{"title":"Quantitative measurement of the moisture content in thin films","authors":"J. N. Cox, G. Shergill, M. Rose, J. Chu","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127918","url":null,"abstract":"A description is given of the modification and application of a moisture evolution analyzer to quantitatively measure the moisture content of thin-film dielectrics used in VLSI manufacture. The development of computerized acquisition of moisture, temperature, and time data permits adsorbed water to be distinguished from more tightly bound absorbed water. The incorporation of a computer-driven temperature controller and a 7-in.-diameter crucible furnace allows the moisture evolution characteristics of thin films on 150-mm-diameter wafers to be studied under a wide variety of temperature cycles and ramps up to 1000 degrees C. Studies of thermal oxides, plasma oxides, spin-on-glass, and CVD doped and undoped oxides show moisture contents from less than 0.01 wt.% to in excess of 10 wt.% water, demonstrating the sensitivity and range of the technique. The results for borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) thin films as a function of doping levels are presented. The moisture in these films was found to be partitioned approximately equally between adsorbed and absorbed moisture. As the doping levels (wt.%B/wt.%P) were varied from 0/4.2 to 2.5/3.8, the moisture content varied by 30%. The effects of low-temperature heat treatments and alternative deposition chemistries are also discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129610315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Planarization for 0.5 mu m CMOS/BiCMOS technology","authors":"P. Pai","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127927","url":null,"abstract":"An all-SOG (spin-on glass) planarization process is proposed for 0.5- mu m VLSI technology. The limited depth-of-focus of advanced lithography demands good planarization for both under-metal and inter-metal dielectric layers. A silicate SOG-based process was characterized for interpoly and poly-to-metal planarization, and a siloxane SOG-based process was characterized for inter-metal planarization. The poisoned via problem was solved by using a selective CVD W process for via filling. The specific via resistance is lower than 2*10/sup -8/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ with a good yield (no failure for 240000 vias).<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130053700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A via failure mode in electromigration of multilevel interconnect","authors":"N. Bui, V. Pham, J. Yue, D.L. Wollesen","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127857","url":null,"abstract":"Via electromigration (EM) performance of (Al-1% Si-0.5% Cu)/(Ti/TiN/Al-1% Si-0.5% Cu) metallization systems has been evaluated for vias with sizes ranging from 1 mu m to 2 mu m. The electrical open failure mode for vias was observed during EM test at high temperatures and with different current densities. The activation energy and current exponent were obtained, suggesting surface and lattice diffusion as the probable failure mechanisms. A novel observation from this study was the self-healing of failed vias when the failed chains were stored at room or high temperatures. A model for the failure mechanism is proposed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"368 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126703830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of barrier metal under first aluminum layer on reliability of interconnect vias and contact","authors":"T. Wada, I. Matsuo, T. Umemoto","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127900","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that the lifetime due to electromigration is affected by the barrier metal under the first aluminum layer. The reliability of interconnect vias and contacts is greatly improved by using Ti/TiN barrier metal. The effect of barrier metals can be explained by the presence of Si nodules and hillocks at vias. In aluminum with MoSi, many Si nodules induced by MoSi were observed. These Si nodules degrade the reliability of interconnect vias. On the other hand, in aluminum with a Ti/TiN barrier, Si nodules and hillocks were extremely few.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126944308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Menz, R. Braun, W. Henkel, R. Huber, B. Neureither, O. Spindler, H. Treichel
{"title":"Low stress oxide/nitride passivation topography and influence on electrical devices","authors":"K. Menz, R. Braun, W. Henkel, R. Huber, B. Neureither, O. Spindler, H. Treichel","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127906","url":null,"abstract":"A new low-stress oxide/nitride sandwich passivation using layers of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) TEOS and PECVD Si/sub x/N/sub y/H/sub z/ that achieves high device lifetimes is presented. A nonplanarized low-stress sandwich as well as a planarized one are investigated. The planarization includes deposition and in-situ etching of the TEOS-based PECVD oxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of narrow metal 2 spaces and via holes show a conformal oxide/nitride deposition and local planarization of the oxide without voids, respectively. In the case of the nonplanarized passivation variation, as compared to the passivation sandwich with high stress, the lifetimes of three different NMOS devices are increased by a factor of 3-4.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133208165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Clark, P. E. Riley, M. Chang, S. Ghanayem, C. Leung, A. Mak
{"title":"Integrated deposition and etchback of tungsten in a multi-chamber, single-wafer system","authors":"T. Clark, P. E. Riley, M. Chang, S. Ghanayem, C. Leung, A. Mak","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127936","url":null,"abstract":"An integrated deposition and etchback process to form tungsten plugs in submicron contacts and vias was developed using experimental design and response-surface methodology to characterize both the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) chamber and the magnetron-enhanced etchback chamber for 150-mm-diameter wafer processing. Tungsten was deposited at 80 torr and 475 degrees C by the H/sub 2/ reduction of WF/sub 6/. Etchback was then carried out in two steps: bulk tungsten was etched with an Ar/SF/sub 6/ mixture until excited N/sub 2/ molecules from the underlying TiN adhesion layer were detected in the plasma, and residual TiN was then etched for a fixed time with an Ar/Cl/sub 2/ plasma. Both etching steps employ a rotating magnetic field. Although the use of the magnetic field has no pronounced effect on the etch rate of ether film, it provides broad regions of highly uniform etching. In addition, the DC bias voltage, which was measured as part of the TiN study, decreases with increasing magnetic field without reducing the etch rate of the film.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133332167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Lee, M. Galiano, P. Keswick, J. Wong, B. Shin, D. Wang
{"title":"Sub-atmospheric chemical vapor deposition (SACVD) of TEOS-ozone USG and BPSG","authors":"P. Lee, M. Galiano, P. Keswick, J. Wong, B. Shin, D. Wang","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127910","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. TEOS and ozone based USG and BPSG deposited by subatmospheric CVD (SACVD) have shown good film properties and planarization abilities on high-aspect-ratio structures. The SACVD reactor is capable of operating from low pressure to nearly atmospheric pressure and also in plasma mode. SACVD USG and SACVD BPSG using trimethylborate (TMB) and triethylphosphite (TEP) as dopants are described. In addition, in-situ integration of SACVD, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), and etchback processes is discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122854915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ahn, C. Oh, W. Hwang, J. Koh, Y. Song, G. S. Cho, C. Ko, D. Harra, Y.K. Kim, J. van Gogh, C. Shin
{"title":"Advances in production methods in VLSI and ULSI technology using isolated-chamber sputter deposition of Al 1% Si films","authors":"Y. Ahn, C. Oh, W. Hwang, J. Koh, Y. Song, G. S. Cho, C. Ko, D. Harra, Y.K. Kim, J. van Gogh, C. Shin","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127886","url":null,"abstract":"Sputtering process optimization is described as related to steady-state production of VLSI and ULSI devices using isolated deposition modules in a production environment. Improvements in step coverage for Al-1%-Si, obtained over VLSI and ULSI level topology typical of 1-Mb to 16-Mb semiconductor devices, are described, and data are presented. Techniques for improving the average step coverage and the worst-case step coverage over 1- mu m-thick BPSG contact openings are discussed. The process improvements require the use of isolated processing chambers for specific processing steps in the appropriate chambers. By taking advantage of the isolated processing chambers and fine tuning various process settings, the worst-case step coverage was improved from 25 to 40% for a typical VLSI topology. These techniques were also effective in reducing step coverage over opposing contact-opening sidewalls across the wafer. The factors and deposition conditions responsible for these improvements are presented. Corresponding data on grain size and silicon nodule size as a function of deposition conditions after contact alloy are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115434824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Adamski, D. Uffmann, S. Meiser, L. Niewohner, C. Schaffer
{"title":"Low resistance epitaxial CoSi/sub 2/-contacts for VLSI circuits","authors":"C. Adamski, D. Uffmann, S. Meiser, L. Niewohner, C. Schaffer","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127932","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation was conducted of the epitaxial growth of CoSi/sub 2/ on heavily ion implanted Si","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127376118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A high performance, four metal layer interconnect system for bipolar and BiCMOS circuits","authors":"S. Wilson, J. Freeman, C. Tracy","doi":"10.1109/VMIC.1990.127841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VMIC.1990.127841","url":null,"abstract":"Two similar four-layer metal systems have been developed to meet the requirements of MOSAIC IV and V high-performance bipolar and BiCMOS circuits. These systems have planarized surfaces obtained using an n-layer photoresist and etchback processes with PETEOS as an interlayer dielectric (ILD). The high-aspect-ratio vias are filled with a multistep hot sputtered Al process. CVD W is also being evaluated as a via fill process. The initial design rules were based on the circuit goals, performance modeling, process and material capabilities, and reliability goals. The development of these processes and the design rule selection process are discussed. Test vehicles were built, and the processes and modeling were verified. Results from the test vehicles as well as a MOSAIC IV demonstration circuit are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":320318,"journal":{"name":"Seventh International IEEE Conference on VLSI Multilevel Interconnection","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127293605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}