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The comparison of the impact of military and non-military government spending on GDP and consumption in Poland 波兰军事和非军事政府开支对GDP和消费影响的比较

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.02

Piotr Krajewski, Katarzyna Piłat

{"title":"The comparison of the impact of military and non-military government spending on GDP and consumption in Poland","authors":"Piotr Krajewski, Katarzyna Piłat","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.02","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of the article is to compare the macroeconomic effects of military and non-military government spending on the Polish economy, which is particularly relevant in the context of the rapid rise in military spending after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine. Research method – The research is based on a new-Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model estimated for the Polish economy. The model developed for the study takes into account differences between 3 types of government spending – military spending, non-military current spending and non-military investment. Results – On the one hand, the empirical results show that in the short and medium term, increasing military spending is a more effective method of stimulating GDP than rising non-military spending. On the other hand, the impulse response functions indicate that increasing non-military spending is a better tool for enhancing effective consumption. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – This is the first research exploring the macroeconomic effects of military spending in a CEE country, which is based on stochastic general equilibrium model accounting for heterogeneity of government spending. Assessing these effects at a time of unprecedented growth in military spending in Poland is an important added value of the study. The main implication of the research is to recommend increasing military spending to boost GDP, while rising non-military spending to stimulate effective consumption.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135799829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Warunki rynkowe a krótkookresowe możliwości prognostyczne na polskiej giełdzie papierów wartościowych 波兰股市的市场条件和短期预测机会

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.09

Marek Kołatka

{"title":"Warunki rynkowe a krótkookresowe możliwości prognostyczne na polskiej giełdzie papierów wartościowych","authors":"Marek Kołatka","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.09","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – Verifying that market conditions are related to the ability to provide effective forecasts on the Polish stock exchange in the short-term. Research method – A Quenouille autocorrelation test was applied to verify the occurrence of correlations between returns in sub‑periods. Market conditions were determined: boom/bust market, bull, bear and normal periods, the occurrence of a crisis and the level of volatility. The χ2 test and the rho‑Spearman correlation coefficient were used to assess the strength, direction and significance of the relationship between market conditions and the ability to forecast future returns. Results – Sub‑periods of significant correlations between WIG returns were found. Forecasting opportunities increased during boom periods, bull markets and periods of higher market volatility. Prognostic possibilities decreased during bust, normal and crisis periods. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – A description of how market conditions can be determined and an indication during which market conditions the chances of determining successful investment forecasts on the Polish stock market increase or decrease are provided.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135799355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Herbarium Pomeranicum jako przykład cyfryzacji w środowisku naukowym 作为科学界数字化范例的波美拉尼亚植物标本馆

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.06

Piotr Niedzielski

引用次数: 0

Uwagi na marginesie „obliczeniowej teorii zachowania” Alexa Pentlanda – programowej wizji społeczeństwa przyszłości 亚历克斯-彭特兰的 "行为计算理论 "边缘笔记--未来社会的纲领性构想

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.01

Anna Ząbkowicz

{"title":"Uwagi na marginesie „obliczeniowej teorii zachowania” Alexa Pentlanda – programowej wizji społeczeństwa przyszłości","authors":"Anna Ząbkowicz","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.01","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – Digital transformation offers new media of social communication. Starting from this point, the article asks whether this means a chance of survival or development of a new society, and by doing so it refers to ‘quantified theory of behaviour’ by Alex Pentland. Or, presumably, it opens enormous space for invigilation and social manipulation. Research method – This is a review of literature based on Alex Pentland’s publications, and referring to works of David Riesman, Jeremy Rifkin and Shoshana Zuboff. Results – Rather than on technical and systemic issues, the emphasis has been put on a fundamental transformation of social relations, which occurred in the developed countries prior to the digital transformation taking place at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – This transformation was discovered and described by outstanding authors like David Riesman, Jeremy Rifkin and Shoshana Zuboff. The review of their ideas concludes that digital culture makes existing institutional structures based on agreement weaker while making the inclination to instrumental and amoral re‑building of the collective order stronger.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135799173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Polska wobec wyzwań Cyfrowego Kompasu na 2030 rok - aspekt umiejętności cyfrowych 波兰迎接 2030 年数字指南针的挑战--数字扫盲方面

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.07

Urszula Gołaszewska-Kaczan, Ewa Kuzionko-Ochrymiuk

{"title":"Polska wobec wyzwań Cyfrowego Kompasu na 2030 rok - aspekt umiejętności cyfrowych","authors":"Urszula Gołaszewska-Kaczan, Ewa Kuzionko-Ochrymiuk","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.07","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – An attempt to assess the level of digital skills of the Polish society in relation to the assumptions adopted by the European Commission in 2021 in the document ‘Digital Compass 2030’. It was agreed at the EU forum that by 2030, at least 80% of the population in the EU countries will have basic digital skills, and the number of specialists in the field of ICT will be 20 million, with a greater gender balance (within ICT‑related professions). These are very ambitious goals that should also be achieved by Poland. In view of the above, the authors decided that it is necessary to define what the starting point for the implementation of the above‑mentioned tasks is, and thus how the current situation in our country is shaped in terms of the indicated areas. Research method – The study analyzes data from DESI (Digical Economy and Society Index) reports and Eurostat reports, and uses the results of selected studies on the analyzed issues. Conclusions – The analysis showed that the achievement of the goals set by the European Commission will be a great challenge for the country. Already at the starting point, i.e. in 2021, Poland is far behind compared to other EU countries. The level of digital skills of the Polish society is one of the lowest among the EU countries. Poland also has too few ICT specialists, with a large gender imbalance (in favor of men). Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The article showed that Polish society has too low a level of digital skills to take full advantage of the facilities related to the development of the digital economy. In this situation, it seems necessary to take decisive actions addressed to groups with different levels of digital skills, with particular emphasis on actions for digital inclusion, and to place particular emphasis on the further development of education for specialists in the field of ICT.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"304 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135799609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Model biznesowy crowdfundingu w Polsce a zrównoważony rozwój – transfer wartości 波兰的众筹商业模式与可持续发展--价值转移

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.04

Aneta Ewa Waszkiewicz, Maria Kukurba, Mariusz Salwin, Cezary Wójcik

{"title":"Model biznesowy crowdfundingu w Polsce a zrównoważony rozwój – transfer wartości","authors":"Aneta Ewa Waszkiewicz, Maria Kukurba, Mariusz Salwin, Cezary Wójcik","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.04","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of the research was to present the transfer of value in the business model of companies using crowdfunding in Poland based on the idea of sustainability in doing business. Research method – A survey was conducted on a group of 121 enterprises using crowdfunding. It used the Norton-Kaplan value map and the value flow model in accordance with the E3 concept and the idea of sustainable development Results – The conducted analyses have shown that the most important perspective of the value of crowdfunding is the financial and procedural perspective, while taking into account the crowdfunding model in conjunction with the concept of sustainable development, the most important are the economic and social dimensions. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The added value of research is learning about the crowdfunding business model and creating value in CF for a company using the E3 model, taking into account economic, social and environmental values. Moreover, a new model was created based on the survey results, which is in line with the scientific discourse and thus bridges the research gap in this area. In addition, this model allows for the analysis of both the value offered and the value captured, not only for companies, but for each participant in accordance with the idea of sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135800116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Technology in marketing financial services, customer satisfaction and sustainabiltyin banking sector 市场营销技术，金融服务，客户满意度和银行业可持续发展

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.10

Adeshola Olugbenga Olunuga

引用次数: 0

Wykształcenie wyższe jako istotny element kompetencji w zatrudnieniu pracowników w sektorze zaawansowanych technologii (high tech) w gospodarce 4.0 高等教育是 4.0 经济时代高科技就业能力的重要组成部分

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.08

Anna Grześ

{"title":"Wykształcenie wyższe jako istotny element kompetencji w zatrudnieniu pracowników w sektorze zaawansowanych technologii (high tech) w gospodarce 4.0","authors":"Anna Grześ","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.08","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – Identifying changes in the volume of persons with tertiary education employed in science and technology, examining the relationship between tertiary education and employment in the high tech sector and its industries in the era of economy 4.0. Research method – Comparative analysis of statistical data, selected measures of descriptive statistics and Pearson’s r correlation method. Results – The research confirmed that the specificity of the industry determines the type of skills, and thus the level of education and the type of specialization of employees. Employment of workers with tertiary education grew faster than the total employment in the HT sector. People with tertiary education and employed in science and technology, as well as scientists and engineers were employed more often than people only with tertiary education. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Despite the differing positions of researchers and practitioners, statistics indicate that tertiary education is still an important component of the competences of employees hired in the HT sector. Economy 4.0 requires highly skilled workers. It is essential to ensure a high level of educational quality and build stronger cooperation between science and business, so that educational offer is better suited to the needs of the labour market and reduces the problem of educational mismatch.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135799473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Środki europejskie w gminach w perspektywach finansowych 2007–2013 i 2014–2020 2007-2013 年和 2014-2020 年财政展望中欧洲对市政当局的资助

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.12

Wojciech Pietrowski

{"title":"Środki europejskie w gminach w perspektywach finansowych 2007–2013 i 2014–2020","authors":"Wojciech Pietrowski","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.12","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The aim of the article is to assess the value of European funds in communes in the financial perspectives 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, broken down into individual types of communes and in regional terms. Research method – The analysis was carried out on the basis of data generated from a local data bank using literature and program documents. The article was written on the basis of the value of European funds in the financial perspectives 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. Results – The conducted analysis shows the continued domination, both in the financial perspective 2007–2013 and in the 2014–2020 financial perspective, of municipalities in terms of the value of projects implemented in municipalities. It is visible both nationally and regionally. The regional approach does not show any fundamental changes in the share of individual voivodeships in the value of funds, taking into account financial perspectives examined. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – The issue of spending European funds by local government units is often discussed in the literature. However, the article focuses on the presentation of urban, rural and urban‑rural communes, presenting data on two EU financial perspectives. The article contains a regional analysis of the study area, graphically presenting the share of European funds in individual types of communes in each voivodship.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135799712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Etos i wizerunek przedsiębiorcy/CEO: Polska i Portugalia 企业家/首席执行官的精神和形象：波兰和葡萄牙

Optimum Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.03

Olgierd Swiatkiewicz

{"title":"Etos i wizerunek przedsiębiorcy/CEO: Polska i Portugalia","authors":"Olgierd Swiatkiewicz","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.02.112.03","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The aim of the study is to systematize knowledge on the ethos and image of the businessman/CEO in Poland and Portugal as a result of political and socio‑economic changes in both countries, as well as to identify differences and similarities conditioned by history and culture. Research method – The method used in this study is comparative and follows a diachronic analysis, using secondary sources and critical analysis of the literature. Due to the specificity of the research issues being developed, the work is descriptive. Results – The research presents the complex and historically and culturally dependent ethos and image of the businessman in both countries; more frequent Polish research, on representative samples, a qualitative study in Portugal many years ago and a few smaller ones, as well as the lack of research in recent years, indicate the need for new research. The negative image of the businessman from the past in both countries seems to be weakening, but it has not become positive, but rather ambivalent. The traditional ethos of a responsible and caring businessman seems to still hold in both cultures. Polish businessmen are better educated than Portuguese, which is historically conditioned, but the education of Portuguese seems to be increasing recently. Businessmen in both countries have mostly professional experience prior to starting their own business. Businessmen are generally satisfied with life, family and their work, have a stable family life, and attribute their success to personal qualities; they see excessive state participation in the economy and statism. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the development of the ethos and image of a businessman in Poland and Portugal from the second half of the 20th century. This is the first comparative study on the businessman ethos and image in these countries. The study indicates gaps and new directions for potentially interesting research.","PeriodicalId":33011,"journal":{"name":"Optimum","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135798398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0