EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0014
Derk Pereboom
{"title":"Calvinism and the Demonic in the Divine","authors":"Derk Pereboom","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Many of John Calvin’s followers took him to be advocating a supralapsarian view of salvation history according to which God has decided, from all eternity, what will happen, who will be elected, and who will be damned. This raises obvious questions about divine goodness—or, put another way, this brand of Calvinism raises questions about the extent to which there is a streak of the diabolical even in the heart of the divine. Such a view of the divine tends to provoke a strong reaction, which we see in Horace Mann’s turn to a view of the divine that foregrounds kindness and ethical integrity.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131059244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0018
George Huxford
{"title":"Kant’s Journey on Evil","authors":"George Huxford","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This reflection offers an overview of the development of Kant’s thought on evil from a Leibnizian starting point to his definitive stance in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. It was a journey with two significant milestones along the way. First, his recognition that what he termed “physical evil” was not evil at all but rather just the workings of nature with harmful consequences. Second, that evil, despite its negative results, is ontologically positive. The journey’s final destination was reached when Kant concluded that there is only one real evil, moral evil—the evil that we do to each other and which comes from within.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133254363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0011
Nadja Germann
{"title":"but draw not nigh this tree","authors":"Nadja Germann","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of evil in Islamic thought is as heterogeneous as Islam itself. Consequently, this chapter focuses on the major conceptual shifts this notion underwent during the formative period of Islamic culture, i.e. the time between the Qurʾānic revelation and the first consolidation of what might be called the orthodox Sunnite position in the eleventh/twelfth century. The study is focused on two crucial stages. The first section, dedicated to Islam’s core reference point and founding document (the Qurʾān) seeks to investigate ideas of evil in Islam’s holy book and, thus, explore the framework within which discussions about evil developed among Muslim scholars. The second section examines a passage by al-Ghazālī, an Ashʿarite thinker who played a pivotal role in the formation of orthodoxy. There, al-Ghazālī engages in a debate with his opponents, the Muʿtazilites, on the subject of evil—this offers unique insight into key conceptual controversies in early Islam.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126760404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0008
D. O’meara
{"title":"Explaining Evil in Late Antiquity","authors":"D. O’meara","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of evil was often debated in the Greco-Roman world of late antiquity. Two very influential contributors to this debate were the Christian theologian Augustine and the pagan Platonist Proclus, whose theory of evil reached the Middle Ages through a paraphrase in the Pseudo-Dionysius. Augustine and Proclus were both influenced by, and distanced themselves from, the original theory of evil developed by the pagan Platonist philosopher Plotinus in the third century AD. Plotinus identified the indeterminate background (“matter”) against which the physical world appears as the reason for the existence of physical and moral evil. Here a summary of Plotinus’s theory of evil is given, together with a discussion of the various difficulties and objections that arise, in particular in Proclus’s criticism of it.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"18 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121643108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0005
E. Hamori
{"title":"The Early History of Satan","authors":"E. Hamori","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 ha-satan (the adversary) is an ambiguous figure in the earliest Hebrew texts. Far from being the malevolent, majestic embodiment of pure evil imagined by Milton, the figure we confront in the Hebrew Bible can sometimes be a source of assistance around the heavenly court. Conversely, and even more surprisingly, Yahweh is depicted in some of these texts as having a moral character that is not wholly good. This Reflection assesses the way the depiction of ha-satan evolves across various parts of the Hebrew Bible, and relates it to the way the character of the devil is depicted in Christianity.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123313639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0004
Carol A. Newsom
{"title":"Evil in the Hebrew Bible","authors":"Carol A. Newsom","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In ancient Israelite literature sustained intellectual reflection on evil occurs mainly in the wisdom literature, focused on the respective fates of the righteous and the wicked. These reflections can helpfully be brought into conversation with modern philosophy through the work of Susan Neiman, who frames the problem of evil in relation to the question of the intelligibility of the world. The Israelite wisdom literature takes a variety of positions on the issue, ranging from a relative confidence in the intelligibility of the world (Proverbs) to a tragic perception of moral rationality as central to human existence but not necessarily to God’s creation (Job) to an ironic despair that since the rationality that governs the cosmos cannot be grasped by humans, even the fundamental relationship between acts and their consequences is rendered unreliable, so that there is finally no clear difference in the fates of the righteous and the wicked (Ecclesiastes).","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126361018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0017
E. Sisman
{"title":"Is Don Giovanni Evil?","authors":"E. Sisman","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Although Mozart’s librettist for Don Giovanni, Lorenzo Da Ponte, explicitly invoked Dante’s Inferno as a source of his inspiration, both text and music tell a much more ambivalent story. The parts of the action familiar to its first audiences (the night-time escape and duel, the country maid, the statue of the dead Commander coming to dinner) were complicated by Don Giovanni’s persuasive, even heroic music and the hyper-dramatic self-justifications by his would-be conquests. Chronicling the Don’s last day, the opera focuses on his behaviors both nonchalant and impassioned as well as the inability of patriarchal norms and punishments to contain him. The opening scene, the episodic introduction of the women, and the serenade in Act II are seen here as telling examples of Mozart and Da Ponte’s desire—as in their other two collaborations, Le nozze di Figaro and Così fan tutte—to accommodate a serious moral tale to the poignant delights of comic opera. They reveal a vision of the Don beyond good and evil.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117106244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0027
W. Chan
{"title":"On Google and Not Being Evil","authors":"W. Chan","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"In this Reflection, an early product manager at Google discusses his view of the way the famous motto in the company Code of Conduct—“Don’t be Evil”—functioned to prevent certain kinds of ruthlessness, but also to improve the relationship with the customer and the corporate bottom line. The author argues that, contrary to popular opinion, Google in fact tried to avoid exploiting the user data that they collected, as well as data from Google Analytics, and that the “Don’t be Evil” motto was important in helping employees make good decisions. The Reflection is thus a kind of apologia on behalf of Google (at least in its early days) against now-familiar charges that it is part of the company’s essential strategy to engage in various nefarious activities.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134539000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0015
S. Pinnock
{"title":"Feminine Evil and Witchcraft","authors":"S. Pinnock","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The brief Reflection looks at the history of witches in both early modern Europe and the New World. Thousands of women were condemned as witting or unwitting sources of physical and metaphysical evil. Witches were blamed for a variety of misfortunes including illness, crop failure, and the deaths of babies or mothers during childbirth. Evils committed by witches were objects of lurid fascination attributed to demonic forces, documented by monks, priests, and church authorities. Eroticized accusations reflected profound misogyny and suspicion toward those who did not conform to the patriarchal norms of church and society. Many of these witches were put to death in horrible ways, thereby adding rather than subtracting from the evils in the world.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116441195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EvilPub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0019
A. Wood
{"title":"Evil in Classical German Philosophy","authors":"A. Wood","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199915453.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares the accounts of evil will and evil moral psychology in Kant, Fichte, and Kierkegaard. For Kant, evil is the result of a free but ultimately incomprehensible choice on the part of rational agents to prefer self-advantage over the moral law when encountering others in society. For Fichte, evil may involve improperly giving in to natural drives, but it can also involve the giving oneself over to the pure drive to self-sufficiency. Both forms of evil manifest a self-deceptive obscurity and willful complacency that Fichte calls despair. Kierkegaard appropriates this notion of despair and incorporates it into his own more traditional (and less rationalist) picture of sin and redemption.","PeriodicalId":318625,"journal":{"name":"Evil","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130006617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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