Proceedings OCEANS最新文献_第6页

Improved Meteorological Measurements From Buoys And Ships For The World Ocean Circulation Experiment 世界海洋环流实验中改进的浮标和船舶气象测量

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587090

R. Weller, D.S. Hosom

{"title":"Improved Meteorological Measurements From Buoys And Ships For The World Ocean Circulation Experiment","authors":"R. Weller, D.S. Hosom","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587090","url":null,"abstract":"The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is directed at understanding ocean circulation and its interrelation to climate. During WOCE. moored buoys and ships will provide attractive platforms from which to make accurate in-situ measurements of the basic observables-- sea surface temperature, air temperature, wind velocity, barometric pressure, solar and longwave radiation, humidity and Precipitation. From these measurements accurate estimates OE the air-sea fluxes can be made. Drifting or moored airsea interaction buoys will also be needed in WOCE for the verification of the surface data collected by remote sensing. The overall goal of the \"Improved Meteorological Measurements from Ships and Buoys\" (:[MET) effort is to develop accurate and reliable means of making meteorological measurements from ships and buoys during WOCE. Work being done at the University of Southern California concentrates on i.mproving longwave radiation sensors. Scripps Institution of Oceanography is evaluating the effect of platform motions on radiometers, anemometers, and heading sensors. The work at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution includes development and evaluation of improved sensors, testing to quantify errors associated with present sensors, development of prototype data loggers capable of supporting intelligent data acquisition algorithmns that. reduce measurement error, and testing of sensors andl data loggers on local moorings and on resetarch ships. Prototype buoy and ship data loggers are complete. Prototypes","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128173948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

An Acoustic Communication System for Subsea Robot 水下机器人声学通信系统

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586677

A. Kaya, S. Yauchi

引用次数: 57

Pulse Propagation In A Random Ocean-a Linear Systems Theory Approach 随机海洋中的脉冲传播——线性系统理论方法

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587509

L. Ziomek, L. A. Souza, P. R. Campbell

{"title":"Pulse Propagation In A Random Ocean-a Linear Systems Theory Approach","authors":"L. Ziomek, L. A. Souza, P. R. Campbell","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587509","url":null,"abstract":"A general, modular, pulse-propagation model for underwater acoustics that i s based on linear systems theory for sound-speed profi les a function of depth is presented. Results from two prelfminarycomputer simulation studies involving the transmission of CW and LFM pulses i n the ocean are reported. The f i r s t study examined a shallow water problem and used the transfer function of a Pekeris waveguide. The ocean surface and bottom were treated as smooth, plane boundaries between two f lu id media and were characterized by general Rayleigh reflection coefficients. The second study examined a free-space propagation problem(i.e., no boundaries) and used a transfer function of the ocean medium based on the WKB approximation. INTRODUCTION Since the wave equation i s linear fo r small-amplitude acoustic signals, the ocean medium can be treated, i n general, as a linear, time-variant, space-variant, random f i l ter or communlcation channel(e.g., see [ l1-[31). Although the linear systems theory approach to ocean acoustics has been in the research l iterature since the middle 1960's(e.g., see [4]-[61), most of the results have been very formal and abstract, that is, not amenable to computer simulation. Based on recent successes i n the derivation of ocean medium transfer functions[71,[81, it is now possible(with the use of \"coupling equations\" [91) t o derive analytical expressions for the complex acoustlc f ie ld and the output electrical signal(pu1se) a t each element in a hydrophone array in terms of the frequency spectrum of the transmitted pulse, the far-field direct iv i ty functions of the transmit and receive arrays, and the ocean medium transfer function[71,[ 101. These same analytical expressions are also amenable to computer simulation studies[ 1 1 ],[ 121. In th is paper, we shall present a general, modular, pulsepropagation model for underwater acoustics that i s based on linear systems theory and the coupling equations for sound-speed profi les a function of depth. The resulting model i s analogous t o the fast-f ield-wogram(FFP) technrque[l31. The maln premlse i s that since the coupling equations are, in fact, the formal solution of the pulsepropagatlon problem, and since the coupling equations depend on the transfer function of the ocean medium, the only thing that changes from problem to problem, from an ocean acoustics point of view, i s the transfer function. In this paper, we shall present a general, modular, pulsepropagation model for underwater acoustics that i s based on linear systems theory and the coupling equations for sound-speed profi les a function of depth. The resulting model i s analogous t o the fast-field-program(FFP1 technique[l3]. The main premise i s that since the coupling equations are, i n fact, the formal solution of the pulsepropagation problem, and since the coupling equations depend on the transfer function of the ocean medium, the only thing that changes from problem t o problem, from an ocean acoustics ","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128160372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Quantitative Sampling of Organisms/macroparticulates with a Rov Using a Collimated Illumination System 使用准直照明系统的Rov生物/大颗粒定量采样

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586689

D.S. Lee, D. J. Hall

引用次数: 4

A Mobile Oceanographic Data Collection System 移动海洋数据收集系统

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587146

M. F. Alles, M.A. Alfultis

{"title":"A Mobile Oceanographic Data Collection System","authors":"M. F. Alles, M.A. Alfultis","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587146","url":null,"abstract":"International Ice Patrol US. Coast Guard Avery Point Groton, CT 06340 Since its establishment in 1914, the International Ice Patrol (IIP) has historically collected oceanographic data in support of its internationally mandated mission. The collected data are used to verify, maintain, and enhance IIP iceberg drift and deterioration models, iceberg behavior knowledge, and IIP's overall ability to perform its mission. In recent years, the US. Coast Guard, which operates the IIP for a consortium of maritime nations, has experienced major budget cuts, organizational policy adjustments, and other considerations all of which reduced the number of ships available for IIP's research efforts. By 1985, this reduction in the number of avai,lable vessels had reached a point where IIP was unable to know from one year to next which vessel , or even which type of vessel, would be available for research cruises. In response to this situation, IIP began irr 1986 to aquire a transportable data collection system. The collection system had to adapt lo a variety of vessels, and allow deployment on rellatively short notice. The system design consisted of a Mobile Oceanographic Lab (MOL) to provide laboratory space for computers, storage, and data collection and analysis, and a hydrographic winch and \"A\" Frame platform to deploy and recover oceanographic equipment. The MOL is 4.3 m long, 2.4 m high, and 2.4 rn wide, and was constructed from a standard steel 6 m cargo container. It was converted into a lab space b y installing countertops, cabinets, equipment racks, and a wet sink. Step-down transformers conveil the 440 VAC from the ship to normal 110 and 220 VAC fclr the MOL to power internal lighting, air conditioning, computer equipment, and various electrical outlets. E!xcluding computers and consumables, the MOL weighs approximately 3200 kg. The MOL and associated equipment can be installed on a ship in approximately one day, and removed in several hours. The MOL and hydrographic winch were tested aboard a US. Coast Guard 180 buoy tender in April 1987. During May 1987, the entire system (including \"A\" frame) was sucessfully deployed for a monlh long 'oceanographic cruise. During this cruise, 88 CTD stations and 118 XBT casts were conducted. Experience gained from this cruise led to additional improvements to the original design.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129650413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fate Of Tributyltin 三丁基锡的命运

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586791

R. Lee

{"title":"Fate Of Tributyltin","authors":"R. Lee","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.586791","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation of TBT in natural waters is primarily due to biological processes resulting in TBT half-lives ranging from 4 to 14 days. In upper waters with high nutrient levels, microalgae or bottom plants can be important in TBT degradation. Biological TBT degradation in sunlight resulted in the production of various hydroxybutyldibutyltins. TBT half-life in sunlit estuarine water supplemented with nutrients was 1 day. Fine-grained sediments can catalyze the non-biological dealkylation of TBT to form monobutyltin and inorganic tin. The half-lives of TBT added to fine-grained sediments ranged from 2 to 4 days. Biological, i.e. microbial, degradation of TBT added to sandy sediments resulted in longer half-lives, e.g. 13 days for one sandy area. Further work is required to assess the fate of TBT in anaerobic sediments and the TBT associated with paint chips in the sediments. INTRODUCTION The fate of tributyltin, like other toxic organics, is determined by various physical, chemical and biological processes. Photolysis and biological degradation act to modify TBT in coastal waters. Some of the TBT adsorbs to suspended particulates and these particulates can be carried to the bottom by sedimentation. Chemical and biological degradation can degrade TBT in sediment to various metabolic products. Since the fate of TBT has recently been reviewed (Maguire, 1987; Seligman et al., 1989), this article briefly discusses processes affecting the fate of TBT and describes in more detail the latest work on TBT degradation in both sediment and water. Fate of TBT in Water At TBT concentrations of 1 pg/liter or less, there was biological degradation resulting in TBT half-lives of 414 days (Francois et al., 1989; Hattori et al., 1987; Hinga et a1.,1987; Olson and Brinckman, 1986; Seligman et al., 1989; Thain et al., 1987). At high TBT concentrations (= 1 mgfliter) degradation was very slow, presumably due to inhibition of TBT-degrading microorganisms (Seligman et al., 1986). In the dark bacteria and fungi are important in TBT degradation. Recent studies have shown that photosynthetic organisms in natural waters play an important role in TBT degradation (Francois et al., 1989; Lee et al., 1989; Olson and Brinkman, 1986). These studies demonstrated higher TBT degradation in sunlit estuarine water compared with dark degradation rates (Table l), production of hydroxybutyldibutyltins in the light but not in the dark (Table 2), and metabolism of TBT to dibutyltin and hydroxylated metabolites by cultures of diatoms and dinoflagellates (Table 3). Maguire et al. (1984) found that the freshwater green algae, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, degraded TBT to dibutyltin, a small amount of butyltin and inorganic tin. The marine green algae (Dunaliella tertiolecta) and chrysophytes (Isochrysis galbana and Cricosphuera ricoco) showed a very limited ability to degrade TBT (Table 2). Both diatom cultures and sunlit natural waters with added TBT produced hydroxybutyldibutyltin compounds, whi","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127438904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Implementation Of The Abandoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines 《弃置沉船法》准则的实施

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592845

M. Aubry, J. Delgado, B. C. Keel

{"title":"Implementation Of The Abandoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines","authors":"M. Aubry, J. Delgado, B. C. Keel","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592845","url":null,"abstract":"Upon enac tment of the Abandoned Shipwreck A c t of 1987, t h e United S t a t e s immediately asser ted t i t l e t o th ree classes of abandoned shipwrecks t h a t a r e located in or on the submerged lands of a State . The A c t removed those shipwrecks from the jurisdiction of the law of salvage and t h e law of finds. Simultaneously, t h e United S t a t e s t ransferred t i t l e t o shipwrecks located in S t a t e waters t o t h e respect ive S t a t e s to manage. As required by the Act , the National Park Service prepared and published advisory guidelines t o assist S t a t e s and Federal agencies in developing legislation and regulations t o carry o u t their responsibilities under t h e Act. The guidelines were developed a f t e r consultation with public and pr ivate sec tor interests. This was accomplished by holding 11 public meet ings across the nation and by surveying t h e S t a t e s about existing shipwreck management programs. Over 250 people presented s ta tements or submit ted l e t t e r s to voice their opinions or t h a t of their organizations. In addition, 47 of the 56 States , commonwealths and other possessions t h a t were polled provided information about their State 's shipwreck program. Although many different ideas were suggested, t h e r e seemed t o be a consensus on a number of topics. These a r e a s of consensus have been incorporated into t h e guidelines, which were published on April 4, 1989, for a six month public review and comment period. The guidelines will b e revised t o accommodate , as appropriate, suggestions and concerns raised during the public comment period. INTRODUCTION The Abandoned Shipwreck A c t (Public Law 100-298) was signed into law on April 28, 1988. The primary purposes of the A c t a r e t o clarify t i t l e t o th ree classes of abandoned shipwrecks t h a t a r e located within three miles of the coastline of the United States , and t o remove those shipwrecks from t h e jurisdiction of t h e law of salvage and the law of finds. Upon enac tment , the United States Government asser ted t i t l e t o any abandoned shipwreck t h a t is embedded in a State 's submerged lands; any abandoned shipwreck t h a t is embedded in coralline formations pro tec ted by a S t a t e on its submerged lands; or any abandoned shipwreck t h a t is located on a Sta te ' s submerged lands and is included in or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Regis ter of Historic Places. When the United S t a t e s asser ted t i t l e t o those abandoned shipwrecks, i t simultaneously t ransferred t i t l e t o those shipwrecks located in or on the submerged lands of a S t a t e to t h e respect ive S t a t e s t o manage. The United S t a t e s re ta ined t i t l e to abandoned shipwrecks located on public lands, while Indian t r ibes re ta ined t i t l e t o abandoned shipwrecks located on Indian lands. Section 4 of the A c t says t h a t S t a t e s a r e t o car ry out their responsibilities under","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131061665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Time-lapse Analysis Of Drought In North America 北美干旱的延时分析

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592875

W. Tangborn

{"title":"A Time-lapse Analysis Of Drought In North America","authors":"W. Tangborn","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1989.592875","url":null,"abstract":"A time-lapse sequence of daily streamflow maps covering the 48 conterminous United States, Alaska and Southern and Western Canada has been developed on video tape, using mean daily stream discharge for the 1930 through 1988 period. Maps of daily streamflow were generated using 226 Water Resources Subregions defined by the United States Geological Survey's Hydrologic Unit Map series and the Canadian Department of Energy and Mines Drainage Index Map Series. Each subregion was represented by a gaged drainage basin, which was assumed to have the same unit flow as the entire subregion. Flow conditions represented on the daily maps were shown in 3 colors, varying from the darkest blue for high flows, with lighter shades of blue as flows approach normal, which are white, then shading from the lightest to darkest red for low flows. This time-lapse display provides a means for rapidly analyzing extensive spatial and temporal streamflow data and gaining insights into national and regional patterns, which is not possible by traditional methods. For example, study of these sequences may suggest mechanisms that drive large-scale weather phenomena such as droughts. Based on these observations, an analysis was made of North American droughts since 1930, as defined by streamflow in the lowest uartile (hydrological droughts). The drought of 1934 was by Far the most severe annual drought in this 59 year period with just under half of the continent experiencing drought conditions that year. In terms of areal coverage of the North American continent, the drought of 1988 was not as severe as the one that occurred from November 1939 through January 1940. However, the month of June 1988 had the fourth largest drought-affected area out of the 708 months ranked in the 59 year period. The 1988 drought appears to be the the result of the coalescence of two individually formed droughts - one in the Southeast, the other in the upper Midwest.","PeriodicalId":331017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132509790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measurement Of The Thermal Regimes In Perennial Sea Ice 常年海冰热状态的测量

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587525

J. Wettlaufer, R. Colony, N. Untersteiner

引用次数: 2

The Use Of Very Low Frequency Acoustics To Probe Ocean Bottom Properties 利用甚低频声学探测海底特性

Proceedings OCEANS Pub Date : 1989-09-18 DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587485

H. Ali

引用次数: 0