Development Economics: Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"A New Concept of Circular Model of Management for Achieving Sustainable Success and Growth","authors":"K. Raj, P. Aithal","doi":"10.47992/IJMTS.2581.6012.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47992/IJMTS.2581.6012.0079","url":null,"abstract":"According to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), sustainable\u0000development has been defined in many ways, and it states that: “Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” We have seen a lot of focus on sustainable development starting from the initiative of the United Nations which has made all nations focus on Sustainable Goals to be achieved by 2030, to large conglomerates and small business enterprises likewise focussing on sustainable business practices, which if well planned would yield success and growth. In light of the global challenges faced in relation to environmental, economic and social resources sustainable development leading to sustainable success and growth calls for a significant rethinking in the management of resources within the, and external to the organization. In this paper, we propound the furthering of a circular economy concept to management as ‘circular model of management’. Borrowed from the concept of circular economy, a circular economy (as against a linear economy) is an economic system aimed at minimizing waste and making the most of resources. Moving towards a circular economy delivers benefits such as reducing pressure on resources, increases competitiveness, stimulates innovation and boosts growth. This study is developed through extensive work in subsistence communities (base of the pyramid customers) in emerging markets. A circular economy promotes social, environmental, economic and overall restorative and regenerative capabilities, similarly, a circular model of management will as envisaged promote regenerative and restorative capability in the organization which will ensure sustainable growth and success by means of ensuring the reduction of leakage of resources to the minimum and applicability to the maximum.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128526908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of ICTs-in-Agriculture on Rural Resilience in Developing Countries","authors":"William Hanson, Richard Heeks","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3517468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3517468","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture remains the dominant sector for rural areas in developing countries. However, short-term shocks (e.g. conflict, economic crisis) and long-term trends (e.g. climate change) hamper and can even reverse attempted gains in agricultural productivity and related rural development outcomes. Influenced by the current sustainable development paradigm, it is increasingly acknowledged that, to address this, rural households and communities must strengthen their resilience. \u0000 \u0000Given their growing role in rural livelihoods, information and communication technologies (ICTs) will be a key part of resilience-building. Yet we currently know very little about this. To address this knowledge gap, a systematic literature review was undertaken to establish two things. First, the extent to which use of ICTs-in-agriculture (ICT4Ag) is weakening or strengthening the resilience of rural households and communities in developing countries. Second, an explanation of why the observed impacts are occurring. \u0000 \u0000Measuring resilience using the RABIT (Resilience Assessment Benchmarking and Impact Toolkit) framework, current reported evidence suggests ICTs are strengthening rural resilience far more than weakening it. However, the impact is highly uneven. Household resilience is built far more than community resilience, and there is a strong differential impact across different resilience attributes: equality in particular is reported as being undermined almost as much as enhanced. A new conceptual model is inductively created to explain some of these outcomes. It highlights the importance of individual user motivations, complementary resources required to make ICT4Ag systems support resilience, and the role of wider systemic factors such as institutions and structural relations. \u0000 \u0000The paper draws policy/practice conclusions: more equal focus on both household- and community-level resilience, more attention to the resilience-weakening potential of ICTs, ensuring perceived utility of digital applications among rural users, encouraging use of more complex ICT4Ag systems, and looking beyond the technology to make parallel, complementary changes in resource provision and development of rural institutions and social structures. Conclusions are also drawn about the conceptualisation of resilience: better incorporation of agency and power, and greater clarity on resilience system boundaries and indicators. \u0000 \u0000Overall, we contribute new frameworks, new evidence, new practical guidance and a research agenda for those seeking to strengthen rural resilience through use of ICTs.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121081602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Climate Change to Reduce the Economic Costs on Developing Countries with Reference to India","authors":"Dr. Mohit Sharma, Dr. Sudhinder Chowhan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3516569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516569","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has emerged as the most pressing global challenge of the 21st century. There is an increasing understanding that climate change transcends political boundaries and affects the whole global population, making them stakeholders to the solutions too. However, despite the ubiquity of climate change, its more immediate impacts are felt differently by different groups of people. Developing countries, with their low adaptive capacities and high dependence on climatic variables, are highly susceptible to climate-induced tragedies.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123189757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Disaster Insurance for Sovereigns: Issues, Challenges and Optimality","authors":"A. Cebotari, Karim Youssef","doi":"10.5089/9781513525891.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513525891.001","url":null,"abstract":"Natural disasters are a source of economic risks in many countries, especially in smaller and lower-income states, and ex-ante preparedness is needed to manage the risks. The paper discusses sovereign experience with disaster insurance as a key instrument to mitigate the risks; proposes ways to judge the adequacy of insurance; and considers ways to enhance its use by vulnerable countries. The paper especially aims to inform policy decisions on disaster insurance. Through simulations of natural disasters and various insurance options, we find that sovereign decisions on optimal risk transfer involve balancing trade-offs between growth and debt, based on government risk preferences and country risk exposure. The choice of optimal insurance for smaller countries turns out to be more constrained by cost considerations due to their higher exposure, likely resulting in underinsurance; donor grants could help them achieve a more optimal protection. We also find that optimal insurance packages are those that are least costly relative to expected payouts (i.e. have the lowest insurance multiple), which are also the packages that insure less severe (more frequent) disasters.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116534612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investment in Agriculture and Gender Equality in Developing Countries","authors":"A. Giroud, Jacqueline Salguero Huaman","doi":"10.18356/e7a807e6-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/e7a807e6-en","url":null,"abstract":"Across developing countries, the agricultural sector is an essential source of economic growth, employment, poverty reduction and food security. Women play a vital role in agriculture, yet there is little research focusing on the impact of rising investment in the agricultural sector on the role of women in this sector and on gender equality. Many investors tend to be located in remote areas and have an impact on the life of the most vulnerable farmers, especially when few alternative employment opportunities exist. In this article, we present the role of women in agriculture and we explore the impact of large agricultural investment on gender equality in developing countries. Given the data limitations, we rely on both primary and secondary data, and provide examples of gender-sensitive practice carried out by the private sector to minimize the risk of leaving women behind. The article concludes with suggestions for corporate actions and government policies and maps out avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114286401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integración de fuentes de energías renovables no convencionales y redes inteligentes en Estados Unidos: evidencia para PJM (Integration of Non-Conventional Renewable Energy Sources and Smart Grids in the United States: Evidence From PJM)","authors":"D. Echeverri, M. Correa, John Garcia Rendon, Cief Submitter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3524989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524989","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Algunos de los retos a los que se han enfrentado en los mercados Norteamericanos con la inclusión de fuentes de generación eléctrica eólica y solar consiste en la incertidumbre y la variabilidad que presentan estas fuentes y, por tanto, han evidenciado la necesidad de diferentes estrategias para aumentar la flexibilidad operacional de los sistemas. Además, con el fin de compensar los menores ingresos para los generadores, derivados de los menores precios de estas fuentes y para los distribuidores dada la mayor generación distribuida, han explorado la necesidad de pagos por capacidad u obligaciones de energía firme y los pagos por provisión de servicios auxiliares para garantizar la estabilidad dinámica de sistema, en el primer caso, y en el segundo, han explorado cómo garantizar la co-existencia de los sistemas de generación centralizada de gran escala con los sistemas distribuidos. Asimismo, en PJM la participación de los consumidores, por medio de la respuesta de la demanda, en el mercado de capacidad, quizás es uno de los más desarrollados a nivel mundial. Así el objetivo de este artículo es describir los cambios que se han dado en Estados Unidos específicamente en PJM para incentivar la generación renovable y la eficiencia energética, garantizando la confiabilidad del sistema. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Some of the challenges that have been faced in the North American markets with the inclusion of wind and solar power generation sources, consists in how to deal with the uncertainty and variability that these sources present; therefore, the need for different strategies to increase the operational flexibility of the systems has become evident. In addition, in order to compensate the lower revenues of generators, as a result of lower prices of these sources and for distributors given the increase in distributed generation, the regulator has explored, in the first case, the need for payments for capacity and payments for provision of ancillary services to guarantee the dynamic stability of the system; and, in the second case, the regulator has explored how to guarantee the coexistence of large-scale centralized generation systems with distributed systems. Likewise, in PJM the participation of consumers, through demand response, in the capacity market is perhaps one of the most developed worldwide. Thus, the objective of this paper is to describe the changes that have taken place in the United States, specifically in PJM to encourage renewable generation and energy efficiency, ensuring the reliability of the system.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122886494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Gold - A Gold Mining Perspective","authors":"D. Baur, A. Trench, Sam Ulrich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3512681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3512681","url":null,"abstract":"Gold is a long-lasting, durable and thus sustainable metal and asset. However, mining for gold often adversely affects the environment. This study proposes an alternative to mitigate these negative externalities and costs of gold mining. Instead of digging out gold for investment purposes we propose to leave it in the ground and let nature act as a natural vault and custodian legally protected by gold firms and the government. Empirically, we analyse whether portfolios of gold exploration companies with access to such \"green\" gold also provide exposure to the world price of gold. The results demonstrate that gold mining is not necessary to give investors access to gold.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122631061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index Insurance: A Viable Solution for Irrigated Farming?","authors":"Rathnija Arandara, Shanuki Gunasekera, Agrotosh Mookerjee","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the practical experience of deploying index insurance in a tropical country whose agriculture is dependent on dual sources of water: rainfall and irrigation. The paper introduces an innovative hybrid index insurance product based on the authors' experience of piloting the concept. The hybrid product was created to address the higher basis risk of using a single rainfall trigger that ignores the hydrological conditions on the ground. The paper brings forth findings from a live pilot in selected locations -- with varied agro-climatic conditions—in Sri Lanka under the World Bank Group's Global Index Insurance Facility. The findings indicate that the new hybrid product performs better than the single trigger (rainfall-based) index insurance product, thereby reducing the basis risk faced by farmers. The paper also shares some of the practical limitations in deploying the product.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132231021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valuing China’s Economic Impacts of Climate Change","authors":"Hongbo Duan, Deyu Yuan, Z. Cai, Shouyang Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3669663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3669663","url":null,"abstract":"There are still many uncertainties regarding the possible influences of global climate change in the mid-latitude regions, owing to rather limited research and lack of empirical evidence. This paper systematically evaluates the economic impacts of climate variation by constructing a 27-year panel dataset of 274 prefecture cities and 816 weather stations in China. Our results document some significant climate-economic relationships, with the increase of 1℃-temperature, 100mm-rainfall, and 1%-humidity associated with a 0.78% decrease, 0.86% increase and 1.34% decrease in output, respectively. Higher temperature damages are reflected in less-developed regions, while the positive impacts of rainfall mainly appear in more-developed regions. Using integrated assessment models, we project that the model-average climate damage of China may account for up to 4.23 percent of GDP by 2100, based on a nonlinear historical climate-economic interaction.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129655193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing Flexibility Procurement Markets for Congestion Management – Investigating Two Stage Procurement Auctions","authors":"Julia Bellenbaum, Jonas Höckner, C. Weber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3502769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502769","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing infeed from renewable energy sources poses considerable challenges to system operators who are in charge of power system reliability. Accordingly, the frequency of network congestion and the corresponding congestion management costs have increased dramatically over the last years and give reason to extensively discuss alternative approaches. Among these, flexibility markets bear the potential to complement existing congestion management practices by incentivizing decentralized resources with large potentials of flexibility to participate in relieving congestion. For this reason, multiple demonstration projects across Europe are currently testing different flexibility market designs. \u0000 \u0000We contribute to this on-going discussion by investigating the auction design of such a flexibility market. We analytically derive the optimal procurement strategy of a SO within a flexibility market platform, recurring to the well-established methodology of the classical Newsvendor problem and extending it in a stochastic programming framework with two stages. We apply our model to a case study of a transformer that is frequently congested due to high infeed from wind farms. Based on an analysis of relevant sources of flexibility, differentiated concerning lead time and cost structure, we explore the effects of demand uncertainty and information updates between auctions. The results of the case study, including a comprehensive sensitivity analysis, reveals insights that are used to provide policy advice on how to design flexibility procurement markets under specific conditions.","PeriodicalId":320822,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Agriculture","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114143525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}