Forensic Chemistry最新文献_第6页

Real-time monitoring and verification of scheduled-I chemicals in vapor phase combining chemical detector and SPME-GC 结合化学探测器和SPME-GC对气相中指定i类化学物质进行实时监测和验证

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100667

Madhav Varshney, Shiv Prakash Sharma, Abhay Narayan Yadav, Manorama Vimal, Rajkumar, Manisha Sathe, Vinod Kumar

{"title":"Real-time monitoring and verification of scheduled-I chemicals in vapor phase combining chemical detector and SPME-GC","authors":"Madhav Varshney, Shiv Prakash Sharma, Abhay Narayan Yadav, Manorama Vimal, Rajkumar, Manisha Sathe, Vinod Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We designed a vapor generator and interference mixing test setup that is reliable and stable to generate low-level standard vapors of CWAs with real-time monitoring and verification by combining a chemical detector, i.e., Flame Photometric Detector AP4C, and a gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) combining with solid phase microextraction (SPME). Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and GF) and blister agent (HD) vapors were generated by the gas generation system and studied at a concentration of 0.05 mg m<sup>−3</sup> and 1.0 mg m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. The long-term vapor stability up to 6 h was monitored (<em>n</em> = 60), ranging from 0.041 to 0.048 mg m<sup>−3</sup> (CV, 1.5–2.7) and 1.193 mg m<sup>−3</sup> (CV, 1.13) for nerve and blister agents, respectively. Results were obtained at 0 %, 35 %, and 75 % RH values for all selected analytes and compared statistically and found significant. For SPME analysis at the optimized parameter, 1 min sampling time was enough to analyse the vapor concentration. The test setup is capable of mixing vehicle exhaust to mimic field conditions. Additionally, the assessment of Analytical Greenness Metric for Sample Preparation (AGREEprep) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) metric tools highlights the eco-friendly approach of this method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revealing novel ionic species and key forensic insights: comparative analysis of non-extracted seized tablets vs. corresponding extracts by DART-HRMS 揭示新的离子种类和关键的法医见解：用DART-HRMS对未提取的缉获片剂和相应的提取物进行比较分析

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100665

Alexandre Narcelli Pestana de Aguiar , Diego Rissi Carvalhosa , Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto , Gabriela Vanini

{"title":"Revealing novel ionic species and key forensic insights: comparative analysis of non-extracted seized tablets vs. corresponding extracts by DART-HRMS","authors":"Alexandre Narcelli Pestana de Aguiar , Diego Rissi Carvalhosa , Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto , Gabriela Vanini","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The modern drug market encompasses a wide variety of chemical structures present simultaneously in individual matrices, making it nearly impossible to efficiently extract all substances using a single, standardized extraction procedure. Nevertheless, many of these substances hold forensic value and can assist forensic authorities in their investigative efforts. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) is an ion source that has gained prominence due to its speed and ability to eliminate the need for sample extraction. However, unextracted solid analysis through DART can produce unknown ionic species, such as clusters and adducts, complicating result interpretation. This study qualitatively analyzed six seized tablets in both solid form and as extracts using direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS), employing a non-targeted approach to highlight key differences. The comparative analysis revealed that several synthetic impurities, adulterants, and contaminants—such as fentanyl analogues, N-MEC, N-formyl-MDA, and N-formyl-MDMA—were exclusively detected through the direct analysis of unextracted tablets, with some present solely in a cluster form. Additionally, previously unreported ionic species were identified. Direct analysis of unextracted matrices provided valuable information that was lost during sample extraction, while the phenomenon of cluster formation proved beneficial by enhancing the detection of analytes. The identified synthetic impurities elucidated the synthetic route used in the manufacture of the seized tablets, whereas specific adulterants and contaminants shed light on drug manufacturing practices. The identification of these impurities, adulterants, and contaminants exclusively through the direct analysis of unextracted solids demonstrates DART-HRMS's ability to provide quicker and more comprehensive chemical profiling of seized drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100665"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of the expert algorithm for substance identification (EASI) to the electron ionization (EI) mass spectra of fentanyl isomers and analogs 物质鉴定专家算法（EASI）在芬太尼异构体和类似物电子电离质谱中的应用

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100660

Alexandra I. Adeoye , Glen P. Jackson

{"title":"Application of the expert algorithm for substance identification (EASI) to the electron ionization (EI) mass spectra of fentanyl isomers and analogs","authors":"Alexandra I. Adeoye , Glen P. Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fentanyl analogs (fentalogs) share many structural and mass spectral similarities that make them difficult to differentiate and accurately identify without chromatographic data. In such situations, the expert algorithm for substance identification (EASI) provides superior classification relative to conventional approaches. Using a database of >57,000 replicate electron-ionization mass spectra of 76 fentalogs from ten laboratories, three challenging sets of isomers were studied in detail. To maximize limits of detection, only the 20 most abundant ions were considered. In each case, 50 % of the data from one laboratory served as the training set. On average, the mean absolute residuals between measured and modeled abundances of known positives were five times smaller using EASI than the consensus approach, which used the means of training sets as the exemplar spectra to which all query spectra were compared. With a conservative threshold of zero false positives, EASI identified isovalerylfentanyl from its two closest isomers with an accuracy of 96.7 %, which was ∼10 % better than the consensus approach. The associated positive likelihood ratios increased from 366 for the consensus approach to more than 4,200 for EASI. When discriminating isovalerylfentanyl spectra from the other 72 fentalogs, EASI provided errorless results with a positive likelihood ratio exceeding 50,000. For all 9 fentalogs, EASI outperformed the consensus approach and the use of Mahalanobis distance as a metric for identifying outliers. In the absence of retention time information, EASI improves confidence in drug identifications, enables inter-laboratory identifications, and reduces the need for acquiring concomitant spectra of standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100660"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of adsorption interference from carbonaceous materials in post-explosion residue analysis of fuel–oxidizer mixtures by ion chromatography 离子色谱法评价燃料-氧化剂混合物爆炸后残留物分析中碳质物质的吸附干扰

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100671

Lúcio Paulo Lima Logrado

{"title":"Assessment of adsorption interference from carbonaceous materials in post-explosion residue analysis of fuel–oxidizer mixtures by ion chromatography","authors":"Lúcio Paulo Lima Logrado","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the influence of carbonaceous materials on the extraction and analysis of post-explosion residues by ion chromatography (IC). Three adsorptive materials—activated carbon, carbonized paper residue, and vegetal charcoal—were evaluated for their capacity to retain inorganic ions typically found in combustion/explosion residues of flash powder, black powder, and explosive emulsions. The targeted ions included Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO₂<sup>−</sup>, OCN<sup>−</sup>, ClO₃<sup>−</sup>, NO₃<sup>−</sup>, SO₄<sup>2−</sup>, S₂O₃<sup>2−</sup>, SCN<sup>−</sup>, ClO₄<sup>−</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH₄<sup>+</sup>, and Na<sup>+</sup>. The results showed significant ion-specific retention effects, particularly for oxidizing anions, which varied depending on the type and amount of adsorbent. Additional experiments comparing room temperature and heated (90 °C) aqueous extractions demonstrated that heating does not provide a consistent solution to the problem of ion adsorption. These findings underscore the risk of false negatives or underestimation of analytes caused by the presence of carbon-rich debris, commonly found in post-explosion samples. The study highlights the importance of considering adsorptive interference when selecting sample portions for analysis, prioritizing areas with minimal carbonaceous content. These findings contribute to improving the reliability of IC and other aqueous extraction-based methods used in the forensic analysis of explosive residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of substituted Cathinones and fentanyl analogs by gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IRD) using nitrogen carrier gas 氮载气气相色谱-红外光谱法分析取代卡西酮和芬太尼类似物

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100654

Marcus L. Warner

{"title":"Analysis of substituted Cathinones and fentanyl analogs by gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IRD) using nitrogen carrier gas","authors":"Marcus L. Warner","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Substituted cathinones and fentanyl analogs that are positional isomers can produce similar mass spectra and retention times, which poses challenges for their identification. A gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IRD) method, developed using nitrogen as the carrier gas, was employed as a complimentary technique to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) for the accurate identification of positional isomers. Due to the global helium shortage and since Agilent helium (nitrogen switch) conservation modules were currently in use, nitrogen was selected and a novel method was developed for the analysis of controlled substances. A total method run time of 26 min for the analysis of 29 certified reference materials comprised of substituted cathinones and fentanyl analogs was achieved. A drug mixture was also analyzed to evaluate the resolution and retention time. Standards were prepared at concentrations of 100 μg/mL, 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL and analyzed over a 3-day period, where the 2 mg/mL concentrations of the standards were run in triplicate on day 1 and once on days 2 and 3. Twenty-seven of the standards were identified with a library match of 0.98 or higher for the 1 mg/mL concentration. Each standard experienced a retention time (RT) coefficient of variation (%CV) less than 3 %. For the drug mixture peak resolution exceeded 1.5 for each component. The GC-IRD validated method was found to be a suitable complementary analysis technique to GC–MS for analyzing substituted cathinones and fentanyl analogs, as demonstrated by the repeatable and reproducible RTs and library matches obtained during method validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating machine learning methods on a large-scale of in silico fire debris data 在大规模的计算机火灾碎片数据上评估机器学习方法

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100652

Larry Tang , Slun Booppasiri , Michael E. Sigman , Mary R. Williams

{"title":"Evaluating machine learning methods on a large-scale of in silico fire debris data","authors":"Larry Tang , Slun Booppasiri , Michael E. Sigman , Mary R. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large dataset of 240,000 fire debris samples have been generated in-silico using a data augmentation method at National Center for Forensic Science. The IS samples contain balanced data with 50 % samples having ignitable liquid residue and 50 % only having substrate components. In the big data era, this large dataset is useful for researchers to develop and implement their new machine learning methods. In this paper, we split the data into a training dataset and a test dataset. We then trained seven machine learning methods including logistic regression, least discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, support vector machine, random forest, XGBoost, and neural network on an in-silico training dataset. The predictive accuracy and area under the ROC (AUC) of the models was evaluated and compared on both an in-silico test dataset and on an experimental fire debris dataset. In addition, we analyzed both TIS and TIC datasets. For the TIS dataset, neural network provides the highest AUC in both in-silico test and experimental fire debris dataset. Random forest shows the highest performance for the TIC dataset when we binned the retention index.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incorporating organic gunshot residue into the forensic workflow: A study of preservation and stability of the pGSR and OGSR 将有机射击残留物纳入法医工作流程：pGSR和OGSR的保存和稳定性研究

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100651

Kourtney A. Dalzell , Thomas Ledergerber , Tatiana Trejos , Luis E. Arroyo

{"title":"Incorporating organic gunshot residue into the forensic workflow: A study of preservation and stability of the pGSR and OGSR","authors":"Kourtney A. Dalzell , Thomas Ledergerber , Tatiana Trejos , Luis E. Arroyo","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, trace evidence examiners started to assess the value of incorporating two complementing analytical measurements: primer residue (pGSR) and organic gunshot residue (OGSR) data, aiming to strengthen firearms-related investigations. Still, there is a need to understand the cost-benefit of any method's modification for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the combined information. This study aims to answer practical questions concerning optimal storage conditions for OGSR and pGSR, the feasibility of sequential analysis on the same sample, and whether pGSR or OGSR should be analyzed first. Samples were collected from shooters (<em>n</em> = 128) using a standard carbon adhesive stub. The stability of OGSR and pGSR was evaluated at the time elapsed from collection at the scene until analysis at the laboratory (1, 2 days, 1, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 6 months) and storage conditions (room temperature or freezer). The experimental design includes the effect of the analysis sequence by either liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) on the detection rates. The results indicate a multi-testing approach does not compromise the integrity of pGSR or OGSR evidence when following appropriate protocols. The detection of OGSR and pGSR is not significantly different at the studied storage conditions or times when samples are preserved in sealed SEM stubs. These findings may alleviate some concerns regarding the feasibility of conducting an OGSR examination on samples that cannot be submitted to the laboratory immediately after collection and assist agencies in establishing preservation, storage, and acceptance criteria for future adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extraction approaches for A-230, A-234, VX, and sarin nerve agents from surface coatings 从表面涂层中提取A-230， A-234， VX和沙林神经毒剂的方法

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100658

Tomáš Rozsypal

{"title":"Extraction approaches for A-230, A-234, VX, and sarin nerve agents from surface coatings","authors":"Tomáš Rozsypal","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nerve agents are among the most hazardous chemical warfare agents (CWAs) due to their extreme toxicity. This study optimized methods for extracting CWAs (A-230, A-234, VX, and sarin) from surface coatings, a common but chemically complex matrix in urban environments. Four types of coatings (nitrocellulose, polyurethane, acrylic, and alkyd) were tested using bulk, wipe, and scrape extraction approaches with various solvents. Versatile methods were successfully developed for all four analytes across all four matrices, and recoveries were also determined for additional CWAs (soman, cyclosarin, and sulfur mustard). Bulk extraction consistently achieved the highest recoveries, while wipe extraction offered a practical alternative with slightly reduced efficiency. Scrape extraction exhibited high variability and was unsuitable for volatile compounds like sarin. The methods were evaluated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, demonstrating robust analytical performance, including high sensitivity, precision, minimized matrix effects, and validated accuracy through spiking recoveries. Persistence studies revealed slow dissipation rates in surface coatings, underscoring their forensic potential when other matrices yield only degradation products. A-230 and A-234 were detectable in all coatings for up to 56 days, whereas sarin dissipated rapidly, especially in acrylic paint. VX remained primarily in surface layers due to its high viscosity and limited diffusion. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring extraction methods to specific matrices and agents. Coatings, with their prolonged retention of CWAs, not only provide significant forensic value but also emphasize the need for targeted decontamination strategies to mitigate environmental and human health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Flubromazepam positional isomers for forensic differentiation 氟溴西泮位置异构体法医鉴别分析

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100664

Evelyn S. Ligon , Ariel N. Parker , Ashley Braxton , Stefan France , B. McKay Allred

引用次数: 0

GC–MS as a valuable tool for analysing cannabinoid-containing gummies and identifying the synthetic process used for their production 气相色谱-质谱是分析含大麻素软糖和鉴定其生产过程的有价值的工具

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100672

Arianna Bini , Elisa Roda , Stefano Protti , Luca Morini , Antonella Profumo , Marco Cavallo , Adolfo Gregori , Carlo Alessandro Locatelli , Daniele Merli

{"title":"GC–MS as a valuable tool for analysing cannabinoid-containing gummies and identifying the synthetic process used for their production","authors":"Arianna Bini , Elisa Roda , Stefano Protti , Luca Morini , Antonella Profumo , Marco Cavallo , Adolfo Gregori , Carlo Alessandro Locatelli , Daniele Merli","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the growing commercial availability of cannabinoids as active principles for recreational use, the use of preparations including among the others extracts and edible products (e.g., gummy sweets) is gaining popularity when compared to smoking, the more classical method of cannabinoid consumption. In this context, along with the widely known cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC), hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and Δ<sup>8</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC) have recently been openly sold in a range of products worldwide, having been neglected by some regulatory authorities.</div><div>When dealing with complex matrices such as edibles, the commonly available methods for the identification and quantification of natural and semi-synthetic cannabinoids – GC–MS and LC-MS – must be implemented. In this work, we describe a GC–MS protocol for the analysis of the different cannabinoids present in seized gummy sweets after liquid extraction of the active ingredients. The protocol has been optimized and validated (according to the current guidelines) by using spiked cannabinoid-free commercially available gummies. The procedure has been exploited for the identification and quantification of the cannabinoids (both natural and semisynthetic) present in six different types of seized recreational gummies and allowed us to hypothesize the origin of the cannabinoid -natural or synthetic- and in this last case also the synthetic strategies used to obtain them. Noteworthily, besides the cannabinoids already described in literature, our approach also pointed out the presence of a hexahydrocannabinol analogue (hexahydrocannabinonol, HHC-C9) as well as <em>cis</em>-9,10-octadecanoamide (oleamide), a modulator of CB1 cannabinoid receptor that exhibits a cannabinoid-like action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0