of Puget Sound (Dyes Inlet, Gig Harbor, Port Angeles, and Oak Harbor) were surveyed to characterize contamination problems. These bays have not previously been extensively examined for contamination problems but have the potential for contamination from industry, marinas, sewage outfalls, and military bases. Sediment samples collected were analyzed for contaminants and bioassays conducted with amphipods. Flatfish collected were analyzed for contaminants, and 1 ivers of sole were examined for diseases or disorders. Some sediments contained elevated levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn, PAH, PCB, and tributyltin. Only a few sediment samples exceeded the Puget Sound Apparent Effect Threshold (AET) sediment quality values for Hg, Ag, and PAH. None of the sediments tested by the amphipod bioassay indicated a toxic response. contained elevated levels of PCBs with the highest concentration found in English sole muscle tissue from Gig Harbor. Concentrations of PAH metabolites in bile indicated low to moderate exposure to petroleum and combustion hydrocarbons. The prevalence of idiopathic 1 iver disease (no apparent association with an infectious agent) was similar to other reference areas in Puget Sound. INTRODUCTION Some fish muscle and liver tissue In the spring of 1988, Battelle conducted a reconnaissance survey in four non-urban bays and nine other bays or shoreline areas of Puget Sound (Figure 1). The objective o f this survey was to characterize sediment quality, fish tissue chemistry, and fish disease to identify potential contamination problems in these areas. This survey focused on four bays (Dyes Inlet, Gig Harbor, Port Angeles Harbor, and Oak Harbor), which have not been examined extensively for contamination problems but which may be affected by contamination from local industry, marinas, sewage outfalls, and military bases. The major tasks that comprised this survey included the following: 0 Characterize sediment quality by contaminant levels and amphipod bioassays at six stations in each of the four non-urban bays. urban areas for 20 pesticides that are currently in use. 0 Analyze sediment samples from agricultural and 30' 15' 12800' 45' 12p30' lk' FIGURE 1. Fisheries Stations Sampled During this Survey Locations of 4 Non-Urban Bays and '11 0 Analyze tissues of flatfish collected from 13 areas for evidence of contaminants. 0 Characterize liver diseases or liver disorders in sole from Dyes Inlet, Gig Harbor, and the mouth of the Lake Washington Ship Canal. future analysis. 0 Archive benthic infaunal samples for potential This report presents the results of the surve:y and draws a comparison with results from similar investigations in other areas of Puget Sound.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122159062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NDBC's Coastal Buoy","authors":"C. Colburn","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587089","url":null,"abstract":"A 2.3-meler-diurneter meteorological and ocean-measuring buoy for semi-protected waters is under development at the National Data Buoy Center. Two pre-prototype Coastal Buoys are being fabricated with interchangcuble underhull structures to evaluate hydrodynamic characteristics, including WUL’E motion response favorable for wave nreasuremenl capability. The underhull structures include a fixed, courrterweiglited, hoop design as well as the traditional center pipe design. The Coastal Buoy, ofclosed cellfoam andniur-ine aluntinum construction, is lighter, more economical, and easier to handle than previous small iiuoys. This paper presents the design criteria guidelines, pre-prototype designs, arid expectedi7erformance. INTRODUCTION The Coastal Buoy project was initiated to develop a low.cost, reliable, moored buoy for semi-protected and coastal waters. This buoy will have the ability to provide metcorological and ocean surface measurements, with Ihe data processed on board and transmitted to the GOES satellite for dissemination 011 standard National Weather Service circuits. NDBC will use the Coastal Buoy to measure waves, air, and water tempcraturc in coastal regions and relay the measurements to NDBC Coastal-Marine Automated Network (CMAN) meteorological stalions via direct data link communications. The Coastal Buoy will also be integrated into the moored buoy system at selected stations. The buoy is ideally suited to support scientific experiments and environmental monitoring projects of short duration, and is also suitable for some subsurface measurements. An illustration of the Coastal Buoy is shown in Figure 1. Two pre-prototype Coastal Buoys are being fabricated for test and evaluation. They will be instrumented to measure wave motion response as well as metcorologicaliocean sur€ace measurcments, and will be deployed at various test locations including NDBC’s Ocean Test Platform south of Gulfport, Mississippi. Figure 1. Illustration of Coastal Buoy. DESIGN GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENTS The Coastal Buoy is suitable for meteorological, ocean temperature, and wave measurements. The meteorological package includes a barometric pressure sensor within the hull and sensors for wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature at a 3-meter elevation. The mast can be cxtended to an elevation of 5 meters, if desired. Since NDBC’s NOMAD and 3-meter buoys measure wind and air temperature at 5 meters, this is the preferred height. Any of NDBC’s payload configurations can fit in the payload compartment, which is 0.91 meter in diameter and 0.82 meter high. Payload weight is being constrained to less than 227 kilograms. This (constraint should be easily attainable because NDBC is shifting from primary batikry power systems to a lighter weight hybrid solariprimary battery system, with the expectation that most payloads will be less than 136 kilograms. Because magnetic compasses will be part of the payloads, the Coastal Buoy is being fabricated of nonmagnetic ma","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116613052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}