Optimum Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2022.01.107.02

Ewa Zeman-Miszewska, M. Miszewski

引用次数: 0

Moral hazard and its implications on health insurance sector – overview of impact of COVID-19 pandemic 道德风险及其对健康保险行业的影响——概述COVID-19大流行的影响

Optimum Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2022.01.107.08

Joanna Sikora-Alicka

{"title":"Moral hazard and its implications on health insurance sector – overview of impact of COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Joanna Sikora-Alicka","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.01.107.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.01.107.08","url":null,"abstract":"Kenneth J. Arrow’s disruptive work, 'Medical Uncertainty and Welfare Economics’, published in 1963, was one of the first studies investigating the effects of moral hazard on the healthcare sector. Since then, countless works exploring that subject have been published. The history of research on moral hazard in medical insurance shows that this concept is defined differently in other areas of the economy than healthcare. Purpose – The proposed work is an attempt to understand and conceptualize the moral hazard in health insurance. As uncommon circumstances marked 2020, we now consider health insurance through the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This work discusses the results of an investigation of the impact of moral hazard and its implications on the health insurance sector during COVID-19. Research method – The author designed and conducted a study that presented several metrics involving the distribution of medical expenditures, the effect of price on medical care consumption, the PLS (profit and loss sharing) concept, and their mediating and moderating effect on moral hazard in the insurance sector. Results – There is a statistically significant and very strong relationship with a positive sign (β = 0.79; p <0.001) between the price effect and the moral hazard. The analyses show also that the price effect coexists statistically with the PLS, and the relationship between these variables is moderately strong and positive (β = 0.79; p <0.001). Originality – Insignificant relationship between the PLS and the moral hazard can be seen while the price is entered into the model (β = 0.03; p = 0.450). The lack of mediation could confirm that the price effect plays a major role in a moral hazard.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66916354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The phenomena of globalisation in Polish consumers’ food choices 波兰消费者食品选择中的全球化现象

Optimum Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.02

Gabriela Hanus

{"title":"The phenomena of globalisation in Polish consumers’ food choices","authors":"Gabriela Hanus","doi":"10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.02","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – To identify and characterise the phenomena of globalisation in the food choices of Polish consumers. To identify demographic, economic and social determinants influencing the level of globalization in the dietary choices of Poles, as well as to recognise the most important factors determining consumers’ dietary choices. Research method – Direct surveys among 660 respondents using quantitative methods were used. The collected data was analysed using the factor analysis (the main component method), Cronbach’s alphafactor, structured logit models, Pearson’s χ2 and Cramer’s V coefficients, as well as descriptive statistics and structure indicators. Results – The phenomenon of globalisation is clearly visible in the nutritional choices of Poles. Its impact is manifested primarily in the purchase of fast food in fast food bars and food products in international trade chains; however, it should be noted that this phenomenon concerns primarily the younger generation (under 25), with higher education, and people assessing their income situation as very good. Implications / recommendations – Because of the fashion for healthy, plant-based nutrition, it can be assumed that today’s consumers are looking for a dietary alternative that will allow them to reduce the time it takes to prepare meals and clean up afterwards, while maintaining their health. There may be a growing demand for fast food bars offering healthy food from a proven source. Moreover, due to the increasingly prevalent demands of antiglobalists and the coronavirus crisis, the phenomena of ethnocentrism and deconsumption in consumer behaviour increasingly emerge as trends alternative to globalisation and, as such, they merit further investigation.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47064610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Rozwój symulatorów w technologii VR jako przykład oszczędnych innowacji VR模拟器的开发是一个具有成本效益的创新实例

Optimum Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.04

Joanna Markiewicz, P. Niedzielski

{"title":"Rozwój symulatorów w technologii VR jako przykład oszczędnych innowacji","authors":"Joanna Markiewicz, P. Niedzielski","doi":"10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.04","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The aim of the article is to present the use of virtual reality [VR] technology as a cost-effective method of training and improving employee competences. Thus, the article indicates the use of VR as an example of frugal innovation, which contributes to increasing the competitiveness of enterprises through cheap and effective methods of educating human resources. Research method – The research method is based on two main areas – theoretical and empirical. In theoretical considerations, a literature review was conducted, presenting theoretical issues that explain the idea of building competitiveness based on the implementation of innovations, including frugal innovations. The empirical dimension was explained by presenting a case study of VR technology applications in personnel training. Results – The use of VR solutions should be considered as a frugal innovation, as it contributes to the reduction of training costs and at the same time significantly improves the safety of training participants. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – Frugal innovations, whose roots are to be found in emerging markets, quickly aroused the interest of the scientific world in the context of a new approach to management in organizations operating in developed economies. There is still no comprehensive literature on the use of cost-effective innovations in modern enterprises, especially in the context of human resources training. The article fills this gap.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44124624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Czy firmy parkowe są bardziej innowacyjne? Przegląd badań empirycznych w Polsce i na świecie 园区公司是否更具创新性？波兰和世界各地的实证研究综述

Optimum Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.05

Joanna Rudawska

引用次数: 0

Instrumenty podatkowe wspierające innowacje i nowe inwestycje 支持创新和新投资的税收工具

Optimum Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.06

Barbara Zbroińska

引用次数: 1

Assessment of the effectiveness of Polish social responsible company portfolios based on moving averages 基于移动平均线的波兰社会责任公司投资组合有效性评估

Optimum Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.13

P. Jamróz, Iwona Piekunko-Mantiuk

{"title":"Assessment of the effectiveness of Polish social responsible company portfolios based on moving averages","authors":"P. Jamróz, Iwona Piekunko-Mantiuk","doi":"10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.13","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – Assessment of the effectiveness of portfolios composed of shares of Polish socially responsible companies based on moving averages and determination of their optimal lengths. Research method – The moving average method was used as a part of the technical analysis of companies included in the RESPECT index. Data from the Thompson Reuters database was used using the Metastock XVI program. The research was conducted on daily data from 30/12/2009 to 30/09/2019 (2418 sessions). The strategies used to build the portfolios were optimized to maximize the rate of return. Results – Definitely higher rates of return were obtained by using two moving averages rather than one. Multi-component portfolios based on two averages generated better results than the buy and hold strategy and compared stock indexes: RESPECT, WIG20, WIG30, WIG. There is a different optimal average length for each portfolio tested that should be used to maximize returns. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – According to the authors’ knowledge this paper is one of the first studies in Poland that uses moving averages to optimize the investment portfolio using shares of socially responsible companies. Owing to the results obtained, the work indicates that there are simple investment strategies that enable achieving above-average returns in the long run, which undermines the hypothesis of information-efficient markets in a weak form.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44357590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The measurement of labour productivity in the enterprise sector- the example of Poland 企业部门劳动生产率的衡量——以波兰为例

Optimum Pub Date : 2019-10-20 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.04

Anna Grześ

{"title":"The measurement of labour productivity in the enterprise sector- the example of Poland","authors":"Anna Grześ","doi":"10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.04","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The aim of this paper is to present the indicators of labour productivity and dilemmas related to their interpretation. The paper examines the level of this phenomenon in the enterprise sector within the Polish economy. Research method – The measurement of labour productivity in the enterprise sector will be made using the indicators calculated on the basis of available data from the national statistics of the Central Statistical Office in the years 2005-2017 and the unpublished data from the years 2005-2013. Results – The theoretical considerations on labour productivity have shown that a set of available indicators should be used and complemented with the index of technical equipment. The labour productivity in the enterprise sector was varied. In the years 2005-2017 it grew quite dynamically until 2013, however after this year it clearly decreased. Since 2014 there has been a more rapid increase in the labour costs (including wages) than in terms of the labour productivity. Implications / originality / value – The majority of the previous research available focuses on one of the measures of labour productivity, which is the relation of sales revenue (or gross added value) to the number of employees. The paper includes those indicators that contributed to an ambiguously positive image of the studied phenomenon and confirmed the legitimacy of using at least several different measures. In addition, this productivity was tested at the level of the PKD 2007 sections.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44905513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the impact of economic factors upon the FDI inflow in SEE and CEE countries 经济因素对SEE和CEE国家FDI流入的影响分析

Optimum Pub Date : 2019-10-20 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.01

Katerina Toshevska-Trpchevska, Irena Kikerkova, Elena Makrevska Disoska, E. Naumovska

{"title":"Analysis of the impact of economic factors upon the FDI inflow in SEE and CEE countries","authors":"Katerina Toshevska-Trpchevska, Irena Kikerkova, Elena Makrevska Disoska, E. Naumovska","doi":"10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.01","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The goal of this paper is to explore the possible influence of certain economic factors over the FDI inflow in South-East European (SEE) countries and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We compare the situation in 7 countries from the region of South-East Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia and 7 countries from the region of Central and Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia. Research method – We apply a holistic approach based on panel data for a twenty-two-year period from 1995 till 2018. The analysis was effectuated through a panel unit-root test. The dependent variable is FDI net inflow (as % of GDP). The study takes into account the following economic variables: annual percentage growth of GDP; labor productivity as GDP per person employed; government consumption as percentage of GDP; inflation rate as annual percentage of GDP deflator; labor force with advanced education (% of the total working-age population with advanced education) and labor taxes and contributions (% of commercial profits). Results – The results indicate that there are differences between the factors that influence the FDI inflow in these two groups of countries. For the South-East European countries government spending,","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44996474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The role of property law in creating the basis of the market economy after 1989 (regarding the historical context) 1989年后财产法在建立市场经济基础方面的作用（关于历史背景）

Optimum Pub Date : 2019-10-20 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2019.04.98.11

Teresa Mróz

引用次数: 1

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