LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Multinational Corporation as the Subject of International Law","authors":"Daniel Hendrawan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2397007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2397007","url":null,"abstract":"Multinational Corporation is an enormous economic force in which the economic power itself is spreading in all over the world. It also makes the Multinational Corporation have a direct control the government of a country because the economic power of the country which is highly supported by the income of the Multinational Corporation. In addition, there are several actions that can also influence the law in a country and may also violate international law where observed by many countries. The multinational corporation influence can make a positive and negative impacts for the State in which there is Multinational Corporation. In case of any negative impact that may result in violation of either the national law or the international law, the offender must be punished. This penalty may occur in the event to responsible party. As the holders of rights and obligations it is named as the subject of law. In the international law happens to be happen a violations the agent will be called the subject of international law. the violations on international law occurred between the legal subjects and legal violations that occur in terms of differences in legal subjects and others. Multinational Corporation is the subject of international law, which in this case, the multinational corporation can also violated the international law and also be able to take legal actions in order to relate to the subjects of international law. It is mainly in the financial sector where the most common is a multinational corporation entered into agreements in which more concerning the financial issue.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"25 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120887499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief History of International Investment Agreements","authors":"K. Vandevelde","doi":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388534.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388534.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most remarkable phenomena in international law during the past fifteen years has been the extraordinary increase in the number of agreements concluded relating to the protection or liberalization of foreign investment. More than 2500 such agreements now exist, with the great majority having been concluded since 1990. This number includes almost 2400 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) as well as more than 200 trade agreements that contain investment provisions. Although the number of agreements has accelerated remarkably in recent years, international agreements relating to investment have a long history. Provisions relating to the protection of property abroad may be found in international agreements dating back to the late Eighteenth Century.This essay traces the history of these international investment agreements. It finds that the history thus far comprises three separate eras. The first, the Colonial Era, began in the late Eighteenth Century and continued until the end of the Second World War. The second, the Post-Colonial Era, began with the end of the war and continued until approximately 1990, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The third, the Global Era, began in approximately 1990 and continues until the present.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132038480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building Legitimacy Through Interpretation in Investor-State Arbitration: On Consistency, Coherence and the Identification of Applicable Law","authors":"J. Kurtz","doi":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199685387.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199685387.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"After decades of stability, there are now visible changes to the elasticity of state commitment to investment treaty law and arbitration. State disenchantment has grown steadily over recent years and is even beginning to dangerously manifest itself in forms of hard exit (albeit, at this stage, confined to a handful of parties). The causes of the legitimacy crisis facing the system run much deeper than the usual prescriptions surveyed in the literature to date. This paper begins by arguing that there are weaknesses in both the formal (consent) and substantive (functional) justifications that, singly or collectively, will typically legitimize international economic law constraints in the eyes of states parties. This framing of a legitimacy deficit is then used as an invitation to examine whether investor-state arbitral interpretation might contribute in some way to shoring up the level of state commitment to the system. Any tractable normative prescription in this direction first depends on identifying what states parties expect when delegating adjudicatory power over future disputes to arbitral tribunals. The paper draws on international relations theory in an attempt to accurately conceptualize that understanding. Using those insights, the paper examines both internal and external strategies by which arbitral adjudication can dovetail with this theoretical position and thus potentially contribute to building legitimacy over the regime. On the internal front, the paper first considers the case for consistency. It departs from the conventional assumption of a binary choice and explores instead the possibility of strict consistency in certain settings while allowing for bounded levels of differentiation in others. Ultimately however, it is the coherence and integrity of reasoning employed by arbitral tribunals that is of greatest import to states parties. In a diffuse and heterogeneous network such as investment law, this is necessarily a question of common but sophisticated hermeneutics. Unfortunately however, the state of play in investment arbitration leaves much to be desired. There is also little room for optimism when it comes to the external strategies canvassed in this paper. The identification of applicable (customary) international law is of critical import given the deliberate openness of the investment treaty regime. Yet in a disappointing parallel with the internal dimensions of fostering legitimacy, the surveyed arbitral tribunals have approached this key task superficially and with little appreciation of its charged systemic importance.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123459013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asia and Global Competition Law Convergence","authors":"D. Gerber","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139226349.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139226349.004","url":null,"abstract":"Two topics have featured in discussions of transnational competition law over the last few years — the evolution of competition law in Asia and the global convergence of competition laws. The role of Asia, especially China, in global competition law development has attracted attention primarily because of the dramatically increased economic importance of the region and because of the resulting political and economic leverage that this economic importance has generated for the enforcement of the region’s competition laws. Convergence is a central topic because it represents what is widely considered to be the only currently viable strategy for global competition law development. Curiously, however, the relationship between these two topics is seldom a focus of examination. This chapter sketches elements of that relationship.My objective here is to identify some of the factors in the dynamics of Asian competition law systems that may influence Asia’s role in convergence as a global strategy and thereby impact both the success of such a strategy and its shape. We focus here on decisions and on decisional influences — that is, factors that can be expected to influence decisions by relevant decision-makers.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127848859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU Expansion and Regional Policy","authors":"P. Marer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2240168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2240168","url":null,"abstract":"Since this chapter is about the regional policies of the EU, it is proper to introduce it with a brief discussion of the concept of regionalism and a definition and justification of regional policy.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"15 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131751362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Republic of South Sudan's Accession to the East African Community: Benefits, Detriments and Recommendations","authors":"L. N. Beny, Matthew L. A. Snyder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2293138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2293138","url":null,"abstract":"Accession to the East African Community (\"EAC\") offers many potential benefits for the Republic of South Sudan. For instance, access to ports in Kenya and regional transportation corridors could increase the competitiveness of South Sudanese products. EAC membership could also open up new regional and international markets for South Sudanese products and strengthen South Sudan's negotiating position vis-a-vis non-EAC countries. Moreover, EAC membership may result in knowledge transfer between EAC partner states and increased regional investment. This in turn could promote the development of better domestic infrastructure and generate significant welfare gains. South Sudanese participation in non-economic EAC cooperation programs could also enhance regional security, food security, and natural resource management.But EAC membership could also have detrimental effects. EAC members are expected to implement a variety of economic and non-economic programs, not all of which may be in South Sudan's interest. For instance, EAC policies like common external tariffs (\"CETs\") and common investment rules could constrain South Sudan's ability to implement trade and investment promotion policies. In addition, EAC membership may hurt South Sudanese consumers and entrepreneurs through elevated CETs on consumer goods and exposure to regional competition. Additionally, continued use of non-tariff barriers and political resistance in EAC partner states may prevent full realization of the potential positive benefits of EAC membership. Lastly, as seen in the case of the EAC-EU Economic Partnership Agreement, EAC membership could require South Sudan to make trade concessions to non-EAC countries.As South Sudan appears committed to pursuing EAC membership, it is now necessary to develop a considered negotiation strategy to maximize the potential benefits of integration and mitigate its negative effects. As demonstrated by the Rwanda case study in Part III, this strategy can be implemented through a multi-step process that focuses on determining the positive and negative impact of EAC membership on South Sudan's development and economy, educating local stakeholders, strengthening vulnerable sectors, and mitigating the negative effects of integration.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124315296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects for Services Trade Negotiations","authors":"J. Schott, Minsoo Lee, J. Muir","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2174129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2174129","url":null,"abstract":"Trade and investment in services are difficult to measure, and the regulatory barriers that inhibit the free flow of services are hard to quantify. As a result, very little attention has been paid to dismantling barriers to services trade and investment in free trade negotiations. This paper examines what has been achieved in both regional and multilateral compacts by surveying international precedents involving Asian countries which have included services trade reforms. We then assess the prospects for services trade negotiations and explore how services trade negotiations could be pursued over the next decade through two distinct channels: the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and a plurilateral approach among groups of WTO countries. We find that in the case of developing Asia, free trade agreements have largely excluded services or have only committed to \"lock in\" current practices in a narrow subset of service sectors. This is also the case in agreements negotiated between developing countries, which have produced less substantial commitments to liberalize services than those negotiated between developing and developed countries. Multilateral negotiations on services have also underperformed, as substantive negotiations on services in the Doha Round never really got underway. We advocate a stronger effort by developing Asian countries to prioritize services negotiations in their regional arrangements, and to expand coverage of services in those pacts to a broad range of infrastructure services that are included in other FTAs in force or under construction in the Asia-Pacific region.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123582011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The European Courts’ Jurisprudence after Altmark; Evolution or Devolution?","authors":"H. Vedder, Marijn Holwerda","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2042720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2042720","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the European Courts' jurisprudence since Altmark. In this judgment the Court had to decide on the status of public financing of services of general economic interest. Such financing could be seen as a state aid within the meaning of Article 107 TFEU or rather as a compensation for certain costs that does not entail an advantage and thus falls outside the scope of Article 107 TFEU. We find that the Courts have opted for a mixture of the state aid and compensation approach that was later modified to take into account the complexities of Member State regulations of services of general economic interest. Notably the Courts' application of the fourth Altmark criterion (relating to the tendering or benchmark to ensure efficiency) has resulted in some controversy. We find that the modification or even disapplication of this criterion that is seen in BUPA and Chronopost disappears whenever an undertaking entrusted with a service of general economic interest is accused of engaging in actions contrary to the antitrust rules enshrined in Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. This compensates the negative effects that BUPA and Chronopost have on the judicial protection afforded to competitors of the undertaking delivering the service of general economic interest.","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122005747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"북한의 투자유치 정책변화와 남북경협 방향 (Change in North Korea's Policy for Foreign Direct Investment and Future Direction of the Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation)","authors":"Hyung-gon Jeong, Ji-yeon Kim, Jong-won Lee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2322553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2322553","url":null,"abstract":"만성적인 경제난을 겪고 있는 북한은 2000년대 들어 대외경제관계 확대와 해외자본 유치를 위해 부분적인 정책변화를 시도하였다. 무역 확대와 외국인투자 유치를 위해 북한당국은 2000년대 경제특구 확대를 시도하고 법‧제도, 행정체계 정비 등의 조치를 취하였다. 북한은 2002년에 ‘7‧1경제관리개선조치’의 후속조치로 경제특구 확대를 발표하였다. 2002년 9월 신의주특별행정구 설치 발표를 시작으로, 같은 해 10월에 금강산관광지구, 11월에는 개성공업지구를 각각 새로운 경제특구로 지정·발표하였다. 또한 2011년 6월에는 나선특구와 황금평에 대한 착공식과 함께 북·중 양국의 공동개발계획이 발표되었다. 1992년 제정 이후 사문화되었던 외국인투자 관련 법령들은 2000년대 중반 이후 수정‧보완되었다. 실례로 2004년에는 무역성 산하에 ｢국제무역중재위원회｣를 신설하였고, 대북투자와 관련된 법적 문제 해결을 위한 북한 내 외국 법률컨설팅을 위한 평양법률사무소도 개소하였다. 최근 북한당국은 외자유치를 위해 새롭게 조직된 대풍국제투자그룹과 합영투자위원회를 중심으로 외자유치 활동에 적극 나서고 있다. 2000년대 중반 이후 외자유치의 중요성이 증가하자 북한당국은 2009년 12월에 정부 직속기관으로 ‘합영투자지도국’을 만들었다. 이후 2010년 7월 내각 전원회의의 비준으로 합영투자지도국을 합영투자위원회로 격상시켰다. 합영투자위원회는 내각의 성급 기관으로 북한의 외자유치와 합영·합작 등 외국과 관련된 모든 사업을 지도하는 국가적 중앙지도 기관으로 역할을 하고 있다. 외자 유치에 대한 북한당국의 변화된 태도와 함께 북한 자원 개발, 저렴한 인건비 활용, 내수시장 개척 등을 위한 외국기업의 관심이 증가함으로써 2000년대 북한의 외자유치는 증가하였다. 비록 북한의 외자유치 실적이 규모 면에서는 베트남과 같은 체제전환국과 제3세계 개도국과 비교하여 매우 낮지만, 북한의 외자유치는 2000년대 양적 성장과 질적 변화를 보였다. 북한은 자원개발 분야를 중심으로 제조업, 금융, 상품유통, 정보통신, 건설 등의 분야에서 외국인투자를 유치하였다. 중국, 유럽, 남한을 포함한 외국기업들은 북한의 경제특구인 개성공단, 나진·선봉지역뿐만 아니라 평양, 남포, 청진 등의 주요 도시에도 진출하였다. 투자영역의 확대와 함께 투자 금액과 기업 수가 증가함으로써 외국인투자가 북한경제에 미치는 영향이 증가하였다. 북한의 최근 외자유치 정책과 실적에서 나타나는 가장 두드러진 특징은 중국의 대북투자가 크게 증가하고 북한의 대중 의존도가 더욱 심화되고 있는 것이다. 과거 소규모 기업과 상인들이 북한에서 식당, 상점, 양식장 등을 운영하는 수준이었던 중국은 2000년대 중반 국유기업들이 자원개발에 본격적으로 진출하면서 대북 최대 투자국으로 부상하게 되었다. 중국기업은 광물자원 개발을 중심으로 제조업, 유통업 등에 투자하고 있다. 더욱이 중국의 동북3성 진흥계획과 연계되어 북·중 접경지역 산업기반시설에 대한 투자가 최근 가시화되고 있다. 북한과 중국은 2011년에 나선지역과 신의주 황금평지역을 경제특구로 공동 개발·운영하겠다는 계획을 발표하였다. 중국은 지린성 창지투 개발계획을 추진하는 과정에서 북한으로부터 나진‧청진항에 대한 사용권을 확보하였고, 북한은 이에 대한 조건으로 중국과 나선지대 내 인프라 시설 구축 및 지대개발에 합의하였다. 황금평지역 역시 중국은 랴오닝성 경제벨트 조성사업과 연계해 개발하고 있으며, 북한은 이에 대한 대가로 중국에 개발권을 제공한 상태이다. 중국의 대북투자 확대와 북·중 양자간 경제협력 강화는 긍정적, 부정적 측면을 모두 가지고 있다. 중국의 투자로 나진·선봉, 신의주를 중심으로 한 북·중 접경지역의 교통 인프라와 산업시설이 개선되면 이들 지역의 개발 잠재력은 크게 증가할 것이다. 또한 중국과의 공동관리 형태로 나진·선봉, 신의주 지역이 개발될 경우 북·중 간의 경제협력은 북한경제 회복과 시장화를 촉진하는 긍정적 변화에 기여할 수도 있다. 그러나 핵개발 문제로 북한의 대외관계가 악화되는 가운데 진행되고 있는 북한 외자유치의 대중국 편중 현상은 부정적인 측면이 크다. 이는 북·중 간의 관계가 정치·외교 분야에서 경제 분야로까지 밀착이 심화될 뿐만 아니라, 북한 경제가 구조적으로 중국에 종속될 문제를 발생시킬 수 있다. 북한은 2000년대 들어서 부분적 대외개방을 추진하면서 남한과 유럽 국가와의 관계개선을 도모하여 경제 협력의 다변화를 추진하기도 하였다. 그러나 핵개발을 지속함으로써 북한의 국제적 고립은 다시 심화되었다. 더욱이 대남 강경조치와 연평도 포격사건 등 일련의 사건들이 발생하면서 남북관계는 냉각되었다. 남북관계 악화에 따라 2000년대 후반 남한기업의 대북투자가 위축된 이후 북한의 외국인투자는 중국에 대한 의존이 더욱 커지고 있다. 북한의 대중국 의존도 심화는 북한의 정치, 경제 협력대상을 중국이라는 특정국가에 한정시키는 문제를 야기하였다. 더욱이 북한이 중국의 저렴한 노동력, 자원 공급원으로 전락할 경우 향후 남한, 일본, 유럽 등의 투자 유치와 경제협력 확대에 걸림돌로 작용할 가능성도 배제할 수 없다. 북한의 외국인 투자환경은 여전히 열악한 실정이다. 체재 내부의 개혁 결여, 낙후된 산업인프라, 미비한 법·제도, 경직된 행정체계 등은 외국기업의 대북 진출을 제약하고 있다. 외국기업의 대북투자가 2000년대 들어 증가하고는 있지만, 북한의 외국인투자 유치의 형태는 문제점을 드러내고 있다. 대북투자를 고려하거나 실행하였던 외국기업들이 북한 측과 갈등을 경험한 사례가 많이 발생하였다. 북한 광산기업과 투자계약을 체결한 남한, 중국, 유럽 기업이 투자를 유보하거나 철회한 배경에는 북한당국의 채굴권 제공에 따른 과도한 대가 요구와 북한 진출에 따른 기업의 추가적인 부대비용 발생이 있었다. 또한 북한 관계기관과의 마찰, 통신연결 및 인적 이동의 제약, 낮은 생산품질 등을 이유로 논의되던 투자가 중단되거나 투자한 외국기업이 철수하는 사례가 발생하였다. 무엇보다도 북한의 외국인투자 유치 확대와 다각화를 제약하는 가장 큰 걸림돌은 북한의 핵문제 해결 지연과 국제사회의 대북 경제제재이다. 따라서","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133299927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating Pensions: Why the European Union Matters","authors":"H. V. Meerten, A. Brink, Sybe A. de Vries","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1950765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1950765","url":null,"abstract":"This discussion paper explores how EU law affects national pensions systems, be it directly (by regulating pensions explicitly) or indirectly (by providing a regulatory framework that must be respected in the field of pensions as well as in other fields). Moreover, the focus will be on some fundamental questions: what should be the scope of the IORP directive? Which pension funds and schemes should be subject to it? How do we overcome the political dilemmas when regulating pensions? (Part of the paper appeared in book form in 2012.)","PeriodicalId":320446,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Regional Arrangements (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122849612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}