World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Inflammatory Shift in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Amidst Guangzhou's Urbanization (2000-2018).","authors":"Ning Kang, Man-Hou Chao, Xin Luo, Feng-Wen Shan, Zi-Xuan Hua, Ze-Zhi Guo, Hua-Mei Yan, He Zhang, Tong Wu, Min Zhou, Rui Zheng, Shuo Wu, Xue-Kun Huang, Zhao-Hui Shi, Ya-Na Zhang, Ji Yang, Qin-Tai Yang","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70088","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) exhibits temporal and geographic diversity in pathological endotypes with progressive eosinophilic infiltration, while the underlying causes remain unclear. Current pathological endotypes determination relies on mean cell count per high-power field, requiring accuracy optimization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, 970 CRS patients in Guangzhou from 2000 to 2018 undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were divided into five biennial cohorts. Demographic, clinical, and pathological data were analyzed to compare subgroup differences and assess correlations between pathological features and urbanization indicators, including land use, socioeconomic status, and motor vehicle ownership. Pathological outcomes were assessed via artificial intelligence‑based whole-slide imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Allergic comorbidity of CRS patients increased from 5.38% to 15.36% (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Pathological eosinophil density surged from 7.58 to 265.98 counts/mm², with eosinophilic CRS prevalence rising from 10.75% to 40.85%. Urbanization indicators were strongly associated with overall inflammation and eosinophilia, underscoring urbanization's role in CRS inflammatory progression. Motor vehicle ownership (<i>R</i>² = 0.91, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and population density (<i>R</i>² = 0.90, <i>p</i> < 0.01) ranked as the top two correlates of eosinophil density. Furthermore, population density (<i>R</i>² = 0.94, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and per capita gross regional product (<i>R</i>² = 0.92, <i>p</i> < 0.01) ranked as the top two correlates of total inflammation cell density.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among CRS patients in Guangzhou, pathological overall inflammation and eosinophilic infiltration progressively increased, while the proportion of lymphocytes declined. Additionally, urbanization indicators, notably population density, were strongly associated with shifts in the inflammatory profile and the rising prevalence of allergic comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing for Radiotherapy Initiation After Dental Extraction and Risk of Osteoradionecrosis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Nuo-Zhou Liu, Yi-Xuan Liu, Zhe Li, Jun Ma, Na Liu","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70097","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients are advised to undergo dental extraction of teeth with poor prognosis prior to radiotherapy (RT) initiation to prevent osteoradionecrosis (ORN). However, insufficient healing time may result in persistent extraction wounds during RT, which constitute a potential risk factor for ORN, whereas excessive delay in RT initiation may compromise cancer control.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify an optimal healing period between pre-RT dental extraction and RT initiation to minimize ORN risk in HNC patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) framework, with a pre-specified PROSPERO registration (ID: CRD42024586754). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed to assess the quality of included studies. Patients were stratified into ≤ 7 days versus > 7 days and ≤ 14 days versus > 14 days groups based on the interval between dental extraction and RT initiation. Subgroup analyses were performed by geographic population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight retrospective cohort studies involving 47,527 HNC patients and 2863 ORN cases were included. No significant association was observed between the timing of pre-RT dental extraction and ORN risk in the overall population (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.67-1.47), with significant heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 92%, <i>τ</i>² = 0.2079, <i>p</i> < 0.01). In Western populations, patients initiating RT within < 7 days or < 14 days after dental extraction demonstrated significantly elevated ORN risk (OR = 3.07, 95%CI: 1.52-6.21 and OR = 2.01, 95%CI:1.10-3.68, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An insufficient healing interval between dental extraction and RT initiation may significantly increase ORN risk, particularly in specific population subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comorbidity Patterns Between Hearing Loss and Symptomatic Dizziness in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.","authors":"Chun-Yan Liu, Xiao-Nan Wu, Jin Li, Jiao Zhang, Yun Gao, Da-Yong Wang, Qiu-Ju Wang","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70078","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the comorbidity patterns between hearing loss and symptomatic dizziness (HL-SD) in middle-aged and older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used data from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). After excluding incomplete data, 2961 participants aged 40-69 were analyzed. Logistic regression models, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analyses assessed the association between hearing thresholds and dizziness. Univariate and multivariate logistic models and LASSO regression identified risk factors related to HL-SD. Propensity score matching (PSM) evaluated the correlation between hearing loss and dizziness treatment efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among participants, 28.67% had hearing loss, and 22.99% reported dizziness, with 8.00% experiencing both. Increased hearing thresholds were significantly associated with a higher risk of dizziness, with each 1 dB increase in speech-frequency PTA increasing dizziness risk by 1.6%. Various factors, including gender, income, arthritis, and diabetes, were linked to the comorbidity of HL-SD. However, hearing loss did not significantly affect dizziness treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hearing loss is significantly associated with an increased risk of symptomatic dizziness in middle-aged and older adults, influenced by various factors. However, it does not appear to affect dizziness treatment efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"389-400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding and Mitigating Bias From Artificial Intelligence in Otolaryngology: A State-of-the-Art Review.","authors":"Matthew T Ryan, David A Gudis","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide an overview of potential biases resulting from the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in otolaryngology and techniques to mitigate them.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Literature review and expert opinion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AI promises to fundamentally transform medicine. This review highlights how biases can be introduced inadvertently at every level of AI application and development and how those biases risk undermining the intent and beneficence of these tools. A number of techniques which can be used to mitigate these biases are discussed. Ultimately, understanding the limitations and appropriate applications of this technology is critical to ensuring it is utilized equitably and efficaciously.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Anatomy-Based Fitting in Bimodal Rehabilitation: Choosing Electrode Arrays Based on Cochlear Length.","authors":"Andrea Canale, Arianna Daquino, Maria Gragnano, Claudia Filippini, Marco Boldreghini, Giuseppe Riva, Andrea Albera","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the clinical impact of anatomy-based fitting (ABF) in cochlear implants for patients with asymmetric hearing loss.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Tertiary referral center specializing in hearing disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen adult patients with asymmetric severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss or anacusis in the implanted ear, and residual low-frequency hearing (≤ 65 dB HL at 125-500 Hz) in the better ear, were enrolled. All underwent cochlear implantation with bimodal rehabilitation (cochlear implant + hearing aid) and completed a 12-month follow-up. Cochlear duct length was measured preoperatively using OTOPLAN software to select the appropriate electrode array. Postoperative CT scans were analyzed with OTOPLAN to verify electrode positioning and generate the ABF map. Speech intelligibility in noise was assessed using the Italian Matrix sentence test in three listening conditions, comparing outcomes between the ABF and the default MAESTRO fitting maps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No statistically significant differences were found in speech perception scores between ABF and MAESTRO maps across test conditions. However, 86.7% of patients (13/15) preferred the ABF map for daily use, citing improved sound quality and listening comfort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ABF, which aligns electrical stimulation with the patient's cochlear tonotopy by individualizing electrode selection and programming, may enhance the subjective auditory experience. While objective speech outcomes were comparable, patient preference strongly favored ABF, supporting its clinical relevance for optimizing cochlear implant performance in bimodal users.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audiological Characteristics in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients.","authors":"Shan Zeng, Yi-Yun Lou, Hui-Qian Yu, Wei-Dong Zhao, Wen-Yan Li","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor that originates from the Schwann cells of the vestibular nerve sheath in the internal auditory canal. This retrospective study collected data from patients with VS who underwent surgical treatment to identify their demographic characteristics and audiometric features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 330 VS patients who underwent surgical treatment at the ENT Hospital of Fudan University between April 2017 and December 2019. The demographic information, audiograms, and tumor details of these patients were collected. Demographic and audiometric characteristics were summarized. Correlation analysis was performed to compare the basic characteristics of patients with tumor size, pure-tone threshold average (PTA), and tumor grades.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the patients, 38.8% (128/330) exhibited predominant high-frequency hearing loss on pure-tone audiometry. Approximately 74.5% (246/330) of patients exhibited moderately severe or worse hearing loss. Of the 211 patients who underwent speech testing, 65.4% (138/211) did not have practical hearing function (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Class C&D) at the time of surgery. Correlation analysis revealed that symptom duration was the most influential variable. No correlation was found between tumor size and PTA or speech discrimination score (SDS). Multivariate ordered regression analysis identified age over 45 years, symptom duration over 12 months, symmetric threshold difference greater than 15 dB, and SDS lower than 75% as high-risk factors for higher <i>Koos</i> grading.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the preservation of postoperative hearing, for patients with lower <i>Koos</i> grades (I + II)-especially for younger patients (age below 45 years) with functional hearing-if PTA increases or if SDS decreases or falls below 75% in their follow-ups, surgery or radiation intervention may be considered after a thorough evaluation, regardless of tumor growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"401-409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory Markers-Based Surgical Pathological Complete Response Prediction After Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Yu-Dong Ning, Yi-Xuan Song, Han Li, Yu-Qin He, Shao-Yan Liu","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the predictive value of blood routine parameters for surgical pathological complete response (PCR) following neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy (NICC) in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed patients with LAHNSCC who underwent NICC and the subsequent surgery at our hospital between May 2021 and November 2024. PCR included PCR of the primary tumor site (PPCR), PCR of the metastatic lymph node (LPCR), and PCR of both the primary tumor site and metastatic lymph node (PLPCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 109 patients assessed, 41 (37.6%) achieved PPCR and 57 (52.3%) achieved LPCR. Of these, 29(26.6%) patients achieved PLPCR. LPCR did not exhibit any significant associations with the clinical parameters (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, higher PPCR was significantly associated with the neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≤ 2.115 (72.7% vs. 13.8%, odds ratio 18.672, 95% confidence interval 4.261-81.827, <i>p</i> < 0.001) Furthermore, patients with NLR ≤ 2.115 showed a significantly independent predictive factor for higher PLPCR (50.0% vs. 10.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.014).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NLR may serve as valuable predictors of PCR following NICC in LAHNSCC. Specifically, patients with NLR ≤ 2.115 may have a higher likelihood of achieving PPCR and PLPCR.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epac1 Alleviates Senescence in Auditory Hair Cells via the Ferroptosis.","authors":"Wen-Jun An, Chen-Yu Xu, Meng-Ya Shen, Xiao-Tao Guo, Chun-Chen Pan, Jing-Wu Sun, Xiao-Min Tang, Jia-Qiang Sun","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in Epac1 and ferroptosis-related proteins in aged mice and the House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells, with the goal of elucidating their potential role in age-related hearing loss.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The expression of Epac1 in the cochlea of C57BL/6J mice was examined by using immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. To further verify the role of Epac1 in age-related hearing loss, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into HEI-OC1 cells, resulting in the downregulation of Epac1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed a decrease in Epac1 expression in the cochlea of aged mice. After downregulating the level of Epac1 in vitro, a greater level of ferroptosis was observed, and the aging process was accelerated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Epac1 plays a crucial role in the aging process of auditory hair cells via ferroptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"432-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Guidelines.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wjo2.70096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":"12 1","pages":"144-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12875831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146143690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopamine: The Essential Bridge Mediating Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hippocampus-Dependent Learning and Memory Impairments.","authors":"Rui Fan, Tao Li, Yan Yan","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70077","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obstructive sleep apnea is a clinical syndrome that triggers a series of pathophysiologic changes, including disturbed sleep architecture, chronic intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia, and ultimately severe cognitive dysfunction. The hippocampus plays a key role in various cognitive processes such as learning and memory. Previous studies have focused on inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and apoptotic changes in the hippocampus. However, studies on neurotransmitter changes are scarce. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that has a direct effect on learning and memory formation in the hippocampus. This article summarizes the relationship between hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits induced by obstructive sleep apnea and dopamine, and explores how dopamine mediates hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Detailed searches were performed by utilizing open-ended keywords on PubMed and manually searching the reference lists of the identified articles; all references up to December 31, 2024, were used. Search terms included \"obstructive sleep apnea,\" \"OSA,\" \"chronic intermittent hypoxia,\" \"sleep fragmentation,\" \"sleep deprivation,\" \"sleep disorder,\" \"apoptosis,\" \"inflammation,\" \"oxidative stress,\" \"hippocampus,\" and \"dopamine.\" The final article includes all articles that explicitly address dopamine maintenance of memory and how obstructive sleep apnea affects hippocampal dopamine. First, obstructive sleep apnea inhibits hippocampal dopamine synthesis. Second, downregulated dopamine induces hippocampus-associated inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Finally, intermittent hypoxia may also further exacerbate dopamine deficiency by inducing a positive cycle of dopamine downregulation. The net effect of these processes is a hippocampus-dependent decline in learning and memory capacity, which is characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea. Dopamine plays a crucial role in obstructive sleep apnea-associated hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits, not only due to the neural signaling role of dopamine itself, but also due to obstructive sleep apnea-associated inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, which are also closely related to dopamine.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148585349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}