LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"The Welfare Synergy of Bundling International Environmental Agreements with International Trade Treaties","authors":"Bidisha Lahiri","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00994.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00994.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines whether linking environmental cooperation with international trade agreements improves the welfare of the participating countries and allows countries to move closer to free trade compared with trade-only agreements. The model is an infinitely repeated game with the threat of reversion to Nash equilibrium if an economy deviates from the cooperative agreement. It is found that such a synergy exists in a symmetric two-country model with two goods, both emitting pollutants even when the externalities have local impact. A combination of analytic and numerical simulation analysis is used to derive the conclusions.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131778815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Country's Policy Towards Multinationals When Local Regions Can Choose between Firm-Specific and Non-Firm-Specific Policies","authors":"O. J. Parcero","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1899002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1899002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at a county’s central government optimal policy in a setting where its two identical local regions compete for the attraction of footloose multinationals to their sites, and where the considered multinationals strictly prefer this country to the rest of the world. For the sake of reality the model allows the local regions to choose between the implementation of firm-specific and non-firm-specific policies. We find that, even though the two local regions are identical, some degree of regional tax competition is good for country’s welfare. Moreover, we show that the implementation of the regional firmspecific policies weakly welfare dominates the implementation of the regional non-firmspecific ones. Hence the not infrequent calls for the central government to ban the former type of policies go against the advice of this paper.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114080087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Attempt to Regulate Globalisation: Seizure of Medicines through Border Enforcement Measure","authors":"A. Satpute","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2293253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2293253","url":null,"abstract":"Given the rapid proliferation of PTAs the aim of this text is to assess the impact of PTAs on excluded countries, with special reference to potential EU-India FTA. Such an analysis helps to identify the scope and impact of PTAs on excluded countries. The article will attempt to determine and suggest some policy measures that excluded countries can take in order minimise economic impact, if any.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131427567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposal for a New Economic Framework","authors":"Salman Ahmed Shaikh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1618202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1618202","url":null,"abstract":"This book provides a holistic socio-economic framework working in conformity with the Islamic principles. Chapter 2 builds the ground for the proposed framework by discussing the foundations of the ethical precepts of Islam. It discusses the thesis of religion, answers some of the questions in the comparative study of religion and tries to resolve few of the misconceptions about the faith of Islam. Chapter 3 outlines the economic teachings of Islam with regard to earning and spending. It discusses at length the ideals Islam set before its adherents in the ethical sphere of life. The ethical principles are discussed based on the study of relevant Quranic text and the narrations of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Chapter 4 studies the comparative economic systems. It analyzes Capitalism, Socialism, Mixed Economy and Islamic economic system. Chapter 5 introduces the salient features of the proposed economic framework with special focus on fiscal reforms. It discusses the potential of the institution of Zakat to meet fiscal needs of the government and to assist it in doing away with deficit financing, fiscal bleeding, crowding out private sector and reducing deadweight loss by parting the way with private sector so as to ensure market economy operating on its own as far as possible and playing an active regulatory role. Chapter 6 introduces the monetary reforms. It discusses how savings would feature despite discontinuation of interest, how inflation will be checked with central banks not having at their disposal conventional OMO, how liquidity will be managed in banking sector when a central bank wants to inject liquidity or mop up funds. How and to what extent the institution of Zakat would enable the government to meet its fiscal targets and does not crowd out private sector with public borrowing. How balance of payments and exchange rate stability can be managed in an interest free economy. If in the short term, the government or central bank needs alternative source of revenue other than Zakat, they can issue GDP linked bonds. This could replace T-bill and provide a base instrument for OMO and liquidity management in the banking and financial sector. Chapter 7 introduces the currently practiced Islamic Banking and Finance. Since Islamic economic principles have more prominently been used in banking and finance, much of the discussion centers on Islamic banking and finance in lieu of analyzing the existing practices and then in the next chapter, preferable alternatives in areas where shortcoming is observed and need for improvement is felt are suggested. Chapter 8 discusses the financial system in the proposed framework with the role of institutions and the discussion on comprehensive need fulfillment mechanisms to serve every major need of a sophisticated contemporary financial system. Some important novel changes are recommended, such as introduction of options in mortgage financing, which will allow the bank to separate the tenancy and sale contract ","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115468406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Conflicts between Rulings of WTO and RTA Tribunals: Reflections on the Brazil-Tyres Case","authors":"J. Qin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1490035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1490035","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of international tribunals has given rise to much concern about potential conflicts between judicial decisions and possible ‘fragmentation’ of international law. Most of the discussions have focused on conflicts of jurisdictions and conflicts of norms that may result from competing or overlapping jurisdictions. The worst type of conflicts however is the conflict of obligations where a State cannot comply with the decisions of two tribunals at once because their separate decisions require the State to act in opposite directions. Unfortunately, such a direct conflict of obligations has occurred as a result of the decision of the WTO Appellate Body in the case of Brazil - Tyres (DS332). The Appellate Body held that, by following the ruling of an arbitral tribunal of Mercosur - the regional trade agreement (RTA) between several South American countries - Brazil acted inconsistently with WTO rules. Furthermore, in the subsequent compliance proceedings a WTO arbitrator refused to allow Brazil time to negotiate a solution with other Mercosur countries. Consequently, Brazil found itself in a legal bind: it could not comply with WTO obligations without breaching its Mercosur obligations. Significantly, this conflict of obligations did not stem from competing or overlapping jurisdictions or conflicting treaty norms. Instead, it occurred entirely as a result of the Appellate Body’s interpretation of a WTO provision. This paper submits that the conflict in this case could have been avoided because alternative interpretations, arguably legally sounder ones, do exist, and should have been avoided because there are international rules requiring a presumption against conflicts in treaty interpretation. The paper suggests that in rendering its decision the Appellate Body showed little concern regarding conflicts with the RTA, and that such lack of concern reflected an outdated mindset of WTO centrality or superiority. In light of international legal principles and the realities of the multi-polar global trading environment, the WTO judiciary is urged to adopt a clear policy on the avoidance of conflicts with RTA decisions.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114993647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Much do Agreements Matter for Services Trade?","authors":"A. Shingal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1586839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1586839","url":null,"abstract":"With an increasing number of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) covering trade in services, we explore the impact of PTAs on services trade. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper in this literature that endogenizes the impact of preferentialism in estimating the trade effect. We also add to this literature by distilling the trade effect of PTAs into that emanating from services and “goods only” agreements and further confirm complementarities between the two. Moreover, we study these relationships disaggregated by the economic status of the partner countries and by the reciprocity of commitments. Our results suggest trade effects of 11.6 – 12.7% from having a services accord alone. They also reveal that the underlying services trade between countries has been driven as much by IRS as by factor differences and that asymmetric trade alliance between North-South partners has been successful in fostering inter-industry trade.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123603109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIPS-Plus Treaty Terms: Dealing with Coercion","authors":"J. Malbon","doi":"10.4337/9781848442863.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781848442863.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) between a strong state and a weak state containing TRIPS-plus terms are often criticized as unfair or exploitative and serving the self-interest of a strong state at the expense of the interests of a weak state. This paper is interested in how it might be decided within a legal framework whether TRIPS-plus terms are unfair or exploitative. An implication underlying the criticisms is that TRIPS-plus terms are obtained through coercion or undue influence, or unfair exploitation of the strong party’s dominant position.This paper imagines an idealized situation in which the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is amended in line with domestic contract law provisions so as to void treaty provisions that are obtained by coercion and unfair exploitation of a party's dominant position. It is then speculated as to whether such a reformed legal position would influence a change in party behaviors to bring about \"fairer\" outcomes.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114536102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Feasibility, General Economic Impact and Implications of a Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and Georgia","authors":"M. Maliszewska, D. Dyker, M. Emerson, Michael Gasiorek, P. Holmes, M. Jakubiak, Andre Jungmittag, Alina Kudina, E. Polyakov, Andrei Roudoi, M. Tokmazishvili, Vicky Korchagin, Georgi Pertaia","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1402915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1402915","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility and implications of free trade agreement between the EU and Armenia as well as of greater regional integration between Georgia, Armenia and the Black Sea countries. The study uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative analysis along with surveys, sectoral studies and local expert knowledge. Overall, we conclude that a free trade agreement between Armenia and the EU is feasible, but a Simple FTA (abolition of tariffs) would not bring significant economic benefits to Armenia. The real gains could materialize over the medium to long term with a completion of a Deep FTA (abolition of tariffs, significant institutional harmonization and improvement in the business environment). Given the slow progress with the implementation of the ENP Action Plan, serious questions remain as to the institutional capacity of Armenia to undertake steps towards harmonization with EU aquis beyond those indicated in the ENP Action Plan. However, these problems might be eased with technical assistance.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130422797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What the Gravity Model of Trade Shows about International Trade Flows in Latin America","authors":"Fernando Martín-Mayoral, G. Jaramillo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1370549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1370549","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to study the main factors that drive the international trade of South American countries using an augmented gravity model of commerce. This model considers not only the volume and directions of bilateral trade, but also other factors inside and between the countries belonging to ANCOM and MERCOSUR. The main conclusion is that there are significant differences for some countries between the predicted trade flows estimated in our augmented gravity model and the actual trade flows. These differences are caused by national commercial policies, suggesting that institutional and regional arrangements do not contribute significantly to promote trade inside the region.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131345886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Treatment of Profit in the Export Market in Antidumping Duty Proceedings","authors":"Brian D. Kelly","doi":"10.54648/trad2008013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2008013","url":null,"abstract":"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Antidumping Code and US law and practice allow a seeming asymmetry in the antidumping calculation. While expenses in the domestic market result in adjustments based on the expense incurred, expenses in the export market may attract an element of profit. This results in a larger adjustment for export sales than for normal value, increasing antidumping duties relative to the case in which the adjustments are made symmetrically. This article appraises US policy both before and after the Uruguay Round Agreements Act using the off-cited “level playing field” rationale to determine whether the additional deduction for profit in the export market is compatible with that rationale. We conclude that US practice prior to the Uruguay Round in fact was largely compatible with the level playing field rationale, but the adoption of the more far-reaching profit calculation following the Uruguay Round has created a serious distortion in the antidumping calculation. Since US law and practice reflect the Antidumping Code in this respect, this problem may exist in the practices of other signatories as well.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128449281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}