Development Economics: Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Can a Growing World be Fed when the Climate is Changing?","authors":"Simon Dietz, Bruno Lanz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3507257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3507257","url":null,"abstract":"We study the capacity to meet food demand under conditions of climate change, economic and population growth. We take a novel approach to quantifying climate impacts, based on a model of the global economy structurally estimated on the period 1960 to 2015. The model integrates several features necessary to study the problem, including an explicit agriculture sector, endogenous fertility, directed technical change and fossil/renewable energy. We estimate the world economy is more than one trillion dollars smaller, and world population more than 80 million smaller, than would have been the case without climate change. This is despite substantial adaptation having taken place in general equilibrium through R&D and agricultural land expansion. Policy experiments with the model suggest that optimal GHG taxes are high and future temperatures held well below 2°C.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124979596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty can Help Protect Local Commons in the Face of Climate Change","authors":"C. Schill, J. Rocha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3468677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468677","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is likely to trigger abrupt and potentially persistent changes in the structure and function of marine ecosystems. Such ‘regime shifts’ threaten the livelihoods of millions of people reliant on small-scale fisheries. Yet, it is largely unknown how resource users cope with regime shifts, their uncertainty, and impacts. Here, we assess the potential for local collective action to avert uncertain, yet catastrophic, regime shifts. We conducted behavioural economic experiments with small-scale fishers (n=256) using a framed, dynamic common-pool resource game to test the effect of different degrees of uncertainty about the presence of climate-induced thresholds on exploitation patterns. Results from four communities in the Colombian Caribbean show that groups facing uncertain thresholds are likely to adapt in the sense that they sustain higher stock levels in order to avoid a regime shift. However, catch inequalities in the game, and community-level attributes appear to mitigate or even eliminate this effect; illustrating the critical role contexts play for behaviour. Our results suggest a more positive outlook regarding the inherent uncertainties of climate change compared to experimental evidence overwhelmingly proposing a negative relationship between uncertainty, collective action, and sustainable resource use. Instead, we conclude that in certain circumstances uncertainty can help protect the commons.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122157768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Be Cautious with the Precautionary Principle: Evidence from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident","authors":"Matthew Neidell, S. Uchida, M. Veronesi","doi":"10.3386/w26395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26395","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a large scale, empirical evaluation of unintended effects from invoking the precautionary principle after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. After the accident, all nuclear power stations ceased operation and nuclear power was replaced by fossil fuels, causing an exogenous increase in electricity prices. This increase led to a reduction in energy consumption, which caused an increase in mortality during very cold temperatures. We estimate that the increase in mortality from higher electricity prices outnumbers the mortality from the accident itself, suggesting the decision to cease nuclear production has contributed to more deaths than the accident itself.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116151583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling Factors for Financing and Implementing Postdisaster Operations","authors":"Junko Mochizuki, Joshua Hallwright, J. Handmer","doi":"10.22617/wps190479-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22617/wps190479-2","url":null,"abstract":"As the economic costs of disasters increase in Asia, recent years have seen wide adoption of policy instruments to support disaster resilience. Many of these instruments—such as sovereign insurance, contingency credit, reserve funds, and forecast-based financing—are designed to provide predictable access to finance in case of catastrophic disasters. Yet providing timely access is only one of the many issues that must be addressed for the complex postdisaster operation to function. Reviewing recent experiences—such as the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, the 2015 Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu, and the 2010 flood in Pakistan—this study first describes the governance complexity commonly seen in the postdisaster contexts, complexities such as the acute inflow of new actors and competing operational objectives. We then identify the potential opportunities, as well as the limitations, of existing financing arrangements in facilitating disaster resilience. In conclusion, we outline five recommendations to building enabling environments.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133774183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Governance Quality Moderate the Finance-Renewable Energy-Growth Nexus?: Evidence from Five Major Regions in the World","authors":"D. Kassi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3458602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3458602","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the moderating role of governance quality on the finance-renewable energy-growth nexus in five major regions in the world, including 123 countries from 1990 to 2017. These regions concern the Asia Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, America (North America and Latin America & Caribbean), Middle-East and North Africa (MENA), and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) regions. Following the principal component analysis (PCA), we constructed composite indexes of governance quality and financial development using six institutional indicators and eight financial variables. Next, we applied the two-stage least squares, difference-GMM, and system-GMM methods, as well as the Granger non-causality test in Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012). First, the results show that better governance quality wipes out the harmful effects of financial development and renewable energy consumption on economic growth in the Asia Pacific, MENA, and SSA regions, respectively. Conversely, the level of governance quality reduces the positive effects of financial development and renewable energy consumption on economic growth in America, with few exceptions in Europe & Central Asia region, respectively. Second, we find marginal adverse effects of financial development and renewable energy consumption on growth in the Asia Pacific, MENA, and SSA regions due to their low levels of governance quality. However, the marginal effect of renewable energy consumption on growth is positive in America and Europe& Central Asia regions, whereas the marginal effect of financial development is negative in these regions in most cases. Third, there is bidirectional causality between financial development and economic growth in all areas, whereas the bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and growth is only confirmed in America and SSA regions, respectively. This study reveals the threshold effect of governance quality on the renewable energy-finance-growth nexus across regions. Thus, financial development, renewable energy consumption, and governance quality are complementary factors to enhance economic growth in the Asia Pacific, MENA and SSA regions, contrary to America and Europe & Central Asia regions, with some exceptions. Therefore, policymakers should improve the level of governance quality, the efficiency of financial systems and renewable energy consumption to promote sustainable development in the different regions, especially in the Asia Pacific, MENA, and SSA regions.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115134130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digitization and Development: Formalizing Property Rights and its Impact on Land and Labor Allocation","authors":"Sabrin Beg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3457778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3457778","url":null,"abstract":"I test the land and labor market effects of a property rights reform that computerized rural land records, and provided access to digitized records and automated transactions to agricultural landowners and cultivators in Pakistan. Using the staggered roll-out of the program, I find that while the reforms do not shift land ownership, landowning households are more likely to rent out land and lower their agricultural participation. At the same time, cultivating households have access to more land, as rented in land and overall farm size per cultivating household increases. Improved tenure security also shifts the type of rental contracts, and the input choices of cultivators. Aggregate district level data suggests an improvement in overall crop yield. These results have implications for both the allocation of land across farmers and the selection of labor into farming.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131126059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production and Productivity of Natural Rubber: A Study on Growth-Trends of Rubber Plantation in Tripura","authors":"H. Datta, Dr. Haradhan Debnath, Dr. Parag Shil","doi":"10.34218/ijm.10.4.2019.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijm.10.4.2019.011","url":null,"abstract":"Production of natural rubber plays a most important role in the economic development of Tripura. The state is the second-largest contributor to the total production of natural rubber in India. Over the last two decades, there is a shift in cropping pattern towards the production of natural rubber in the state from food crops and from other commercial crops. The natural rubber is the second-largest crop in Tripura after rice and area under natural rubber has registered a phenomenal increase during this period. The rubber growers of Tripura suffer from problems like low productivity, poor quality of processing and weak marketing system. The study examines the present status of natural rubber in Tripura in respect of growing trend in the area, production and productivity. The result shows that increasing growth trend of both expansions of area and production of rubber. The elasticity of production of rubber w.r.t. the matured area of rubber plantation is 1.18, that means for a 1 % increase in matured area, there is a 1.18% increase in production of rubber i.e. it is elastic in nature. There is no statistically significant mean difference of productivity between Kerala and India but mean productivity of Tripura is lower than both at all India level as well as state level.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123388973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change, Endangered Environment and Vulnerable Aboriginals of India – A Critical Study","authors":"Gouri Sankar Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459589","url":null,"abstract":"The severe effects of unprecedented climate change are justifiably considered a serious threat to human civilization in general and tribal-rural or aboriginal population in particular. The crisis has been identified globally but its consistently negative effects on indigenous people of the developing countries are not properly measured. In India such effects are projected to impact the millions of lives in folk-tribal heartland. It is historically proved that various effects of climate change such as sea level rise, recurrent floods, draughts, evaporation, increased cyclonic activities like tsunami, rising temperature have badly affected the downtrodden backward people like ‘adivasis’ (Indian tribal) and their tradition-bound livelihood in this subcontinent. Due to changed weather pattern agricultural production has been rapidly declined in the last few decades in India. The present study needs to state that if climate change occurs in such way, India will lose land especially in the coastline and the rural economy will be affected drastically. In fact, climate change is a scary prospect especially for these rural populations whose culture is predominantly subsistence-based and non-urbanized in basic nature. The paper also tries to focus on the age-old indigenous awareness of ills of global warming and ongoing climatic change. The forested tribes have raised again and again their voices against the abrupt tree-falling and the timber merchant-contractors-politicians nexus that lies behind it. Growing social awareness of climate change and balanced sustainable development can minimize the vulnerability of these marginal populations.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123603469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Woody Biomass and Electricity in the United States: A Case Study in Scientific and Policy Uncertainty","authors":"B. Hudson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3437332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3437332","url":null,"abstract":"“Woody” or “forest product-derived” biomass is not a major fuel source for electricity generation in the United States. This chapter first discusses the extent of its current use, and details some reasons for its limited use. Second, the chapter analyzes one scientific and policy debate in particular that has impacted and will likely shape the use of woody biomass for electricity going forward — the debate over its carbon neutrality.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129102008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study on the Role of Jaggery and Its Derived Products for the Upliftment of the Farmers in the Kolhapur District of Maharashtra","authors":"Dr Kamini Khanna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3436625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3436625","url":null,"abstract":"Jaggery is a traditional pre-processed sugar, which is popular in majority of the world. Jaggery industry has been considered as one of the small scale and cottage industry in India. The production of jaggery ranges between 5M tonnes to 7M tonnes. Maharashtra is one of the leading producers of jaggery .Large numbers of jaggery production units are located in state. Kolhapur is the main market for jaggery in the country as it stands 1st in terms of quality and 2nd in terms of quantity. Sugarcane seeds are preserved using age old techniques by the people of Kolhapur helping in the improvement of its quality. Kolhapur Jaggery contains no chemicals, is processed without use of any machinery making it completely organic. Jaggery making plants are generally small units fabricated by local artisans and run by villagers in different parts of India. These plants are usually small in size and are responsible for providing employment opportunities to thousands of people. More than 70% of the jaggery is produced in India but most of the jaggery business suffers from losses. The development of different value added products from jaggery and their commercial availability becomes need of the hour to sustain future profitability in the jaggery trade. For this reason setup of plants near the source of the product would help in reducing the operational difficulties and fetch good price for the farmers in the near future.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132196448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}