EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0013
Eleonore Stump
{"title":"Dante on the Evil of Treachery","authors":"Eleonore Stump","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Dante is a superb Thomist; and, in his Divine Comedy, he puts flesh on Aquinas’s sophisticated philosophical and theological views by means of an allegory with novelistic elements. In the Inferno, Dante the traveler exemplifies the way in which to do well what the sinner in hell did horribly. The punishment of the sinner shows the ugliness of a particular evil, and the actions of Dante the traveler show something powerfully good that is the alternative, the near neighbor, of the evil. By this twinned means, the nature of the seven deadly sins is vividly exposed, and true goodness and love, opposed to all the seven deadly sins, is illuminated and poignantly depicted. Furthermore, Dante is not only a superb Thomist and an insightful philosopher in his own right, but he incarnates the philosophy in narrative; and that makes all the difference in the world to his ability to give us insight into evil.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129216536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0026
A. Margalit
{"title":"Satanically Great Instigators and Banal Compliers","authors":"A. Margalit","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"This Reflection focuses on three of the great threats we confront in thinking about evil. First, we often forget to distinguish clearly between instigators of evil and compliers with evil. Second, we are too often tempted to think of the instigators as satanically great embodiments of pure evil—outside the moral domain. Second, we are also tempted to think that compliers are all banal and, in some sense, less guilty than the instigators.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116331297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0025
G. Motzkin
{"title":"Evil After the Holocaust","authors":"G. Motzkin","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"After the Holocaust, we have a new appreciation of the concept of radical evil. Radical evil is evil that is not defined in comparison to the good; it is evil even when there is no good. Crimes against humanity, or crimes that challenge the concept of humanity, are challenges to the whole code, not infractions of some rule. Because radical evil transcends the law, the commission of radical evil is inexpiable. Since such a crime has a conceptual basis, instigators are as guilty if not guiltier than perpetrators. The Holocaust, by linking radical evil to mass extermination, marks a new phase in our historical experience. The contrast between good and evil is replaced by the contrast between good and neutral. Since radical evil reconfigures the good as the neutral, and then also reconfigures the evil as neutral, neutrality in the face of radical evil is no longer an option.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127423664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0016
Samuel J Newlands
{"title":"Evils, Privations, and the Early Moderns","authors":"Samuel J Newlands","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the concept of evil in the works of early modern rationalists—especially Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Prior to the seventeenth century, there was a consensus among medieval Christians that evil was a privation of goodness. By the eighteenth century, privation theory had been mostly abandoned by leading theists. How and why did this conceptual shift occur? I first explore the nature and role of privation theory in medieval accounts of evil. I then turn to the early modern criticisms of this once dominant concept of evil and trace its abandonment. I conclude by wondering whether the early modern eclipse of privation theory has been wholly salutary for theists.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125518719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0007
Rachana Kamtekar
{"title":"Explaining Evil in Plato, Euripides, and Seneca","authors":"Rachana Kamtekar","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Plato distinguishes two kinds of explanation: rational explanation of an agent’s practical reasoning leading to the selection of an action as a reasonable means to a good end, and dispositional explanation, given in terms of the agency that is such as to bring about an action of a given sort. Rational explanation seeks completion in the explainer’s recognition of the agent’s end as a good and the agent’s means as reasonable, which confers intelligibility on the action; dispositional explanation is a fallback when the explainer cannot see the agent’s end as good or means as reasonable—as is the case with evil. This claim is illustrated in Euripides’s and Seneca’s Medea plays.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124080359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0022
Eric C. Martin, E. Watkins
{"title":"Evil, Natural Science, and Animal Suffering","authors":"Eric C. Martin, E. Watkins","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates how historical developments within the natural sciences—specifically, the emergence of mathematical physics in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and of evolutionary biology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—shaped European thought about evil. The chapter also considers how the problem of evil takes on different forms and elicits different responses as a result. The first section describes how laws of nature became fundamental to science in the early modern period and then shows how that development influenced conceptions of both moral and natural evil. The second section turns to evolutionary biology and describes the evolutionary problem of evil in its terms. The third section considers Charles Darwin’s position on the problem before examining broadly Darwinian theodicies in the fourth section.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128077586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0012
B. Davies
{"title":"Evil and Late Medieval Thought","authors":"B. Davies","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter briefly explains how medieval thinkers understand the notions of “good” (bonum) and “evil” (malum). It then explains how Thomas Aquinas thinks of good and evil in general. It notes how he distinguishes between goodness and badness in things. It also notes how he tries to relate goodness and badness in the world to God, considered as totally good. In doing so it explains how it is that Aquinas, like other medieval theologians, is never concerned to turn to the existence of evil while trying to explain how God can be morally exonerated for permitting it. It also explains what Aquinas takes to be the causal connection between instances of evil and God.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121751237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0010
Clark West
{"title":"Hell as a Problem of Evil in Medieval Women Mystics","authors":"Clark West","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In the thirteenth century, it was unusual to regard the doctrine of hell as generating a problem of evil that needs to be solved. For most scholastic theologians it was, rather, a large part of the effort to create a theodicy for evil. Nevertheless, there were dissenters. In this Reflection, I consider the resignatio ad infernum tradition—most powerfully articulated by a number of women mystics writing in the vernacular—in which love of God, love of neighbor, and a willingness to be damned in solidarity with reprobates were simultaneously upheld. I also consider some later iterations of similar ideas in Dostoevsky and Camus.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123802363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0021
Susan Neiman
{"title":"What Happened to Evil?","authors":"Susan Neiman","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the reasons why the problem of evil was ignored in twentieth-century mainstream philosophy. It first examines the belief that the problem of evil is a religious problem and argues to the contrary that while the problem of evil is one of the major impulses behind the development of religion, religion is not the source of the problem of evil. It then argues that the problem of evil is the driving force behind most of modern philosophy. Special focus is given to nineteenth-century philosophy, which was often largely ignored in the analytic tradition precisely because it was so focused not only on understanding but also solving the problem of evil. While sometimes expressed in secular form as a claim about progress in history, the problem of evil plays a central role in the work of Hegel, Schopenhauer, Marx, and Nietzsche, each of whose work is briefly explored with reference to that role.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124743039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0009
P. King
{"title":"Augustine on Evil","authors":"P. King","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Augustine’s account of evil has influenced most later thinkers in the western tradition. He argues for three central theses: (a) evil is the lack of some positive feature that ought to be present, a “privation”; (b) moral evil comes about solely from the less-than-perfect free choices of rational beings; and (c) all suffering—which need not be the result of moral evil but perhaps of natural processes or events—is morally justified. As part of his defense of (b), Augustine states in full generality the problem of evil (namely, how can there be any genuine evil in a world presided over by an omnipotent and benevolent deity?), and articulates in reply the free will defense. The arguments Augustine offers in support of the free will defense, and in favor of (a)–(c), are set forth and their implications assessed. The upshot is a coherent account of evil that dominated the debates for many centuries to come.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115483355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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