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Genetic Code Expansion History and Modern Innovations. 基因密码扩展历史与现代创新。
IF 51.4 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-13 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00275
Alan Costello, Alexander A Peterson, Pei-Hsin Chen, Rustam Bagirzadeh, David L Lanster, Ahmed H Badran
{"title":"Genetic Code Expansion History and Modern Innovations.","authors":"Alan Costello, Alexander A Peterson, Pei-Hsin Chen, Rustam Bagirzadeh, David L Lanster, Ahmed H Badran","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00275","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genetic code is the foundation for all life. With few exceptions, the translation of nucleic acid messages into proteins follows conserved rules, which are defined by codons that specify each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. For decades, leading research groups have developed a catalogue of innovative approaches to extend nature's amino acid repertoire to include one or more noncanonical building blocks in a single protein. In this review, we summarize advances in the history of <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> genetic code expansion, and highlight recent innovations that increase the scope of biochemically accessible monomers and codons. We further summarize state-of-the-art knowledge in engineered cellular translation, as well as alterations to regulatory mechanisms that improve overall genetic code expansion. Finally, we distill existing limitations of these technologies into must-have improvements for the next generation of technologies, and speculate on future strategies that may be capable of overcoming current gaps in knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"11962-12005"},"PeriodicalIF":51.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142491101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lone Pair−π Interactions in Organic Reactions
IF 51.4 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0051610.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00516
Yu Chen, Qianqian Zhen, Fan-Jie Meng, Peiyuan Yu and Chen Xu*, 
{"title":"Lone Pair−π Interactions in Organic Reactions","authors":"Yu Chen,&nbsp;Qianqian Zhen,&nbsp;Fan-Jie Meng,&nbsp;Peiyuan Yu and Chen Xu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0051610.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00516https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00516","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Noncovalent interactions between a lone pair of electrons and π systems can be categorized into two types based on the nature of π systems. Lone pair−π(C═O) interactions with π systems of unsaturated, polarized bonds are primarily attributed to orbital interactions, whereas lone pair−π(Ar) interactions with π systems of aromatic functional groups result from electrostatic attractions (for electron-deficient aryls) or dispersion attractions and Pauli repulsions (for electron-rich/neutral aryls). Unlike well-established noncovalent interactions, lone pair−π interactions have been comparatively underappreciated or less used to influence reaction outcomes. This review emphasizes experimental and computational studies aimed at integrating lone pair−π interactions into the design of catalytic systems and utilizing these interactions to regulate the reactivity and selectivity of chemical transformations. The role of lone pair−π interactions is highlighted in the stabilization or destabilization of transition states and ground-state binding. Examples influenced by lone pair−π interactions with both unsaturated, polarized bonds and aromatic rings as π systems are included. At variance with previous reviews, the present review is not structured according to the physical origin of particular classes of lone pair−π interactions but is divided into chapters according to ways in which lone pair−π interactions affect kinetics and/or selectivity of reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"124 23","pages":"13370–13396 13370–13396"},"PeriodicalIF":51.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to Assess and Predict Electrical Double Layer Properties. Implications for Electrocatalysis 如何评估和预测双电层特性?对电催化的影响
IF 62.1 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806
Christian M. Schott, Peter M. Schneider, Kun-Ting Song, Haiting Yu, Rainer Götz, Felix Haimerl, Elena Gubanova, Jian Zhou, Thorsten O. Schmidt, Qiwei Zhang, Vitaly Alexandrov, Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
{"title":"How to Assess and Predict Electrical Double Layer Properties. Implications for Electrocatalysis","authors":"Christian M. Schott, Peter M. Schneider, Kun-Ting Song, Haiting Yu, Rainer Götz, Felix Haimerl, Elena Gubanova, Jian Zhou, Thorsten O. Schmidt, Qiwei Zhang, Vitaly Alexandrov, Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical double layer (EDL) plays a central role in electrochemical energy systems, impacting charge transfer mechanisms and reaction rates. The fundamental importance of the EDL in interfacial electrochemistry has motivated researchers to develop theoretical and experimental approaches to assess EDL properties. In this contribution, we review recent progress in evaluating EDL characteristics such as the double-layer capacitance, highlighting some discrepancies between theory and experiment and discussing strategies for their reconciliation. We further discuss the merits and challenges of various experimental techniques and theoretical approaches having important implications for aqueous electrocatalysis. A strong emphasis is placed on the substantial impact of the electrode composition and structure and the electrolyte chemistry on the double-layer properties. In addition, we review the effects of temperature and pressure and compare solid–liquid interfaces to solid–solid interfaces.","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to Assess and Predict Electrical Double Layer Properties. Implications for Electrocatalysis 如何评估和预测双电层特性?对电催化的影响
IF 51.4 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c0080610.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806
Christian M. Schott, Peter M. Schneider, Kun-Ting Song, Haiting Yu, Rainer Götz, Felix Haimerl, Elena Gubanova, Jian Zhou, Thorsten O. Schmidt, Qiwei Zhang, Vitaly Alexandrov* and Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka*, 
{"title":"How to Assess and Predict Electrical Double Layer Properties. Implications for Electrocatalysis","authors":"Christian M. Schott,&nbsp;Peter M. Schneider,&nbsp;Kun-Ting Song,&nbsp;Haiting Yu,&nbsp;Rainer Götz,&nbsp;Felix Haimerl,&nbsp;Elena Gubanova,&nbsp;Jian Zhou,&nbsp;Thorsten O. Schmidt,&nbsp;Qiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Vitaly Alexandrov* and Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c0080610.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The electrical double layer (EDL) plays a central role in electrochemical energy systems, impacting charge transfer mechanisms and reaction rates. The fundamental importance of the EDL in interfacial electrochemistry has motivated researchers to develop theoretical and experimental approaches to assess EDL properties. In this contribution, we review recent progress in evaluating EDL characteristics such as the double-layer capacitance, highlighting some discrepancies between theory and experiment and discussing strategies for their reconciliation. We further discuss the merits and challenges of various experimental techniques and theoretical approaches having important implications for aqueous electrocatalysis. A strong emphasis is placed on the substantial impact of the electrode composition and structure and the electrolyte chemistry on the double-layer properties. In addition, we review the effects of temperature and pressure and compare solid–liquid interfaces to solid–solid interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"124 22","pages":"12391–12462 12391–12462"},"PeriodicalIF":51.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Noncanonical Amino Acid Tools and Their Application to Membrane Protein Studies 非典型氨基酸工具及其在膜蛋白研究中的应用
IF 51.4 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0018110.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181
Chiara De Faveri, Jordan M. Mattheisen, Thomas P. Sakmar and Irene Coin*, 
{"title":"Noncanonical Amino Acid Tools and Their Application to Membrane Protein Studies","authors":"Chiara De Faveri,&nbsp;Jordan M. Mattheisen,&nbsp;Thomas P. Sakmar and Irene Coin*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0018110.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Methods rooted in chemical biology have contributed significantly to studies of integral membrane proteins. One recent key approach has been the application of genetic code expansion (GCE), which enables the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with defined chemical properties into proteins. Efficient GCE is challenging, especially for membrane proteins, which have specialized biogenesis and cell trafficking machinery and tend to be expressed at low levels in cell membranes. Many eukaryotic membrane proteins cannot be expressed functionally in <i>E. coli</i> and are most effectively studied in mammalian cell culture systems. Recent advances have facilitated broader applications of GCE for studies of membrane proteins. First, AARS/tRNA pairs have been engineered to function efficiently in mammalian cells. Second, bioorthogonal chemical reactions, including cell-friendly copper-free “click” chemistry, have enabled linkage of small-molecule probes such as fluorophores to membrane proteins in live cells. Finally, in concert with advances in GCE methodology, the variety of available ncAAs has increased dramatically, thus enabling the investigation of protein structure and dynamics by multidisciplinary biochemical and biophysical approaches. These developments are reviewed in the historical framework of the development of GCE technology with a focus on applications to studies of membrane proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"124 22","pages":"12498–12550 12498–12550"},"PeriodicalIF":51.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142719270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Opportunities for Therapeutic Modulation of O-GlcNAc 治疗调节 O-GlcNAc 的机会
IF 62.1 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417
Steven S. Cheng, Alison C. Mody, Christina M. Woo
{"title":"Opportunities for Therapeutic Modulation of O-GlcNAc","authors":"Steven S. Cheng, Alison C. Mody, Christina M. Woo","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417","url":null,"abstract":"<i>O</i>-Linked β-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential, dynamic monosaccharide post-translational modification (PTM) found on serine and threonine residues of thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. The installation and removal of O-GlcNAc is controlled by a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Since its discovery four decades ago, O-GlcNAc has been found on diverse classes of proteins, playing important functional roles in many cellular processes. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disease, including neurodegeneration, X-linked intellectual disability (XLID), cancer, diabetes, and immunological disorders. These foundational studies of O-GlcNAc in disease biology have motivated efforts to target O-GlcNAc therapeutically, with multiple clinical candidates under evaluation. In this review, we describe the characterization and biochemistry of OGT and OGA, cellular O-GlcNAc regulation, development of OGT and OGA inhibitors, O-GlcNAc in pathophysiology, clinical progress of O-GlcNAc modulators, and emerging opportunities for targeting O-GlcNAc. This comprehensive resource should motivate further study into O-GlcNAc function and inspire strategies for therapeutic modulation of O-GlcNAc.","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Challenges and Prospects of DNA-Encoded Library Data Interpretation DNA 编码文库数据解读的挑战与前景
IF 62.1 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284
Moreno Wichert, Laura Guasch, Raphael M. Franzini
{"title":"Challenges and Prospects of DNA-Encoded Library Data Interpretation","authors":"Moreno Wichert, Laura Guasch, Raphael M. Franzini","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284","url":null,"abstract":"DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology is a powerful platform for the efficient identification of novel chemical matter in the early drug discovery process enabled by parallel screening of vast libraries of encoded small molecules through affinity selection and deep sequencing. While DEL selections provide rich data sets for computational drug discovery, the underlying technical factors influencing DEL data remain incompletely understood. This review systematically examines the key parameters affecting the chemical information in DEL data and their impact on hit triaging and machine learning integration. The need for rigorous data handling and interpretation is emphasized, with standardized methods being critical for the success of DEL-based approaches. Major challenges include the relationship between sequence counts and binding affinities, frequent hitters, and the influence of factors such as inhomogeneous library composition, DNA damage, and linkers on binding modes. Experimental artifacts, such as those caused by protein immobilization and screening matrix effects, further complicate data interpretation. Recent advancements in using machine learning to denoise DEL data and predict drug candidates are highlighted. This review offers practical guidance on adopting best practices for integrating robust methodologies, comprehensive data analysis, and computational tools to improve the accuracy and efficacy of DEL-driven hit discovery.","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Opportunities for Therapeutic Modulation of O-GlcNAc 治疗调节 O-GlcNAc 的机会
IF 51.4 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0041710.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417
Steven S. Cheng, Alison C. Mody and Christina M. Woo*, 
{"title":"Opportunities for Therapeutic Modulation of O-GlcNAc","authors":"Steven S. Cheng,&nbsp;Alison C. Mody and Christina M. Woo*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0041710.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00417","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><i>O</i>-Linked β-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential, dynamic monosaccharide post-translational modification (PTM) found on serine and threonine residues of thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. The installation and removal of O-GlcNAc is controlled by a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Since its discovery four decades ago, O-GlcNAc has been found on diverse classes of proteins, playing important functional roles in many cellular processes. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disease, including neurodegeneration, X-linked intellectual disability (XLID), cancer, diabetes, and immunological disorders. These foundational studies of O-GlcNAc in disease biology have motivated efforts to target O-GlcNAc therapeutically, with multiple clinical candidates under evaluation. In this review, we describe the characterization and biochemistry of OGT and OGA, cellular O-GlcNAc regulation, development of OGT and OGA inhibitors, O-GlcNAc in pathophysiology, clinical progress of O-GlcNAc modulators, and emerging opportunities for targeting O-GlcNAc. This comprehensive resource should motivate further study into O-GlcNAc function and inspire strategies for therapeutic modulation of O-GlcNAc.</p>","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"124 22","pages":"12918–13019 12918–13019"},"PeriodicalIF":51.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142719342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Challenges and Prospects of DNA-Encoded Library Data Interpretation DNA 编码文库数据解读的挑战与前景
IF 51.4 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0028410.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284
Moreno Wichert, Laura Guasch and Raphael M. Franzini*, 
{"title":"Challenges and Prospects of DNA-Encoded Library Data Interpretation","authors":"Moreno Wichert,&nbsp;Laura Guasch and Raphael M. Franzini*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c0028410.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00284","url":null,"abstract":"<p >DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology is a powerful platform for the efficient identification of novel chemical matter in the early drug discovery process enabled by parallel screening of vast libraries of encoded small molecules through affinity selection and deep sequencing. While DEL selections provide rich data sets for computational drug discovery, the underlying technical factors influencing DEL data remain incompletely understood. This review systematically examines the key parameters affecting the chemical information in DEL data and their impact on hit triaging and machine learning integration. The need for rigorous data handling and interpretation is emphasized, with standardized methods being critical for the success of DEL-based approaches. Major challenges include the relationship between sequence counts and binding affinities, frequent hitters, and the influence of factors such as inhomogeneous library composition, DNA damage, and linkers on binding modes. Experimental artifacts, such as those caused by protein immobilization and screening matrix effects, further complicate data interpretation. Recent advancements in using machine learning to denoise DEL data and predict drug candidates are highlighted. This review offers practical guidance on adopting best practices for integrating robust methodologies, comprehensive data analysis, and computational tools to improve the accuracy and efficacy of DEL-driven hit discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"124 22","pages":"12551–12572 12551–12572"},"PeriodicalIF":51.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142719338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Noncanonical Amino Acid Tools and Their Application to Membrane Protein Studies 非典型氨基酸工具及其在膜蛋白研究中的应用
IF 62.1 1区 化学
Chemical Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181
Chiara De Faveri, Jordan M. Mattheisen, Thomas P. Sakmar, Irene Coin
{"title":"Noncanonical Amino Acid Tools and Their Application to Membrane Protein Studies","authors":"Chiara De Faveri, Jordan M. Mattheisen, Thomas P. Sakmar, Irene Coin","doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00181","url":null,"abstract":"Methods rooted in chemical biology have contributed significantly to studies of integral membrane proteins. One recent key approach has been the application of genetic code expansion (GCE), which enables the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with defined chemical properties into proteins. Efficient GCE is challenging, especially for membrane proteins, which have specialized biogenesis and cell trafficking machinery and tend to be expressed at low levels in cell membranes. Many eukaryotic membrane proteins cannot be expressed functionally in <i>E. coli</i> and are most effectively studied in mammalian cell culture systems. Recent advances have facilitated broader applications of GCE for studies of membrane proteins. First, AARS/tRNA pairs have been engineered to function efficiently in mammalian cells. Second, bioorthogonal chemical reactions, including cell-friendly copper-free “click” chemistry, have enabled linkage of small-molecule probes such as fluorophores to membrane proteins in live cells. Finally, in concert with advances in GCE methodology, the variety of available ncAAs has increased dramatically, thus enabling the investigation of protein structure and dynamics by multidisciplinary biochemical and biophysical approaches. These developments are reviewed in the historical framework of the development of GCE technology with a focus on applications to studies of membrane proteins.","PeriodicalId":32,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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