From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series最新文献_第9页

Texts Do Not Reflect Outer Reality. What Do They Do Then 文本不反映外部现实。然后他们会做什么

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.219

K. Abriszewski

引用次数: 0

On the Pragmatics of Unanswerable Questions 论无法回答问题的语用学

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.63

Peter Kügler

{"title":"On the Pragmatics of Unanswerable Questions","authors":"Peter Kügler","doi":"10.1515/9783110330571.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110330571.63","url":null,"abstract":"Unanswerability claims – statements to the effect that some questions are unanswerable – come in various forms. After a review of some historic and contemporary examples, Wittgenstein´s conception of unanswerability in the Tractatus and the Lecture on Ethics is discussed more deeply. There, the leading theme is similarity (analogy) between natural science and ordinary language on the one side, and metaphysical discourse on the other. To assess unanswerability claims, we need a general account of the logic of questions and answers; we need to know what makes a statement a complete (direct) answer to a question. It turns out that this is mainly a matter of the pragmatics of language. In particular, it depends on psychological and sociological factors, which often have been acknowledged but underrated in erotetic logic. The most important part of context that determines whether a statement is admitted as a possible answer to a question seems to be the paradigm to which questioners and respondents belong. Wittgenstein´s unanswerability claims reflect the naturalistic paradigm he shared with Russell. Whereas Wittgenstein rejected analogies that cannot be replaced by non-analogical statements, metaphysical paradigms typically promote explanations in terms of irreducible analogies. Whereas Wittgenstein located values in the area of the mystical, i.e., of that which cannot be said, teleological paradigms assume them to exist in the world, at the disposal of science. An answer rated as deficient by some philosophers is accepted by members of other traditions. Unanswerability claims contribute to create paradigms; there is no context-independent notion of unanswerability.","PeriodicalId":317292,"journal":{"name":"From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133275446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Das erlösende Wort 救主的话语

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/8859.003.0013

James C. Klagge

引用次数: 2

Realismus, Ontologie und Sprachabhängigkeit 现实主义安学和语言依赖性

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.157

V. Gadenne

{"title":"Realismus, Ontologie und Sprachabhängigkeit","authors":"V. Gadenne","doi":"10.1515/9783110330571.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110330571.157","url":null,"abstract":"Vertreter eines metaphysischen Realismus lehnen gewohnlich die Annahme ab, dass die Welt eine Konstruktion sei oder dass unsere Erkenntnis der Welt in einem gewissen Sinne sprach- oder theorieabhangig sei. Nun ist es aber kaum zu bestreiten, dass Wahrnehmung und Kognition konstruktive Prozesse sind. Die entscheidende Frage ist, ob der konstruktive Charakter der Kognition mit der Annahme vertraglich ist, dass wir Erkenntnisse uber eine unabhangige, an sich existierende Welt haben. Die letzte Annahme lasst sich in mehrere Punkte gliedern, die getrennt zu prufen sind: Ist z.B. die weiter gehende These gerechtfertigt, dass die Welt unabhangig von Sprache und Kognition eine bestimmte Struktur hat (also eine \"fertige\" Welt darstellt), selbst wenn wir diese nicht herausfinden konnen? Als entscheidend erweisen sich dann die beiden folgenden Fragen: 1) Ist es gerechtfertigt, eine bestimmte wissenschaftliche Theorie ihren Konkurrenten unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Wahrheit vorzuziehen? 2) Und ist eine solche rationale Praferenz auch bei ontologischen Theorien moglich? Ein erkenntnistheoretischer Realismus setzt voraus, dass zumindest die erste Frage bejaht wird. Und nur ein Realist, der beide Fragen bejaht, hat Grund, die These einer Sprach- bzw. Theorieabhangigkeit der Welt zuruckzuweisen.","PeriodicalId":317292,"journal":{"name":"From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133573560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How the Category of Embodiment Transforms the Problems of Philosophy of the Language: The Case of Understanding 体现范畴如何改变语言哲学问题:以理解为例

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.235

A. Derra

引用次数: 0

Sprechen als vernünftiges Handeln: Grundlage einer rationalen Hermeneutik 说话就像是理性行为的基础

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.53

P. Janich

引用次数: 0

Und Gott war das Wort: Wittgensteins niedrige Absichten 史诗般的爱情和爱情

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.169

Esther Ramharter

{"title":"Und Gott war das Wort: Wittgensteins niedrige Absichten","authors":"Esther Ramharter","doi":"10.1515/9783110330571.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110330571.169","url":null,"abstract":"Wittgenstein insistiert auf einer niedrigen Verwendung von Wortern: „Wahrend doch die Worte ‚Sprache’, ‚Erfahrung’, ‚Welt’, wenn sie eine Verwendung haben, eine so niedrige Verwendung haben, wie die Worte ‚Tisch’, ‚Lampe’, ‚Tur’.“ (PU § 97) Dieser nivellierenden Wendung scheint jedoch folgende Stelle entgegenzustehen: „Das Leben kann zum Glauben an Gott erziehen […] – das Leben kann uns diesen Begriff aufzwingen. Er ist dann etwa ahnlich dem Begriff ‚Gegenstand’.“ (VB, S. 571) Es wurde uns verwundern, wenn hier statt „Gegenstand“ etwa „Lampe“ stunde (etwas weniger vielleicht „Licht“). Nimmt Wittgenstein also doch eine in irgendeinem Sinn hohere Verwendung eines Begriffs in Anspruch? Man konnte diesem Problem mit dem Hinweis zu entgehen versuchen, dass sich auch das erste Zitat nicht gegen „hohere Worter“, sondern nur gegen „hohere Verwendungen“ richtet. Was kennzeichnet aber ein „hoheres Wort“, wenn nicht die Verwendung? Der Begriff „Wort“, den Wittgenstein in Zusammenhangen wie PU § 97 ofters gebraucht, ware auch hier, als Alternative zu „Gegenstand“, ein naheliegender Kandidat – hat es eine Bedeutung, dass Wittgenstein stattdessen „Gegenstand“ wahlt? Der Vortrag wird sich in drei Abschnitte gliedern: 1) Der Kontext der zweiten Stelle (VB, S. 571): Wittgenstein macht diese Bemerkung im Anschluss an eine Uberlegung zu Gottesbeweisen 2) Der Kontext der ersten Stelle (PU § 97): Andere Aussagen Wittgensteins erlauben es, zu spezifizieren, was mit einem „niedrigen Gebrauch“ gemeint ist 3) Die eine Ebene, die angemessene Kategorie und der gehandhabte Nimbus: Zusammenfassend versuche ich eine Antwort auf die eingangs gestellten Fragen zu geben.","PeriodicalId":317292,"journal":{"name":"From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126952022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Names, Nonsubstitutivity and the Tanney Puzzle 名字，不可取代性和坦尼之谜

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.23

L. Goldstein

{"title":"Names, Nonsubstitutivity and the Tanney Puzzle","authors":"L. Goldstein","doi":"10.1515/9783110330571.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110330571.23","url":null,"abstract":"If you know the movie Superman, you will probably agree that it is true that Lois kissed Superman before she kissed Clark Kent. But Clark Kent is identical with Superman. Yet obviously Lois did not kiss Superman before she kissed Superman, so the argument to that conclusion is invalid. Yet it appears that there are arguments that share the form of the ‘kissing Superman’ one, but that are valid. Julia Tanney has remarked: Normally, I would be very sympathetic with the claim that there was a time, t1, at which Lois kissed Superman but not (yet) Clark Kent. I note however that the sense in which Lois (at t1) had not (yet) kissed Clark Kent would be the same as that in which Oedipus, although having slept with Jocasta had not slept with his mother. But Jocasta hanged herself and Oedipus gouged out his eyes because there was no question for them of not accepting substitutivity. The difference between the first (kissing) argument and the second is that, sexually, we have moved from second base to fourth, but that should not make for a difference in validity-value. Yet apparently the first argument is invalid, the second is valid. This is what I am calling the Tanney Puzzle. It provides an important testing ground for theories of reference. I want to show how this puzzle is resolved by attention to views that Wittgenstein expressed, at PI § 525 and elsewhere, about the influence of context on the proposition expressed by a speaker when using a sentence on an occasion.","PeriodicalId":317292,"journal":{"name":"From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128163316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The ‘Language and World’ of Religion 宗教的“语言与世界”

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110330571.147

A. Biletzki

{"title":"The ‘Language and World’ of Religion","authors":"A. Biletzki","doi":"10.1515/9783110330571.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110330571.147","url":null,"abstract":"Of the several interpretative families of Wittgenstein’s thought on religion—religion as “mystical,” religion as experiential faith, religion as an attitude, religion as expression, etc.—the fideistic reading has received, it seems, the brunt of both supportive and critical discussion. Within this school there is an unintentional meandering between seeing religion as a language game and seeing it as a form of life, coupled with a general perception that these constructs manifest a similar, or even identical, understanding of what religion is. This article attempts to unravel the ensuing questions arising from the association of religion with language games and with forms of life. It asks whether there is a difference between describing religion as a language game (Words) and describing it as a form of life (World?). Showing that these are not the same, it goes on to inquire if one construct is more appropriate for the portrayal of religion than the other. The suggested reply is that the former (religion as a language game)is a misconstrued parallelism while the latter (religion as a form of life) provides profound insights into what Wittgenstein says about religion—and into religion itself. Beyond these distinctions, however, there is added value in viewing religion as a form of life (and even as a language game); not for the regularly cited uniqueness and singularity of the religious “point of view,” but rather for its public, behavioral, and communal aspects.","PeriodicalId":317292,"journal":{"name":"From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132090179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ADAPTIVE CONTROL LOOPS AS AN INTERMEDIATE MINDBRAIN REDUCTION BASIS 自适应控制回路作为中间脑-脑还原基础

From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series Pub Date : 2013-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/9783110328851.191

J. Proust

{"title":"ADAPTIVE CONTROL LOOPS AS AN INTERMEDIATE MINDBRAIN REDUCTION BASIS","authors":"J. Proust","doi":"10.1515/9783110328851.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110328851.191","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction can be defined as \"the explanation of a theory or a set of experimental laws established in one area of inquiry, by a theory usually though not invariably formulated for some other domain.\" (Nagel, 1961). When the reduced theory contains terms or concepts that do not appear in the reducing theory, it is \"heterogeneous\". The motivation for introducing heterogenous reducing terms is that having bridge laws between two classes of entities clarifies the causal structure underlying the reduced theory. Assuming that folk psychology and experimental psychology offer alternative, overlapping theories of mental states (i.e. explain and predict how the latter are caused, how they influence each other in perception, motivation and action), the relevant reduction basis for these theories is often taken to be an heterogeneous theory, whose objects are neural states. Neuroscience however, studies neural states at different time scales and functional levels (e.g. molecular, cellular, developmental, behavioral, etc). It will be argued that the level of adaptive control loops, where neurons are organized in feedforward and feedback causally contiguous assemblies, provides the relevant functional level where an adequate reduction basis for mental states can be obtained.","PeriodicalId":317292,"journal":{"name":"From ontos verlag: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126471022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2